Can Risk Assessement and Chemoprevention Research Rely on Surrogates for Tumour Development?
text
article
2003
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
167
168
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24185_aecc58c2c22d5ba013b75da8eba72d4a.pdf
Appearance and Disappearance of the UICC Logo from the APJCP Cover - Apologies and an Explanation
text
article
2003
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
168
169
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24186_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
The 5th JICA Training Course, Community-based Cancer Prevention (Epidemiological Approach)
text
article
2003
eng
Cancer is the leading cause of deaths in developed countries, while communicable diseases are still more important in in developing countries (WHO 2000). Boffetta and Parkin have estimated cancer to account for 13 percent of the annual deaths in adults of developing countries (Boffetta and Parkin 1994). However, relative distribution of cancer deaths increases in developing countries, with economic development and longer life span (Walgate 1984; Chackiel 1999). Actually, the magnitude of the differences in age-adjusted mortality rates of all sites but skin cancers between the more and less developed countries (173.9 vs. 112.9 in males and 103.1 vs. 77.5 in females) is not so large, compared with the crude rates (257.6 vs. 82.3 in males and 189.7 vs. 63.8 in females) (Ferlay, 2001). Limitations of medical facilities and equipment in developing countries lead means that prevention as an indispensable measure for cancer control (Mikheev et al. 1994). However, human resources concerning cancer prevention are limited, and encouragement of their development should be taken as a first priority .
To assist in development of human resources concerning cancer prevention, the present training course was designed by the Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan, and has been annually conducted since 1999, supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (Takezaki, 2001; 2002). This course targets doctors and public health workers who are responsible for community-based cancer prevention in developing countries to promote the introduction of comprehensive procedures, focusing mainly on primary prevention but also including secondary prevention of cancer.
The Japanese Government extends official development assistance (ODA) to developing countries to support self-help efforts that will lead to economic progress and a better life for their citizens. Since its foundation in 1974, JICA has implemented Japan's technical cooperation under the ODA programme. Currently, JICA conducts such activities as training, dispatch of experts, provision of equipment, project-type technical cooperation, development studies, dispatch of cooperation volunteers (JOCV), and surveys and administration of capital grant aid programs. Hosting training programs for overseas participants is one of JICA's fundamental technical cooperation activities for developing countries. Participants come from target countries to obtain knowledge and technology training in a wide variety of fields. The objectives of the JICA training program are: 1) to contribute to the development of the human resources necessary to promote progress in developing countries, and 2) to contribute to the promotion of mutual understanding and friendship.
The present report concerns revision of contents in this 5th course, with a commentary regarding improvements for the next, second-phase course.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
169
174
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24187_c2e8bdf37c5ff93d0e76cfd89d8ad405.pdf
UICC Asian Womens’ Cancer Network Workshop
text
article
2003
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
175
176
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24188_571faa6bc756fbbe00b1990849f6ea39.pdf
18th Japanese Pathology for Carcinogenesis Meeting (Hatsugan-Byori Kenkyukai)
text
article
2003
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
177
178
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24189_9efb034d03ee2c99005300145bd08216.pdf
Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Indian Mothers and Their Infants
text
article
2003
eng
Objective: Several studies have demonstrated that infants can acquire human papillomavirus (HPV) infection at birth from their mothers. The aim of the present investigation was to determine prevalence of HPV infection among pregnant women and evaluate the extent of perinatal transmission of HPVs to infants. Methods: The study included 135 pregnant women and their infants. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect HPV DNA in cervical cells of the women and buccal cells of the infants. Results: HPVs detected were genotyped by PCR using type specific primers. HPV DNA was identified in 38 mothers (28.14%, 38/135) and 14 babies (10.37%, 14/135). The prevalence rate of HPV type 16 was highest both in HPV positive maternal (63.15%, 24/38) and baby samples (85.71%, 12/14). At birth, the frequency of HPV transmission from infected mothers to their infants was 18.42% (7/38). The proportion of infants with HPV infection delivered by cesarean section was 78.57% (11/14). Conclusion: Cesarean section was not found protective for infants against perinatal HPV transmission. Infection in the infants was cleared within one year. This is the first report of its kind from India.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
