Practical Cancer Prevention - Where is it Going to Occur and Who is Going to be Responsible?
text
article
2006
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
1
2
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24417_fc267a8819cad1429b73cc87f2f06cef.pdf
3rd APOCP Regional Conference, Nagoya/International Collaborative Epidemiologic Study of Host and Environmental Factors for Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers in Southeast Asian Countries
text
article
2006
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
3
4
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24418_74580a55bd881d73ebc8a696d3ff9344.pdf
The JICA Training Course, Community-based Cancer Prevention for the Asian Pacific Countries, Fiscal Years 2004 and 2005 (Epidemiological Approach)
text
article
2006
eng
Communicable diseases are still major causes of deaths in developing countries. Cancer incidence, however, increased 19% between 1990 and 2000, mainly in this same developing world (Stewart and Kleihaus, 2003), and malignant neoplasms are now the second leading cause of mortality in these countries (WHO, 2003). Limitations of medical facilities and equipment mean that prevention is indispensable for cancer control (Mikheev et al., 1994). However, human resources concerning cancer prevention are limited, and encouragement of their development should be taken as a first priority. To assist in this aim, the present training course was designed by the Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan, and has been annually conducted since 1999, supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (Takezaki, 2001; 2002; 2003; Wakai, 2004). The course targets doctors and public health workers who are responsible for community-based cancer prevention in developing countries to promote the introduction of comprehensive procedures, focusing mainly on primary prevention but also including screening for secondary prevention of cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
5
10
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24419_c5a18308f86dc259055d23e563f597ba.pdf
Physical Activity in the Prevention of Cancer
text
article
2006
eng
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to update epidemiological research on relations between physical activity and cancer risk, including physical activity measurement and potential mechanisms of prevention of cancer. Design: Review of recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses and studies on the topic that have been published in the recent literature. Results: Convincing epidemiological evidence exists that physical activity reduces colon and breast cancers. The evidence is weaker for prostate (classified as probable), lung and endometrial cancers (classified as possible), and insufficient for cancers at all other sites. Hypothesized biological mechanisms for the physical activity – cancer association include changes in hormone level, reduced percentage of body fat, enhancement of the immune system, and alteration in free radical damage by scavenger systems. The available data indicate that 30-60 minutes per day of moderate-to vigorous physical activity is needed to be protective against breast and colon cancers. Conclusion: A greater understanding of the biological mechanisms operating in the physical activity – cancer relation, complete measurements of physical activity through a subject’s life, assessment of all potential confounders and association modifiers are needed to confirm a protective role of physical activity in cancer development and allow specific exercise prescriptions for prevention in particular cancer sites.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
11
21
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24420_b0fb0dcf54d0ba494438dc0b7941ee76.pdf
Biological Activity of Bee Propolis in Health and Diseas
text
article
2006
eng
Propolis is a natural product derived from plant resins collected by honeybees. It is used by bees as glue, a general-purpose sealer, and as draught-extruder for beehives. Propolis has been used in folk medicine for centuries. It is known that propolis possesses anti- microbial, antioxidative, anti-ulcer and anti-tumor activities. Therefore, propolis has attracted much attention in recent years as a useful or potential substance used in medicine and cosmetics products. Furthermore, it is now extensively used in foods and beverages with the claim that it can maintain or improve human health. The chemical composition of propolis is quite complicated. More than 300 compounds such as polyphenols, phenolic aldehydes, sequiterpene quinines, coumarins, amino acids, steroids and inorganic compounds have been identified in propolis samples. The contents depend on the collecting location, time and plant source. Consequently, biological activities of propolis gathered from different phytogeographical areas and time periods vary greatly. In this review, the activity of bee propolis will be presented with special emphasis on the antitumor activity.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
22
31
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24421_e27f12cfb64e899d4a0ee2f315f985bf.pdf
Anticarcinogenic Potential of Lipids from Hippophae; Evidence from the Recent literature
text
article
2006
eng
Hippophae (Sea buckthorn) is a deciduous species, widely distributed throughout the world. Its important products are whole berries, leaves, juice and oil. The last two give this plant a shining name and position in medicinal plants. They contain different kinds of nutrients and bioactive substances such as vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, free amino acids and elemental components. The clinical trials and scientific studies during the 20th century confirm medicinal and nutritional value of sea buckthorn, and the most important of them is its anti-carcinogenic properties. This mini-review is focused on the anti-carcinogenic potential of lipids from this plant, in order to open up a clear understanding for further detailed study in this regard.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
32
35
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24422_1a3b3fd4f3d23d4cb7e637f9f0ed28e2.pdf
Social Inequalities in Cancer with Special Reference to South Asian Countries
text
article
2006
eng