179
184
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24190_b8f30bbc25cc0c654788e7e7e0c9a44f.pdf
Laddering Through Pedigrees: Family History of Malignancies in Primary Breast Cancer Patients
text
article
2003
eng
A family history (FH) of breast cancer (BC) is a long recognized risk factor for developing the disease. Also, there have been some reports of links between an FH and some other malignancies (mostly uterus, ovary, and prostate cancers), and an increased risk of developing BC. In this paper we present descriptive report of the occurrence pattern of malignancies in families of BC afflicted patients through 4 generations. Patients included 542 Iranian primary BC cases, presenting at an outpatient clinic for treatment and follow-up. Detailed pedigrees were drawn for each patient, and data for a total of 6220 relatives were gathered. Among the probands, 29.9% and 53.9% had a positive FH of BC and other malignancies (OM) respectively. Mean number of breast cancers was nearly double in maternal-lines versus paternal-line relatives. Also, occurrence of brain, uterus, and colorectal cancers was significantly higher in maternal-line relatives, but conversely, liver cancer showed a tendency toward paternal-line relatives (1st degree relatives excluded). The highest frequency of BC involvement was noted in 2nd degree/2nd generation, and 3rd degree/3rd generation relatives. For OMs, although gastric cancer was by far the most frequent OM across pedigrees, uterus cancer, and hematopoeitic system lesions (leukemia) predominated over gastric cancer through the 3rd and 4th generations respectively. We did not find any relation between having a positive FH of BC, and developing earlyonset BC. The findings discussed in this paper were partially presented at the 18th UICC International Cancer Congress, Oslo-Norway, 30 June-5 July 2002.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
185
192
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24191_d77d92add8bc662119a679a69f0c02a4.pdf
Antimutagenic Effects of Black Tea in the Salmonella typhimurium Reverse Mutation Assay
text
article
2003
eng
Black tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide. Its chemopreventive effects are well documented in the literature. In the present set of investigations antimutagenic effects of aqueous black tea extract (ATE) and black tea polyphenols (BTP) were evaluated in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA 98 and TA 100. Addition of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and cyclophosphamide (CP), two well known mutagens, at the concentrations of 20 and 15ìg/plate, respectively, in an S-9 metabolically activated system resulted in significant induction of his+ revertant colonies. However, addition of 500 ìl 1, 2 and 4% ATE to the BaP and CP treated plates resulted in a dose dependent inhibition in the number of his+ revertant colonies. Furthermore in another set of experiments, supplementation with BTP at the concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 ìg/plate also led to a significant inhibition in BaP and CP induced colony formation. The antimutagenic activity of BTP was found to be higher than that of ATE, which may be attributable to the higher amount of polyphenolic ingredients. Hence the study revealed that black tea has a protective efficacy in suppressing BaP and CP induced mutagenicity in a microbial test system.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
193
198
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24192_c11058a0d49078779a6396a26acca3c3.pdf
Probabilities of Developing Cancer over the Life Span of a Japanese - Update
text
article
2003
eng
In a previous study, we investigated the probability of developing cancer in the entire life span of a Japanese using population-based cancer incidence data from 1994, to obtain a relevant index of the impact of cancer occurrence on the Japanese population (APJCP, 1: 333-336, 2000). In the present paper, we have updated the information using the latest reports on cancer incidence in Japan in 1998. A method based on the cumulative risk of cancer was employed to estimate the probability of developing cancer up to 84 years of age, the average life expectancy of a Japanese female, and 79 years of age, the average life expectancy of a Japanese male. The time trend was also analyzed from 1975-1998. The cumulative risk of developing cancer in any site up to 84 and 79 years of age was 45% and 36% for males, 27% and 21% for females, and 35% and 28% for both genders, respectively. The cumulative risk showed an increasing time trend before leveling-off after 1985. From our results, it is expected that nearly onethird of Japanese males and one-fourth of Japanese females will develop cancer by the time they reach the average life expectancy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
199
202
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24193_0404a201dcbdb8dc08dd54d0034911b0.pdf
BRCA1, BRCA2 and CHEK2 (1100 del C) Germline Mutations in Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Families in South India
text
article
2003
eng
Cancer of the breast is the second most common cancer seen among Indian women. This study describes the use of DHPLC for mutation analysis for BRCA1, BRCA2 and CHEK2 (1100delC) in 22 patients with a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer and early onset breast cancer (<35 years of age). Three of the 22 patients were found to have a non-sense mutation or a deletion, resulting in a premature stop codon, potentially leading to a truncated protein. Two of these were in BRCA1 (one was a novel 5 base deletion) and one in the BRCA2 gene. No patient was found in our series to have the CHEK2 (1100delC) mutation. DNA from a healthy blood donor and all but one of the 22 patients, demonstrated polymorphisms in BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes. This is the first study from South India, on BRCA1, BRCA2 & CHEK2 (1100 del C) mutations in patients with a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer and early onset breast/ovarian cancer, using the sensitive DHPLC approach.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
203
208
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24194_bed607d5f3956f3bcac69d440d9cb5e7.pdf
The p53 Codon 72 Polymorphism and Risk of Oral Cancer in Southern Thailand
text
article
2003
eng
The codon 72 polymorphism of the p53 tumor suppressor gene has been investigated extensively for its association with various cancers around the world. However, its influence has not been elucidated in the Thai population. Therefore, a case-control study with 97 patients and 97 matched controls was conducted to elucidate the association between the polymorphic p53 and oral cancer risk in a Southern Thai population. The frequencies of the Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro, and Pro/Pro genotypes were 36%, 35%, and 29%, respectively in the controls and 33%, 45% and 22%, respectively in the patients. This study shows that there was no significant association between the p53 codon 72 polymorphism and oral cancer risk. There was also no link with respect to smoking or drinking habits. However, our data suggest that for individuals who were younger than 65 years old, the Pro/Pro genotype may offer some protection against oral cancer (OR = 0.13, 95%CI 0.04-1.10). This is the first report on p53 polymorphism and oral cancer in Thailand.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
209
214
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24195_a280c90ef96900329ebc4444360e1c6b.pdf
Ethanolic Neem Leaf Extract Protects Against N-methyl –N’- nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced Gastric Carcinogenesis in Wistar Rats
text
article
2003
eng
We evaluated the effects of ethanolic neem leaf extract on N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. The extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-Stransferase (GST) in the stomach, liver and erythrocytes were used as biomarkers of chemoprevention. Animals were divided into four groups of six animals each. Rats in group 1 were given MNNG (150 mg/kg bw) by intragastric intubation three times with a gap of 2 weeks in between the treatments. Rats in group 2 administered MNNG as in group 1, in addition received intragastric intubation of ethanolic neem leaf extract (200 mg/kg bw) three times per week starting on the day following the first exposure to MNNG and continued until the end of the experimental period. Group 3 animals were given ethanolic neem leaf extract alone, while group 4 served as controls. All the animals were killed after an experimental period of 26 weeks. Diminished lipid peroxidation in the stomach tumour tissue was associated with enhanced antioxidant levels. In contrast to tumour tissue, enhanced lipid peroxidation with compromised antioxidant defences was found in the liver and erythrocytes of tumour bearing animals. Administration of ethanolic neem leaf extract significantly reduced the incidence of stomach tumours, modulated lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant status in the stomach, liver and blood. From the results of our study, we suggest that ethanolic neem leaf extract may exert its chemopreventive effects by modulating lipid peroxidation and enhancing the antioxidant status in the stomach, liver and erythrocytes.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
215
223
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24196_4c7f11eb0945964dba7b15e96962ed5e.pdf
Comparative Epidemiological Characteristics of Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma and other Cancers of the Oesophagus and Gastric Cardia
text
article
2003
eng