There are major differences in cancer burden across socioeconomic classes, as is evident from the data for cancer incidence and mortality from Greater Mumbai, India. Changes over time are also evident and recently there has been a clear shift to increasing breast cancer particularly in well-educated women, who conversely are at much lower risk of cervical cancer. With infection-related and tobacco-related cancers, programs of prevention and early detection will yield desirable results only if it is associated with a program directed towards elimination of poverty, illiteracy and restoring social inequality. Similarly education must play a role in combatting diet-related neoplasia but here the target population may differ, requiring a specific awareness of psychological profiles.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
36
40
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24423_cb26cbe5d8772f7a72614dc481e7dfb5.pdf
Searching for Cancer Deaths in Australia: National Death Index vs. Cancer Registries
text
article
2006
eng
Objective: To compare the accuracy, costs and utility of using the National Death Index (NDI) and state-based cancer registries in determining the mortality status of a cohort of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the early 1990s. Methods: As part of a large prognostic study, identifying information on 822 women diagnosed with ovarian cancer between 1990 and 1993, was simultaneously submitted to the NDI and three state-based cancer registries to identify deceased women as of June 30, 1999. This was compared to the gold standard of ‘definite deaths’. A comparative evaluation was also made of the time and costs associated with the two methods. Results: Of the 450 definite deaths in our cohort the NDI correctly identified 417 and all of the 372 women known to be alive (sensitivity 93%, specificity 100%). Inconsistencies in identifiers recorded in our cohort files, particularly names, were responsible for the majority of known deaths not matching with the NDI, and if eliminated would increase the sensitivity to 98%. The cancer registries correctly identified 431 of the 450 definite deaths (sensitivity 96%). The costs associated with the NDI search were the same as the cancer registry searches, but the cancer registries took two months longer to conduct the searches. Conclusions and Implications: This study indicates that the cancer registries are valuable, cost effective agencies for follow-up of mortality outcome in cancer cohorts, particularly where cohort members were residents of those states. For following large national cohorts the NDI provides additional information and flexibility when searching for deaths in Australia. This study also shows that women can be followed up for mortality with a high degree of accuracy using either service. Because each service makes a valuable contribution to the identification of deceased cancer subjects, both should be considered for optimal mortality follow-up in studies of cancer patients.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
41
45
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24424_829dbc11773c900d5af99ed4c3ff93ed.pdf
5-Year Survival Rates for Primary Cancer Sites at Cancer-Treatment-Oriented Hospitals
text
article
2006
eng
In Japan, The Japanese Association of Clinical Cancer Centers (JACCCs) was established in 1965 by systematizing cancer-treatment-oriented hospitals. The core center of JACCCs is the National Cancer Center in Tokyo. In 1984, JACCCs created The “Improvement for Clinical Cancer Centers in Japan” Study Group (The Study Group) which has subsequently routinely evaluated the effectiveness of the therapy that is provided. In general, the 5-year (relative) survival rate is employed as an indicator of the treatment efficacy. The present survey used the PC software program KAP developed by Chiba Cancer Center in Japan, to calculate 5-year observed survival rates and the 5-year relative survival rates using Ederer II methods. The overall 5-year relative survival rates in patients with stomach (15,353 patients), colon (5,054), rectum (3,695), lung (10,153), breast (11,302) and cervix of the uterus (6,336) were 68.7%, 72.2%, 69.4%, 28.1%, 86.1% and 81.1%, respectively. The survival rates discussed so far are principally observed survival rates. The 5-year relative survival rate for those institutions that specialize in cancer treatment should become an index for Japanese cancer treatment.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
46
50
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24425_086c9819f362f692e02d3d3d1f8b08ce.pdf
Lifestyle Factors and Breast Cancer: a Case-control Study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
text
article
2006
eng
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer and the commonest cause of death due to cancer for women in Malaysia. This study was performed to identify the relationship with lifestyle factors. A case-control study was conducted among females with breast cancer who came for treatment to the Breast Clinic Hospital Kuala Lumpur in July until September 2004. A total of 203 female patients were recruited as cases along with 203 patients who attended the Outpatient Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur during the study period as the controls. The study showed women who did not exercise regularly to have four times higher risk (adjusted odds ratio is 3.49, 95% CI is 1.84 to 6.62) compared to those who exercised regularly. Women with a high fat diet were also at elevated risk (adjusted odds ratio 3.84, 95% CI is 1.20 to 12.34) compared to those consuming a low fat diet. Woman without breast cancer generally had a longer duration of lifetime lactation with a median of thirty-three months compared to woman with breast cancer (twenty months, p<0.05). Women who did not take oral contraceptive pills but had breast-fed their child have a 56.0% lower risk (crude odds ratio 0.44, CI is 0.22 to 0.87) compared to women who did not take oral contraceptive pill and also did not breast-fed their child. If they had breast fed for thirteen months and above, they faced a 61.0% lower risk (crude odds ratio 0.39, 95% CI is 0.17 to 0.87). There was a significant inverse trend for lifetime lactation and breast cancer risk. In conclusion certain life styles of women are associated with a higher risk of breast cancer development. Therefore, the promotion of a healthy life style should be emphasized.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
51
54
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24426_b7b0eb0de6bb6498ef8cd21be8173d60.pdf
Health Promotion for Middle-aged Isan Women, Thailand: A Participatory Approach
text
article
2006
eng