Secular trends and epidemiological characteristics of 1,581 oesophageal cancers, diagnosed in South Australian residents in 1977-2000, were analysed by histological type and diagnostic period, using multivariable Poisson regression and logistic regression. The age-adjusted incidence of squamous cell carcinoma did not vary significantly by diagnostic period, either in males (p=0.195) or females (p=0.087). By comparison, variations were observed for adenocarcinomas in males (p<0.001) and females (p=0.015), with an increase in age-adjusted incidence of 169% for males and 150% for females between 1977-81 and 1997-2000. Most of these increases occurred in the 1990s. Secular differences were not evident for tumours of other or unknown histological type. The ratio of adenocarcinomas to squamous cell carcinomas was higher in patients who were aged 80 years or more, male, residents of high socio-economic areas, and those born in the United Kingdom/Ireland. Conversely, relatively low ratios presented for patients born in Southern and other parts of Europe. These differences by country of origin accord with differences between the national incidence rates for these countries, as indicated by international data. Differences in secular trend and country of birth between adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus and gastric cardia suggest that they are not expressions of the same disease. Preventive implications of these results are discussed.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
225
231
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24197_7a62f2db28d068bd706480e7c8c5eb43.pdf
Modulation of Arsenic Induced Cytotoxicity by Tea
text
article
2003
eng
Arsenic, a naturally ocurring chemical element, is considered hazardous to human health. Inorganic arsenic compounds were found to induce cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster V-79 cells in culture. The arsenite form was more toxic than arsenate. Extracts of green and two varieties of black tea, as well as their principal polyphenols, (-)- epigallocatechingallate and theaflavin, efficiently counteracted the cytotoxic effects of arsenic compounds. On the basis of the amount of tea extract that afforded 50% protection to the cells from arsenic induced cytotoxicity, black tea was found to be as effective as green tea. The protective effect was attributable to the contents of not only (-)- epigallocatechingallate but also of theaflavin, the latter being a predominant polyphenol present in black tea.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
233
237
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24198_01c4efb9463afb8409ed6b6f0a110317.pdf
Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Breast Cancer Risk in Japanese Women
text
article
2003
eng
To evaluate the effects of glucose metabolism related factors, such as insulin and insulin-like growth-factors (IGFs), on breast cancer development among Japanese women, we conducted a case-referent study comparing 187 women presenting with operable breast cancer and 190 women of the same age having no breast cancer. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were determined by multiple logistic regression analysis.
In the present study, no association in risk was observed with increasing levels of IGF-I or IGF binding protein- 3 (IGFBP-3), before or after adjustment these factors. However, a suggestion of a positive association of an increased breast cancer risk was evident in postmenopausal women with elevated plasma insulin levels, particularly those with BMI>23.07. The OR for plasma insulin in the top tertile was 4.48 (95%CI:1.07-18.7) compared to the bottom tertile. For C-peptide, there was a similar positive association, with a corresponding OR of 2.28. In addition, we observed strong links between plasma insulin, C-peptide levels and estrogen receptor (ER) negative breast cancer, with ORs of 2.79(95%CI:1.09-7.16), and 2.52 (95%CI:0.91-6.97) respectively, for the top versus bottom tertiles. In conclusion, the present study suggested that plasma insulin level is a predictor of postmenopausal breast cancer in obese women and ER negative breast cancer. Additional studies are needed to clarify the role of glucose metabolism pathways in breast cancer development and interaction of IGF systems.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
239
246
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24199_944145b7791233f423e0b055f0082d1d.pdf
Inhibition of Azoxymethane-induced DNA Adduct Formation by Aloe arborescens var. natalensis
text
article
2003
eng
To clarify the possible mechanisms of inhibition of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the rat colorectum by freeze-dried whole leaves of Aloe arborescens var. natalensis (Kidachi aloe) (hereinafter referred to as ALOE) and commercial crude aloin (Sigma A-0451; from Curacao aloe) (hereinafter ALOIN), we studied the effects of ALOE and ALOIN on the formation of AOM-induced DNA adducts (O6-methylguanine; O6-MeG) in rats. Male F344 rats (4 weeks old) were fed a basal diet, or experimental diets containing 5%ALOE or 0.25%ALOIN for 5 weeks. All rats were injected s.c. twice with 15 mg/kg AOM, once at the end of week 1, and once at the end of week 2. The animals were sacrificed 6 hours after the second injection to analyze DNA adducts (O6-MeG) in the colorectum. Dietary administration of ALOE significantly inhibited the O6-MeG levels (50% reduction) compared with controls, whereas the O6-MeG levels in the ALOIN-fed rats showed a tendency to decrease (by 30%), although not significantly. In this study, we also measured the enzyme activity and mRNA level of cytochrome (CYP) 2E1, known to be responsible for the activation of AOM, in rat liver. ALOE-fed rats showed significantly reduced CYP2E1 enzymatic activity (27% reduction) compared with controls. On the other hand, the activity in ALOIN-fed rats tended to decrease by 11%, although not significantly. The CYP2E1 mRNA levels in ALOE- and ALOIN-fed rats were slightly reduced (9.7% and 5.2%, respectively). These results may explain, at least in part, the previously observed inhibitory effects of ALOE and ALOIN, especially ALOE on AOM-induced ACF formation in the rat colorectum.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
247
251
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24200_b94eb4a5a4a9ac894ac4951dcd447853.pdf
Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire in Koreans
text
article
2003
eng
Objective : The present study was conducted to report upon the reproducibility of a 98-item food frequency questionnaire among Koreans. Subjects : The study subjects were recruited from among those who visited for a regular health check-up at the health centers from Samsung Hospital and Hallym University Hospital. Setting : The FFQ was administered first in April to June of 2002 to 145 Korean adults aged 40 and over residing in Seoul and its vicinity and was then re-administered to 126 three months later between July and September of 2002 (FFQ 1 and FFQ 2). Methods : Reproducibility was evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficients of log-e and the calorieadjusted nutrient score. Weighted kappa (k) statistics with 95% confidence limits were calculated to assess the chance adjusted level of agreement between the FFQ 1 and the FFQ 2. The proportions of correctly categorized subjects in the same or adjacent quintiles were calculated. Results : The average intake in FFQ 1 was no more than 12 percent different from the average intake in FFQ 2. Correlations varied between 0.47 for sodium and 0.72 for vitamin C. All k values exceeded 0.5 except that of fiber. The average k for all nutrients was 0.67. The percentage agreement varied from 62% for energy and potassium to 82% for vitamin B2 and cholesterol. The average of the agreement was 72%. Conclusion : The results of this study verify that it is possible to use tailored, relatively simple, but comprehensive, self-administered food frequency questionnaires to study nutrient consumption in large-scale epidemiological studies.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
253
257
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24201_42e830bf03c496fb9b0fd220219b4062.pdf
Relationship between Obesity and Serum Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Japanese
text
article
2003
eng
The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between obesity and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), carotenoids, oxidized LDL (oxLDL), oxidized LDL antibodies (oLAB), and leptin in Japanese residents. The subjects were 158 males and 158 females aged 40-79 years, and living in Hokkaido, Japan, who attended a health examination screening. Serum levels of CRP, oxLDL, oLAB, and leptin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum carotenoid levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared and obesity was defined as BMI of 25 or more (kg/m2). Serum levels of CRP and leptin were significantly higher in the obese group than in their non-obese counterparts in both genders. Serum levels of â-carotene and â-cryptoxanthin were lower in the obese individuals, especially in females. While values for oxLDL and oLAB did not significantly vary. BMI was positively correlated with logtransformed serum levels of CRP and leptin in both genders (males: r=0.231, p<0.05; females: r=0.305, p<0.001). In females, moreover, BMI was negatively correlated with log-transformed serum levels of â-carotene, zeaxanthin/ lutein, and â-cryptoxanthin (r=-0.244, p<0.01; r=-0.200, p<0.05; r=-0.207, p<0.01, respectively). Significantly higher odds ratios (ORs) for high serum levels of CRP (males: OR=2.12; females: OR=3.96) and leptin (males: OR=3.83; females: OR=9.07) were observed in obese versus non-obese men and women, after adjusting for various confounding factors. Significantly lower adjusted odds ratios for high serum levels of á- and â-carotenes (males: OR=0.23, 0.33; females: OR=0.35, 0.39, respectively) were also observed in the obese as compared to the non-obese group. In conclusion, obesity is highly associated with states of oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in Japanese residents, suggesting that these latter might play an important role in the association between a high BMI and certain cancers as well as coronary heart disease (CHD).