It is increasingly clear that non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis, are important not only for the developed but also the developing world. Prevention efforts depend on community-based interventions and for these to be successful a participatory approach is necessary. The present paper describes experiences with middle-aged females living in a village in Isan, the Northeastern area of Thailand, focusing on the steps necessary to develop trust between researcher and subjects, the actual conditions of the women involved and their problems. From this base a number of interventions are planned taking into account the wishes of the villagers themselves, including a project to facilitate participation in physical exercise, a prime measure for prevention of cancer and other NCDs.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
55
59
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24427_fa594d5cdcab275c87a8ffe79d3fab64.pdf
Patho-epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Karachi (1995-2002)
text
article
2006
eng
The objective of the study was to provide an overview of the demographics of lung cancer, the number one cancer killer of men in Karachi South (1995-2002). Lung cancer cases recorded at Karachi Cancer Registry during 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2004 were analyzed. To allow for maximum data completion, cases recorded from 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2002 were included for final analysis. Trends were studied by analyzing the age standardized incidence rates (ASR)s in 2 time periods, 1995-1997 and 1998-2002. Odds ratio for sex, age-groups, ethnicity, religion, and residence by socio-economic categories were calculated by considering all malignancies (except tobacco-associated malignancies) for each group, registered at KCR for the same period as controls. Cancer of the lung ranked the most frequent malignancy in men in Karachi in the entire 1995-2002 period, though it did not feature amongst the first 10 malignancies in the females. In the 1995-1997 period, the ASR per 100,000 population for cancer of the lung was 21.4 and 2.9 in males (M) and females (F) respectively. The mean age of the patients was 60.4 years (95% CI, 59.1-61.7) M and 53.7 years (95% CI 48.9-58.5) F. In the 1998-2002 period the incidence rate increased to 25.5 per 100,000 (M) and 4.2 per 100,000 (F). Thus between 1995 and 2002, the incidence of lung cancer registered a 19% increase in men and almost 100% in women. The component of adenocarcinoma in females remained stable during 8 years, but increased 55% in males. Histologic confirmation was 80%; majority of cancer cases presented as grade 3 and grade 4 lesions (62.3%), and were discovered at advanced stages (stage III 35.7%; stage IV 55.8%).The odds ratio (OR) in men was 4.5 (95% CI 3.7; 5.4). The risk of developing lung cancer increased with age, the highest risk being observed in the 65+ age group. A marginally higher risk was observed in the higher socioeconomic categories for men and in the lower socio-economic categories for women. A higher risk was also observed for men who were residing along the coastal belt, and for ethnicities belonging to Southern Pakistan (Sindhi and Mohajir) residing in Karachi South. In conclusion, Pakistan at present falls into a low risk lung cancer region in females and a moderate risk region for males and the highest registered increase between 1995 and 2002 was observed in the older age groups (65+). It is however a cause of concern that the overall lung cancer incidence rates continue to rise. The age specific rates though stable in the younger age groups (35-49 years), are at present equivalent to contemporary rates in high- risk countries. These rates correspond with the trends of smoking prevalence in the younger age groups in the last 2 decades. Published studies have given alerts to increase in the smoking habits of the present day youngsters and with an expanding population the country can expect a substantial increase in lung cancer. This threat can only be averted by implementation of stringent anti-tobacco rules and health education; prohibition of smoking in educational institutions at all levels and a ban on the sale of cigarettes to minors.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
60
64
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24428_f46fd2f8cec432a50302594889c1f6e7.pdf
Distribution of Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps in the Colorectum: Study in an Iranian Population
text
article
2006
eng
Objective: There is consensus that the majority of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) arise from adenomatous polyps. Therefore, for management of colorecatl cancer, diagnosis and endoscopic resection of adenomas is advised. If the same etiologic factors are operating for polyps and cancers their anatomical distributions should be the same. The present study was conducted to determine whether the distribution of adenomas is consistent with that of CRCs and for comparison with other studies, especially in Western populations. Materials and methods: We reviewed, retrospectively , endoscopically reported anatomic sites of all adenomatous polyps and CRCs which were histologically confirmed from Jan 1992 to Dec 2005 in Tabriz, the North-west of Iran. One hundred and forty-three CRC’s and 180 adenomatous polyps (in 145 patients) were found. Patients with polyposis syndromes were excluded the analysis. Age and sex of patients, size and anatomic sites of polyps and cancers were studied. Results: The average ages of patients with adenomas and cancers were 46.3(SD 14.7) and 53.9(SD 13.3)years, with 55.5% and 62.2% in males, respectively. In both cancer and adenoma cases the most common presenting symptoms were rectal bleeding and bloody diarrhea ( 52.4% , 16.9% and 39.2% , 15.8% for cancers and adenomas, respectively )without any significant difference(0>05). The vast majority of adenomas (85%) and cancers (81.7%) were left sided (p>0.05). The propensity for polyps to be found in the descending colon was of corderline significance (p=0.07). The cecal segment uniquely demonstrated cancers(p=0.01) without any polyps. Conclusion: A similar anatomic distribution pattern and left shift of colorectal adenomas and cancers in this Iranian population is compatible with most other Asian countries . However, because of the occurrence of the neoplasms in the right colon total colonoscopy should still be considered for screening purposes.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
65
68
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24429_77fe8d6cf30373881bcf0ec4da9b1a26.pdf
Changes in Incidence of in situ and Invasive Breast Cancer by Histology Type following Mammography Screening
text
article
2006
eng
Objective: To investigate secular trends and correlates of incidence of breast cancer by histology type following the introduction of population-based mammography screening. Methods: Analysis of age-standardised incidence rates for 1,423 in situ and 16,157 invasive carcinomas recorded on the South Australian population-based cancer registry for the 1985-2004 diagnostic period. Multiple logistic regression was undertaken to compare sociodemographic characteristics by histology. Progression from in situ disease was investigated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The incidence of in situ lesions increased approximately seven-fold over the 20-year period, compared with an increase of about 40% for invasive cancers. The increase for in situ lesions was due to increases for ductal carcinomas, with little change for lobular lesions. By comparison, the percentage increase in incidence for invasive cancer was greater for lobular than ductal cancers. Both for in situ and invasive cancers, percentage increases were greatest for the screening target age range of 50-69 years. One in 14 in situ cases was found to progress to invasive cancer within seven years of diagnosis, but insufficient detail was available to determine whether the invasive cancers were a progression of the in situ lesions or whether they originated separately. These invasive cancers were smaller than generally applying for other invasive cancers of the female breast. Conclusions: The larger secular increases in incidence for in situ than invasive cancers would reflect the dominant role of mammography in the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ. The lack of an increase for lobular in situ lesions may have resulted from their poorer radiological visibility. The greater percentage increase for lobular than ductal invasive lesions may have been due to an increase in imaging sensitivity for these lesions, plus real increases in incidence. The smaller sizes of invasive cancers found in women with a prior in situ diagnosis may have resulted from more intensive medical surveillance, although the possibility of biological differences cannot be discounted.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
69
74
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24430_0ca5837fbe0659b183c4fea5b259e5b3.pdf
Trends in Incidence of Childhood Leukemia, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1985-2002
text
article
2006
eng
Background: The Khon Kaen Cancer Registry (KKCR), providing both hospital and population-based registration, was established in 1984 in the Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University. Leukemia is the most common cancer among Thai children in Thailand, including both curable and preventable types, but no assessment of trends has hitherto been performed. Objective: To perform a statistical assessment of the incidence trend of childhood leukemia in Khon Kaen, Thailand, between 1985 and 2002. Methods: Population-based cases of childhood leukemia registered between 1985 and 2002 were retrieved from the KKCR and cases with an ICD-O diagnosis (coding C42) in children under 15 were selected. Incidence trends were calculated using the Generalized Linear Model method (GLM), which generates incidence-rate-based logarithms. Results: Of the 277 cases of leukemia, boys were affected two times more frequently than girls and half of the cases were 0-4 years of age. Most diagnoses were histologically- or cytologically-proven and the most common type (affecting two-thirds, 65.7%) was acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The overall, age-standardized rate (ASR) for leukemia was 31.9 per million (95%CI: 28.1 to 35.7); 40.3 per million (95%CI: 34.2 to 46.4) in boys and 27.0 (95%CI: 21.8 to 32.2) in girls. Incidence has been increasing by 2.4% per year in boys (95% CI: -0.5 to 5.3) and 4.1% per year in girls (95% CI: 1.1 to 7.2). Conclusions: This incidence-rate-based logarithm indicates that childhood leukemia has been increasing, suggesting further epidemiological research on causes and possible prevention is needed.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
75
78
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24431_2ff020e7732d8c331b593317ba40abc3.pdf
Cancer Screening, Reproductive History, Socioeconomic Status, and Anticipated Cancer-related Behavior among Hmong Adults
text
article
2006
eng
In the United States, breast, cervical, colorectal and prostate cancer screening rates are low or non-existent in the Hmong population compared to non-Hispanic Whites. No Hmong adults report ever participating in prostate (male only) and colorectal cancer screening. US-born Hmong women, those living in the US ≥20 years, and those ≤39 years old are more likely to be screened for breast and cervical cancer than other women. The Hmong, in general, are a young population (median age = 34 years) with low socioeconomic status. As a function of these characteristics, 52% of Hmong women reported having their first child at 15-19 years old and continued to bear children until 40-54 years old. The combination of young age at first pregnancy and multiparity probably protects Hmong women from breast cancer but elevates cervical cancer risk.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
79
85
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24432_52f3e12c3420a87b80fff1cc7f44fbb8.pdf
Comparison of Cancer Incidence in Iran and Iranian Immigrants to British Columbia, Canada
text
article
2006
eng
Migrant studies provided strong evidence about the role of environment and life style in cancer risk. Iran has experienced many immigrants to other countries with different cultures and environment. This study compares cancer incidence rates in Iran, Iranian immigrants to British Columbia (BC), Canada, and the BC general population. Cancer incidence rates were computed from two population-based cancer registries in Iran and from the BC cancer registry. A listing of common Iranian surnames and given names was produced to identify Iranian immigrants within the BC cancer registry. Age-standardized rates (ASRs) were calculated using mid year census data. The overall cancer incidence rate for Iranian female immigrants was intermediate between rates for Iran and the BC general population, and the rate for Iranian male immigrants was lower as compared to the other population groups. For female Iranian immigrants, the incidence of breast cancer was increased four-fold, and for colorectal cancer two-fold, as compared to Iranian rates. A dramatic decrease was found in the incidence of both stomach and oesophageal cancers for Iranian immigrants of both sexes. For male Iranian immigrants, the incidence of prostate cancer was increased as compared to Iranian rates. Differences in incidence rates of specific cancers were observed between BC Iranian immigrants and Iran, with cancer patterns in Iranian immigrants being more similar to the BC general population. This warrants further investigation into differences in lifestyle and cancer detection
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
86
90
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24433_01ad31b2393858b2bc78bd0c6a276349.pdf
Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Extranodal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Sinonasal Tract and Nasopharynx in Thailand
text
article
2006
eng
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is highly associated with specific subtypes of malignant lymphoma. In our previous report on nodal malignant lymphoma in Thailand, we found that 64% of classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL), 51% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, T-cell (NHL-T), and 13% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, B-cell (NHL-B) were EBV-related. In the present research, we conducted a retrospective study of primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the sinonasal tract (e-NHL-ST) and primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the nasopharynx (e-NHL-NP) in Southern Thailand, between 1997 and 2004. EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) expression by in situ hybridization was performed in all cases and a T-cell receptor (TCR)-g gene rearrangement study was performed in NHL-T cases. There were 18 cases of e-NHL-ST and 42 cases of e-NHL-NP detected by histologic and immunohistochemistry examinations. The percentages of e-NHL-ST and e-NHL-NP as compared to nodal malignant lymphoma were 3.7% and 6.8%, respectively. Sixteen cases (88.9%) of e-NHL-ST and 7 cases (16.7%) of e-NHL-NP were NHL-T, and the remainder were NHL-B. All of the NHL-T cases in both sites were EBER-positive. Two (5.4%) of the NHL-B cases in the nasopharynx showed EBER positive. Monoclonal bands of the TCR-ã gene were detected in 71.4% of the extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas, nasal type, patients; 50.0% of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, patients; and one case of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. This study indicates a very strong association of NHL-T in the sinonasal tract or nasopharynx with EBV infection, the link apparently being weaker in NHL-B patients. The study also indicates that most cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, are not the germline configuration of the TCR genes.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
91
94
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24434_883480968c6e1c21740e60aa5cbc7b24.pdf
Chewing of Betel, Areca and Tobacco: Perceptions and Knowledge Regarding their Role in Head and Neck Cancers in an Urban Squatter Settlement in Pakistan
text
article
2006
eng
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is highly associated with specific subtypes of malignant lymphoma. In our previous report on nodal malignant lymphoma in Thailand, we found that 64% of classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL), 51% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, T-cell (NHL-T), and 13% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, B-cell (NHL-B) were EBV-related. In the present research, we conducted a retrospective study of primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the sinonasal tract (e-NHL-ST) and primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the nasopharynx (e-NHL-NP) in Southern Thailand, between 1997 and 2004. EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) expression by in situ hybridization was performed in all cases and a T-cell receptor (TCR)-g gene rearrangement study was performed in NHL-T cases. There were 18 cases of e-NHL-ST and 42 cases of e-NHL-NP detected by histologic and immunohistochemistry examinations. The percentages of e-NHL-ST and e-NHL-NP as compared to nodal malignant lymphoma were 3.7% and 6.8%, respectively. Sixteen cases (88.9%) of e-NHL-ST and 7 cases (16.7%) of e-NHL-NP were NHL-T, and the remainder were NHL-B. All of the NHL-T cases in both sites were EBER-positive. Two (5.4%) of the NHL-B cases in the nasopharynx showed EBER positive. Monoclonal bands of the TCR-ã gene were detected in 71.4% of the extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas, nasal type, patients; 50.0% of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, patients; and one case of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. This study indicates a very strong association of NHL-T in the sinonasal tract or nasopharynx with EBV infection, the link apparently being weaker in NHL-B patients. The study also indicates that most cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, are not the germline configuration of the TCR genes.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
95
100
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24435_6e09acf085a14aa8fed45ea2469e6b16.pdf
Inhibition of Rat Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis by the Antiangiogenic Drug TNP-470
text
article
2006
eng
Potential inhibitory effects of the antiangiogenic drug TNP-470 on rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis were investigated in F344 male rats initiated with 0.05% BBN in the drinking water for 8 weeks. Group 1 was then continuously treated with TNP-470 by subcutaneous injection using osmotic minipump until the end of the experiment; group 2 served as the control with only initiation. The incidences and multiplicities of papillomas and carcinomas in the TNP-470-treated group were significantly decreased compared to the control group values along with the tumor vascular density. In conclusion, TNP-470 can inhibit rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis, presumably through its effects on angiogenesis.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
101
107
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24436_dd6ecf780e5bb5069bf364be79f701c6.pdf
Trends of Head and Neck Cancers in Urban and Rural India
text
article
2006
eng
Background:The sub-site predilection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) reflects the risk profile of a community and there are suggestions that these are changing over time. Objective: To determine the change in head and neck cancer in rural and urban populations in India. Methods: Cancer registry data of an urban and a rural population were reviewed over a period of 13 and 11 years, respectively. Age adjusted rates (AAR) and age specific incidence rates were used for data analysis. Results: Oral cancers formed the majority of the head and neck cancers with a predilection for tongue, except in rural males, in whom the pharynx was the predominant subsite. Overall there was a reduction in the incidence of HNSCC, which was more pronounced in urban females and rural males (p< .001). Among the sub-sites, oral cavity cancers showed a decreasing trend in urban females (p< .01) and rural males (p< .01). However, the trend was towards increase of incidence of tongue cancers. Pharyngeal cancer showed reduction in urban females (p< .01), whereas it increased in rural females. The recent increase in incidence of young adults with HNSCC reported in developed countries was not observed. Conclusions: Overall, incidence of HNSCC is reducing. This may be attributed to the decreased prevalence of tobacco use.The increase in incidence of tongue cancer may suggest factors other than tobacco and alcohol in its genesis.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
108
112
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24437_db5e466f037f1a8defe6ee2c8942feb7.pdf
Selected Risk Factors, Human Papillomavirus Infection and the P53 Codon 72 Polymorphism in Patients with Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Northeastern Thailand
text
article
2006
eng
Risk factors for cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the p53 codon 72 polymorphism were investigated in a case-control study with 103 cases and 105 controls in Northeastern Thailand. Increased risk for SIL was observed for age at menarche (odds ratio (OR) = 2.2; p<0.005), age at the first sexual intercourse (OR=2.4; p<0.05), number of sexual partners (OR=2.7; p<0.005) and partners’ smoking history (OR=2.3-3.2; p<0.01). Prevalence of malignant type of HPV infection in the control and SIL groups was 18.1% and 60.2%, respectively. HPV infection significantly increased risk for SIL 6.8-fold (p<0.001). HPV-16 infection was the commonest (31 out of 62 carriers) in SIL patients and highly associated with risk. The p53 codon 72 polymorphism was not identified as a genetic risk for SIL in this study, as demonstrated in Thai cervical cancer. Therefore, to prevent cervical neoplasia or HPV infection, inclusion of knowledge on sexual behavior and effects of smoking into public health programs is important and, at the same time, a nation-wide screening scheme for cervical abnormalities including HPV-typing is a high priority in Thailand.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
113
118
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24438_40e0b5bc753a959b4109b208883ca6c7.pdf
Carcinoma of the Male Breast: a Study of 141 cases from Northern Pakistan
text
article
2006
eng
Carcinoma of the male breast, histologically identical to that seen in females, is a rare malignant epithelial tumour. We retrospectively studied 141 cases of male breast carcinoma diagnosed during a ten year period (1992-2001). These tumours comprised 0.7% of all cancers, 1.1% of all malignancies in males and 5.9% of all breast carcinomas in both genders. A male to female ratio of 1:16 was observed. The peak incidence was in the age group between 50- 60 years and majority of the patients were below 60 years. Most of the patients presented with a painless lump and infiltrating ductal carcinoma was the main histological type. While compared with our previous similar analysis, a highly significant increase (p<0.0001) was found for total numbers of breast carcinoma in both sexes and total number of malignancies in males.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
119
121
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24439_4bd5324d14e34ceea7d90272ebfbe922.pdf
Effects of Cessation of Alcohol Exposure on Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis
text
article
2006
eng
Cessation of long-term alcohol exposure is reported to enhance rat hepatocarcinogenesis. The purpose of the present study was to assess this possibility using glutathione-S transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci as end point lesions. All rats were treated with a single i.p. injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg body weight) and then given a MF pellet diet for 2 weeks. Thereafter, the animals were maintained on: alcohol liquid diet in which 36% of total calories were provided by alcohol (5% Al diet) for 6 weeks (group 1); control liquid diet (C diet) for 6 weeks (group 2); 5% Al diet for 6 weeks and subsequently C diet for 4 weeks (group 3); 5% Al diet for 10 weeks (group 4); or C diet for 10 weeks (group 5). All rats were subjected to two thirds partial hepatectomy at 3 weeks after DEN injection. The number and area of GST-P positive foci per cm2 of liver tissue were slightly increased in group 1 compared to the group 2 and significantly elevated in the group 4 compared to group 5. However, numbers in group 3 were significantly lower in group 4 and similar to the group 5 values. PCNA positive cells in the GST-P positive foci in the group 1 and group 4 were significantly increased as compared with respective controls (groups 2 and 5, respectively), while indices in the group 3 were again similar to values for group 5. Cessation of short-term alcohol administration thus had no promoting effects on development of GST-P foci, suggesting that the duration of alcohol treatment may be important. The results also imply the existence of a cumulative exposure time or dose threshold for alcohol if promoting effects of cessation are to be seen on rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
122
126
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24440_41cf5f12afcfb15023fe3be50fa209a3.pdf
Cancer Mortality in a Hanoi Population, Viet Nam, 1996-2005
text
article
2006
eng
Background: Hitherto, cancer mortality data have not been available in Viet Nam, so that the real public health problem with this disease has yet to be addressed and recognized in the country with a population of over 80 million in South East Asia. The aim of the present pilot study was to examine cancer mortality in a commune population of Hanoi city, 1996-2005. Methods: Cancer data was accessed from the database of the population-routine-based death registration performed by medical workers at commune health stations based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Health at Hanoi city. All deaths occurring in the community were registered. This registration process was monthly reviewed for each fatal case regarding the name, age, sex, address, occupation, date - place - cause of death, and information concerning to pre - death medical care during the study period from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 2005. The list of death and residents of the study population was carefully cross-checked with other information sources to avoid under- or over-registration. The world population structure was used to estimate Age-standardized cancer mortality rates per 100,000, (ASR). Results: During 60,770 person-years estimated from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 2005, 320 deaths and their causes were registered. Among them, 100 cancer cases of all sites (66 males and 34 females) were included. Cancer mortality rates were 222 and 109 (Crude), 353 and 115 (ASR), for males and females, respectively. For both genders combined, lung cancer was the most common, 27 cases, followed by liver, 26 cases and stomach, with 19. Proportion of death from cancer was about 31% of all causes. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that in Viet Nam, a developing country, cancer is indeed an important public health problem.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
127
130
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24441_9e5e144f37a346029c29a3b7c9134e20.pdf
A Pilot Study on Inducement of Smoking Cessation by a Simple 5A (Asking, Advice, Assess, Assist, and Arrange) Approach at Outpatient Clinics
text
article
2006
eng
Asking smokers about their smoking status, followed by advice to quit smoking, assessing the intention to quit , assistance with cessation, and arrange of follow-up (5A) is recommended for induction of smoking cessation. To obtain preliminary data on effects of “5A” , we investigated the smoking cessation rate with two modes in the phase I: 1) self-administered questionnaire and 2) doctor’s interview at respiratory disease clinics of three general hospitals in Japan, and another mode in phase II: 3) doctor’s interview with an additional pamphlet at one of the three hospitals. The interviews for smokers were conducted by doctors in charge of treatment. Subject smoking habits were followed up by postal surveys three months after the enrollment. In phase I, 359 outpatients were recruited and 189 smokers responded, among whom 27 patients (7.5% of 359 outpatients) had quit smoking at the three months after the enrollment. The cessation rate of the self-administered questionnaire group (8.4% of 238 smokers) did not differ significantly from that of doctors’ interview group (5.8% of 121 smokers). Age and intention to quit at enrollment were found to be independent predictors of smoking cessation. Patients aged 50 years or older (odds ratio=5.05, 95% confidence interval 1.89-13.54), and participants with an intention to quit (odds ratio=6.78, 95% confidence interval 2.66-17.30) were more likely to be successful in quitting. In phase II, another 212 smokers of one hospital were interviewed by doctors in charge and provided with an additional pamphlet describing how to practice to dislike smoking. No significant difference in the cessation rate was observed between phase I and phase II (5.8% vs. 8.0%). In conclusion, there were no differences among the three modes of “5A”, but 7.7% of the 571 outpatients visiting respiratory divisions quit smoking with this simple “5A”. The findings may indicate that this simple practice at clinics is useful for smoking cessation strategy, although randomized trials are now required.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
131
135
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24442_5c45eb57d18246721e9a7c1badf61830.pdf
Lack of Association of VDR Polymorphisms with Thai Prostate Cancer as Compared with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Controls
text
article
2006
eng
While still relatively low as compared to rates in the Western world, prostate cancer is on the increase in Asia, presumably due to change in dietary and other lifestyle factors. One risk factor is reported to be vitamin D (VD) and therefore the function of its receptor (VDR) could be of importance. In the present study polymorphims with functional significance in the Bsm, Apa 1 and Taq 1 genes were therefore compared in 28 prostate cancer (CaP), 44 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 30 control cases in Thailand. None demonstrated any significant variation in distribution within these three groups and therefore we conclude that vitamin D may not be major risk factor for prostate cancer in this population. However, there is considerable variation in the distribution frequencies from country to country and this, combined with differences in sun exposure, means that the results may not be extrapolated to the general case.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
136
139
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24443_f52aee0c4238bc6a2b4f0d916d54c8f7.pdf
Chemoprevention by Butea Monosperma of Hepatic Carcinogenesis and Oxidative Damage in Male Wistar Rats
text
article
2006
eng
In this communication, we document chemopreventive effects of Butea monosperma extract on hepatic carcinogenesis and on tumor promoter induced markers and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Treatment of male Wistar rats for five consecutive days with 2-AAF i.p. induced significant hepatic toxicity, oxidative stress and hyperproliferation. Pretreatment of B.monosperma extract (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) prevented oxidative stress by restoring the levels of antioxidant enzymes and also prevented toxicity at both doses. The promotion parameters induced (ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis) by 2-AAF administration in diet with partial hepatectomy (PH) were also significantly suppressed dose dependently by B. monosperma. Thereafter, we proceeded with studies on rat liver carcinogenesis. After fourteen days of DEN treatment, dietary administration of 2-AAF with PH resulted in a 100% incidence of tumors in the animals. However, B.monosperma caused reduction in the number of tumors/ rat and percentage of tumor bearing rats at the end of the study, as confirmed histologically. Thus, our data suggest that B.monosperma extract is a potent chemopreventive agent which suppresses 2-AAFinduced hepatic carcinogenesis and oxidative damage in Wistar rats. The protective activity of the plant might be due to the two major constituents (butrin and isobutrin).
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
140
148
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24444_be94bb95c62f2e206befb57ab2125135.pdf
Classification of Risk Occupation for Benzene Exposure by Urine Trans, Trans - munconic Acid Level
text
article
2006
eng
Leukemogenesis due to benzene exposure is of particular concern because of ongoing exposure to thousands of workers in industrial plants. Monitoring of at-risk workers is recommended and of several biomarkers, urine trans,trans - muconic acid (ttMA) determination is a helpful test. The aim of this work was to classify risk occupation for benzene exposure by urine ttMA level. Here, the author compared exposure risk ratios from 6 previous reports concerning urine ttMA determination. Of interest, the high risk occupations were found to be those which have direct contact with benzene in environmental ambient air, with petroleum fuel as the common source.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
149
150
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24445_8a99abdebeb632bf71e502fb711c424e.pdf
Early Experience of Sexual Intercourse - A Risk Factor for Cervical Cancer Requiring Specific Intervention for Teenagers
text
article
2006
eng
There is consensus that the main risk factor for cervical cancer development is persistent infection with high-risk group human papilloma viruses (HPVs), together with smoking, and reproductive history. Since sexual behaviour determines exposure to HPVs and the adolescent period may be particularly important in this regard it is of interest to consider behavioural determinants of teenagers. In one survey conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailand, some 62% percent of male and 19.3 % of female respondents aged 13-15 years reported having experienced sexual desire, and 19.1% of male and 4.7 % of female respondents admitted to sexual intercourse. The possibility that this might impact on HPV infection rates, with added risk due to the physical trauma associated with pregancy and illegal abortions, indicates that more attention needs to education of early teens, not only for avoidance of HIV and AIDS, but also for prevention of cervical cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
151
153
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24446_9e3673fd0b640aa3531eed5d9d77ded3.pdf
Evaluation of Efficacy of Self Breast Examination for Breast Cancer Prevention: a Cost Effective Screening Tool
text
article
2006
eng
Breast cancer is the most prevalent neoplasm among females and every year the number of associated deaths increases so that there is a dire need for implementation of cancer screening and early detection. A survey conducted by various locally organised cancer registries indicated breast cancer to be the most prevalent cancer among females and the second most common cause of cancer deaths among Pakistani women. Since Pakistani females do not generally engage in screening practices we argue that nurses and lady health workers should team up to educate women for the possible early detection of cancer using Self Breast Examination as a screening tool. In this paper, we attempt to evaluate the primary efficacy of self breast examination as an early and cost effective cancer screening measure, and to discuss the relation of community health nurses as well as the lady health workers to education of females of low income countries such as Pakistan to possibly lower the cancer burden.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
154
156
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24447_402099bfa6f9f6a33fcf3e368493d8ec.pdf
Overview of Existing Networks - Is there a Rationale for an Asian Cancer Registry Network?
text
article
2006
eng
Cancer registration is the base for our understanding of the burden of neoplastic disease in our populations at the local level. Comparability of data is essential for interpretation and this in turn depends on standardization of methodology and diagnostic and other criteria applied. If this is to be achieved across Asia, some form of international organization is clearly necessary. The question therefore should be whether the existing arrangement is adequate, and if this is not the case how a network in Asia might be established with due consideration of aims and attainable objectives. The present commentary focuses on the contributions made by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR), the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR), the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) and individual countrybased or region-based associations already active in Asia. An argument is presented here that there is a rationale for an Asian Network of Cancer Registries, working alongside and learning from the existing international organizations to promote effective cancer registration and disease prevention in Asia.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
157
160
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24448_4b434112bc525b18acd8a2f347a33e3c.pdf
Atypical Squamous Cells : ASCUS is out ! Now, ASC-US and ASC-H for Reporting of Cervical Cytology
text
article
2006
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
161
162
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24449_49522972afc068a02b57b85d10df6198.pdf
Helicobacter pylori Infection as an Essential Factor for Stomach Cancer
text
article
2006
eng
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
7
v.
1
no.
2006
163
164
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24450_cd296a580a9f13eb6d9820278c394326.pdf