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
259
266
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24202_f1312db67c610615de13a4f2bee142c3.pdf
Comparison of Bladder Cancer Survival Among Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian and Caucasian Populations in the United States
text
article
2003
eng
Background: Racial differences for bladder cancer survival have been reported for Caucasians and African- Americans. However, the survival experience of bladder cancer patients in Asian and Pacific Islander ethnic groups in the United States have not been fully explored. The purpose of this study was to compare the bladder cancer survival rates of Japanese, Chinese, Filipinos, Hawaiians and Caucasians in the U.S. population. Materials and Methods: The data was from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute between 1973 and 1998. Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier’s estimates were used to study differences in survival between the ethnic groups, adjusting for factors including age at diagnosis, gender, year of diagnosis, histological grade, stage, surgery type, and radiation therapy. Results: The overall bladder cancer survival was 66% for Japanese patients, 64% for Chinese patients, 61% for Caucasians, 59% for Filipino patients and 52% for Hawaiian patients. Differences in bladder cancer survival rates between Japanese and Chinese populations in the United States were not observed. In the Asian population, higher relative risks and lower 5-year survival were observed with increasing age at diagnosis (p for trend<0.0001), grade (p for trend<0.0001), and stage (p for trend<0.0001). Asian women had lower survival and a higher risk of death due to bladder cancer than Asian men. Conclusions: Japanese and Chinese bladder cancer patients had higher overall survival rates than Caucasians, while Filipino and Hawaiian patients had lower survival than Caucasians.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
267
273
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24203_14128c44c1b12f35b1c8e4961d7a7e81.pdf
Hormone Replacement Therapy for Symptoms but not for Chemoprevention of Chronic Diseases
text
article
2003
eng
A little dust has settled since last year’s news from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trial about the use of combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during and after menopause: long-term use may increase a woman’s chances of becoming chronically ill (Women’s Health Initiative Investigators, 2002). In none of the three age-groups studied (women in their 50s, 60s and 70s) was the presumed cardioprotective effect of HRT confirmed, and in all age groups, the hormone users had more heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots than the control as well as more breast cancer. The placebo arm (women not receiving HRT) had more fractures and more cases of colon cancer than the hormone users, but on balance, the non-users still had fewer serious adverse health effects. The WHI estrogen and progestin arm was prematurely stopped in July 2002 because the overall risks of the intervention outweighed the benefits ( Women’s Health Initiative Investigators, 2002).
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
275
276
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24204_985e2c6f392672fd84f2e6a41ef8e3b9.pdf
Screening and Management of PreCancerous Lesions To Prevent Cervical Cancer in Low-Resource Settings
text
article
2003
eng
Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among women in low-resource settings, but it is completely preventable by screening for and treating precancerous lesions. In this article, the current approaches to screening, confirmation, and treatment of precancerous lesions of the cervix are reviewed from the perspective of low-resource settings. Cervical cytology is compared to visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for screening women to detect precancerous lesions. The use of colposcopy to confirm findings in women with positive screening test results and various treatment methods are discussed. With one examination, cytology appears to detect fewer precancerous lesions than VIA, but VIA has a lower specificity and labels proportionately more women falsely positive. When available, colposcopy may be used to obtain directed biopsies from abnormal areas of the cervix to pathologically confirm the findings in women with positive screening tests. Treatment with cryotherapy appears to be a safe, acceptable, and effective procedure for the majority of precancerous lesions. Lesions that are not suitable for cryotherapy because of endocervical canal involvement or large size are amenable to outpatient treatment by loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP). HIV/AIDS and immune system suppression are associated with more rapid CIN progression and HIV-positive women generally have high recurrence rates of CIN after treatment. Women tempora may more readily transmit the virus after cryotherapy and, therefore, they require counseling regarding abstinence and condom use. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may cause CIN to regress and may decrease the risk of cervical cancer in HIV-infected women. Cost-effectiveness modeling using South African data shows that use of a single lifetime VIA test and immediate cryotherapy saves costs compared to cytology or to no screening. VIA and cryotherapy are appropriate services for low-resource settings. Colposcopy and LEEP services should be available on a referral basis.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
277
280
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24205_c5132aa75bc9f9a4abaf8aac43104b47.pdf
Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention (APOCP) Thai National Cancer Conference Satellite Symposium - 15-16th November, Bangkok‘In Vivo Models for Assessment of Carcinogenicity and Chemopreventive Potential of Food Components’
text
article
2003
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
281
288
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24206_3db625d046172a4c0f18e3de9bb2467f.pdf
Granting Bodies for Post-doctoral Research
text
article
2003
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
4
v.
3
no.
2003
289
290
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24207_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf