Breastfeeding and its Relationship with Reduction of Breast Cancer: A Review
text
article
2012
eng
In this review, we describe the patterns of known immunological components in breast milk and examinethe relationship between breastfeeding and reduced risk of breast cancer. The top risk factors for breast cancerare a woman’s age and family history, specifically having a first-degree relative with breast cancer. Women thathave a history of breastfeeding have been shown to have reduced rates of breast cancer. Although the specificcause has not been elucidated, previous studies have suggested that breastfeeding reduces the risk of breastcancer primarily through two mechanisms: the differentiation of breast tissue and reduction in the lifetimenumber of ovulatory cycles. In this context, one of the primary components of human milk that is postulatedto affect cancer risk is alpha-lactalbumin. Tumour cell death can be induced by HAMLET (a human milkcomplex of alpha-lactalbumin and oleic acid). HAMLET induces apoptosis only in tumour cells, while normaldifferentiated cells are resistant to its effects. Therefore, HAMLET may provide safe and effective protectionagainst the development of breast cancer. Mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their babies because thecomplex components of human milk secretion make it an ideal food source for babies and clinical evidence hasshown that there is a lower risk of breast cancer in women who breastfed their babies.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5327
5332
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27040_ed20aa47c708d502c4b38d89022ca14d.pdf
Vitamin B6 Deficiency, Genome Instability and Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
Vitamin B6 functions as a coenzyme in >140 enzymatic reactions involved in the metabolism of amino acids,carbohydrates, neurotransmitters, and lipids. It comprises a group of three related 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyrimidinederivatives: pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM) and their phosphorylated derivatives [pyridoxal5’-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5’-phosphate (PMP)], In the folate metabolism pathway, PLP is a cofactorfor the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isozymes of serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT2 and SHMT1),the P-protein of the glycine cleavage system, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and γ-cystathionase, and betainehydroxymethyltransferase (BHMT), all of which contribute to homocysteine metabolism either through folatemediatedone-carbon metabolism or the transsulfuration pathway. Folate cofactors carry and chemically activatesingle carbons for the synthesis of purines, thymidylate and methionine. So the evidence indicates that vitaminB6 plays an important role in maintenance of the genome, epigenetic stability and homocysteine metabolism.This article focuses on studies of strand breaks, micronuclei, or chromosomal aberrations regarding protectiveeffects of vitamin B6, and probes whether it is folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism or the transsulfurationpathway for vitamin B6 which plays critical roles in prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5333
5334
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27041_a581ea589357107238757fcf36e6eb8c.pdf
Anti-tumor Activity and Apoptosis-regulation Mechanisms of Bufalin in Various Cancers: New Hope for Cancer Patients
text
article
2012
eng
The induction of apoptosis in target cells is a key mechanism for most anti-tumor therapies. Bufalin is acardiotonic steroid that has the potential to induce differentiation and apoptosis of tumor cells. Research onbufalin has so far mainly involved leukemia, prostate cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer, and has beenconfined to in vitro studies. The bufadienolides bufalin and cinobufagin have been shown to induce apoptosis ina wide spectrum of cancer cell. The present article reviews the anticancer effects of bufalin. It induces apoptosisof lung cancer cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway and also suppressed the proliferation of human non-small celllung cancer A549 cell line in a time and dose dependent manner. Bufalin, bufotalin and gamabufotalin, keybufadienolides, significantly sensitize human breast cancer cells with differing ER-alpha status to apoptosisinduction by the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In addition, bufadienolides induce prostatecancer cell apoptosis more significantly than that in breast epithelial cell lines. Similar effects have been observedwith hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but the detailed molecular mechanisms of inducing apoptosis in this caseare still unclear. Bufalin exerts profound effects on leukemia therapy in vitro. Results of multiple studies indicatethat bufalin has marked anti-tumor activities through its ability to induce apoptosis. Large-scale randomized,double-blind, placebo or positive drug parallel controlled studies are now required to confirm the efficacy andapoptosis-inducing potential of bufalin in various cancers in the cliniucal setting.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5339
5343
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27042_2189a8ff0c16a702283e72ef3f52b348.pdf
Notch Inhibitor: a Promising Carcinoma Radiosensitizer
text
article
2012
eng
Radiotherapy is an important part of modern cancer management for many malignancies, and enhancingthe radiosensitivity of tumor cells is critical for effective cancer therapies. The Notch signaling pathway playsa key role in regulation of numerous fundamental cellular processes. Further, there is accumulating evidencethat dysregulated Notch activity is involved in the genesis of many human cancers. As such, Notch inhibitorsare attractive therapeutic agents, although as for other anticancer agents, they exhibit significant and potentialside effects. Thus, Notch inhibitors may be best used in combination with other agents or therapy. Herein, wedescribe evidence supporting the use of Notch inhibitors as novel and potent radiosensitizers in cancer therapy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5345
5351
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27043_ac5fefce57e57c6e2c09532611e7b3e4.pdf
Immunotherapeutic Approach for Better Management of Cancer - Role of IL-18
text
article
2012
eng
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is an immune-stimulatory cytokine with antitumor activity in preclinical models. Itplays pivotal roles in linking inflammatory immune responses and tumor progression and is a useful candidatein gene therapy of lymphoma or lymphoid leukemia. A phase I study of recombinant human IL-18 (rhIL-18) inpatients with advanced cancer concluded that rhIL-18 can be safely given in biologically active doses to patientswith advanced cancer. Some viruses can induce the secretion of IL-18 for immune evasion. The individualcytokine activity might be potentiated or inhibited by combinations of cytokines. Here we focus on combinationaleffects of cytokines with IL-18 in cancer progression. IL-18 is an important non- invasive marker suspected ofcontributing to metastasis. Serum IL-18 may a useful biological marker as independent prognostic factor ofsurvival. In this review we cover roles of IL-18 in immune evasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, applicationsfor chemotherapy and prognostic or diagnostic significance.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5353
5361
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27044_6705df2fdd7fecc566b13b6dbda8c7e3.pdf
Human Papillomavirus Type 16/18 Oncoproteins: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Non-smoking Associated Lung Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) especially HPV-16 and HPV-18 types are speculated to be importantrisk factors in non-smoking associated lung cancer in Asia. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that HPVoncoproteins may contribute to lung tumorigenesis and cell transformation. Importantly, HPV 16/18 E6 and E7oncoproteins can mediate expression of multiple target genes and proteins, such as p53/pRb, VEGF, HIF-1α,cIAP-2, and hTERT, and contribute to cell proliferation, angiogenesis and cell immortalization through differentsignaling pathways in lung cancer. This article provides an overview of experiment data on HPV-associated lungcancer, describes the main targets on which HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins act, and further discusses the potentialsignaling pathways in which HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins are involved. In addition, we also raise questions regardingexisting problems with the study of HPV-associated lung cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5363
5369
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27045_0861c42d45a1a3c46ead5b1b1fe51689.pdf
Prevalence of Tobacco Use Among Adolescents in India
text
article
2012
eng
The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents and also thereasons for the initiation of tobacco use amongst them. It was conducted in ten randomly selected schools inKannur district of Kerala state, India. A total of 3,000 school children participated. The study observed anoverall prevalence of 5.5% for users. The prevalence observed among boys was 12% and none of the girls weretobacco users. Associations between father’s and friend’s tobacco habits were observed.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5371
5374
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27046_dfbc50230f3d9f41a8b0b187db7e89e2.pdf
Current Evidence on the Relationship Between Two Polymorphisms in the NBS1 Gene and Breast Cancer Risk: a Meta-analysis
text
article
2012
eng
Introduction: Published studies on the association between Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1(NBS1) genepolymorphisms and breast cancer risk have been inconclusive, and a meta-analysis was therefore performed forclarification. Methods: Eligible articles were identified by a search of MEDLINE and EMBASE bibliographicdatabases for the period up to March 2012. The presence of between-study heterogeneity was investigated usingthe chi-square-based Cochran’s Q statistic test. When there was statistical heterogeneity, the random effectsmodel was chosen; otherwise, fixed effects estimates were reported as an alternative approach. Results: A totalof 11 eligible articles (14 case-control studies) were identified, nine case-control studies were for the 657del5mutation (7,534 breast cancer cases, 14,034 controls) and five case-control studies were for the I171V mutation(3,273 breast cancer cases, 4,004 controls). Our analysis results indicated that the 657del5 mutation was associatedwith breast cancer risk (carriers vs. non- carriers: pooled OR =2.63, 95% CI: 1.76-3.93), whereas the I171Vmutation was not (carriers vs. non-carriers: pooled OR =1.52, 95% CI: 0.70-3.28). Conclusion: The presentmeta-analysis suggests that the 657del5 gene mutation in the NBS1 gene plays a role in breast cancer risk, whilethe I171V mutation does not exert a significant influence
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5375
5379
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27047_0dd6ca47eae4da23d14af571dd3097a7.pdf
Cholangiocarcinoma: An-eight-year Experience in a Tertiary-Center in Iran
text
article
2012
eng
Background and Aim: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an uncommon malignancy of the bile duct, occurringin nearly 2 out of 100,000 people. It is a type of adenocarcinoma that originates in the mucous glands of theepithelium, or surface layers of the bile ducts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features, diagnosticresults and factors associated with survival, morbidity and mortalityof cholangiocarcinoma cases in Iranianpatients. Method: In this retrospective study the hospital medical records of 283 patients with a primary orfinal diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma who had been admitted to gastroenterology ward of our hospital from2004 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: 283 patients (180 male, 63%, and 103 female, 38.6%) witha mean age of 59.7±14.4 years were studied. The most frequent symptoms were painless jaundice (190, 66.9%),abdominal pain (77, 27%), pruritus 133 (46.8%) and weight loss (169, 59.5%). The most frequent associatedrisk factors and diseases were as follows: gallstones (72, 25.4%), diabetes (70, 24.6%), HBV infection (52(18.3%), HCV infection 43 (15%), primary sclerosing cholangitis (16, 5.6%) and smoking (120, 42.3%). Themost frequent type of cholangiocarcinoma in ERCP and MRCP was hilar. The mean survival time was 7.42±5.76months. Conclusion: The mean survival time in our study was lower than one year. Moreover the most frequentrisk factors and associated diseases were smoking, gallstones and diabetes. Painless jaundice, abdominal painand weight loss were the most clinical features related to cholangiocarcinoma. Additionally survival time didnot correlate with risk factors, associated diseases and clinical presentations, but was linked to biliary metallicstenting and surgery.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5381
5384
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27048_42fc01b2d47e1ffcdb2e7d3410ffefd2.pdf
Value of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer Surgery with Simple Pathology Facilities -An Iranian Local Experience with a Review of Potential Causes of False Negative Results
text
article
2012
eng
Introduction: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a precise procedure for lymphatic staging in earlybreast cancer. In a valid SLNB procedure, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) can be omitted in nodenegativecases without compromising patient safety. In this study, detection rate, accuracy and false negativerate of SLNB for breast cancer was evaluated in a setting with simple modified conventional pathology facilitieswithout any serial sectioning or immunohistochemistry. Material and Method: Patients with confirmed breastcancer were enrolled in the study. SLNB and ALND were performed in all cases. Lymph node metastasis wasevaluated in SLN and in nodes removed by ALND to determine the false negative rate. Pathologic assessmentwas carried out only by modified conventional technique with only 3 sections. Detection rate was determinedeither by lymphoscintigraphy or during surgery. Results: 78 patients with 79 breast units were evaluated. SLNwas detected in 75 of 79 cases (95%) in lymphoscintigraphy and 76 of 79 cases (96%) during surgery. SLNmetastases was detected in 30 of 75 (40%) cases either in SLNB and ALND groups. Accuracy of SLNB methodfor detecting LN metastases was 92%. False negative rate was 3 of 30 of positive cases: 10%. In 7 of 10 cases withaxillary lymphadenopathy, LN metastastates was detected. Conclusion: SLNB is recommended for patients withvarious tumor sizes without palpable lymph nodes. In modified conventional pathologic examination of SLNs,at least macrometastases and some micrometastases could be detected similar to ALND. Consequently, ALNDcould be omitted in node-negative cases with removal of all palpable LNs. We conclude that SLNB, as one of themost important developments in breast cancer surgery, could be expanded even in areas without sophisticatedpathology facilities.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5385
5389
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27049_4df5e4801262c0765c29ca94a57db00d.pdf
Chromosome Imbalances and Alterations of AURKA and MYCN Genes in Children with Neuroblastoma
text
article
2012
eng
Background: Neuroblastoma (NB), like most human cancers, is characterized by genomic instability,manifested at the chromosomal level as allelic gain, loss or rearrangement. Genetics methods, as well asconventional and molecular cytogenetics may provide valuable clues for the identification of target loci andsuccessful search for major genes in neuroblastoma. We aimed to investigate AURKA and MYCN generearrangements and the chromosomal aberrations (CAs) to determine the prognosis of neuroblastoma.Methods: We performed cytogenetic analysis by G-banding in 25 cases [11 girls (44%) and 14 boys (66%)]and in 25 controls. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with AURKA and MYCN gene probes was alsoused on interphase nuclei to screen for alterations. Results: Some 18.4% of patient cells exhibited CAs., with asignificant difference between patient and control groups in the frequencies (P<0.0001). Some 72% of the cellshad structural aberrations, and only 28% had numerical chnages in patients. Structural aberrations consistedof deletions, translocations, breaks and fragility in various chromosomes, 84% and 52% of the patients havingdeletions and translocations, respectively. Among these expressed CAs, there was a higher frequency at 1q21,1q32, 2q21, 2q31, 2p24, 4q31, 9q11, 9q22, 13q14, 14q11.2, 14q24, and 15q22 in patients. 32% of the patients hadchromosome breaks, most frequently in chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 19 and X. The number of cells withbreaks and the genomic damage frequencies were higher in patients (p<0.001). Aneuploidies in chromosomes X,22, 3, 17 and 18 were most frequently observed. Numerical chromosome abnormalities were distinctive in 10.7%of sex chromosomes. Fragile sites were observed in 16% of our patients. Conclusion: Our data confirmed thatthere is a close correlation between amplification of the two genes, amplification of MYCN possibly contributingsignificantly to the oncogenic properties of AURKA. The high frequencies of chromosomal aberrations andamplifications of AURKA and MYCN genes indicate prognostic value in children with neuroblastomas and maypoint to contributing factors in their development.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5391
5397
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27050_804a0a49cbbdb96d0f91c01e0886d9f1.pdf
Serum Human Leukocyte Antigen-G and Soluble Interleukin 2 Receptor Levels in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic Pediatric Patients
text
article
2012
eng
Aims and Background: Human leukocyte antigen-G and interleukin-2 receptor play pivotal roles in theproliferation of lymphocytes, and thus generation of immune responses. Their overexpression has been evidencedin different malignant hematopoietic diseases. This study aimed to validate serum soluble human leukocyteantigen-G (sHLA-G) and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) as an additional tool for the diagnosisand follow up of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Subjects and Methods: Both markers were determined byELISA in the serum of 33 ALL pediatric patients before treatment and after intensification phase of chemotherapyas well as in the serum of 14 healthy donors that were selected as a control group. Results: ALL patients showedabnormal CBC and high serum lactate dehydrogenase, which were improved after chemotherapy. Also, therewas a non-significant increase in serum sHLA-G in ALL patients compared with the control group. However,after chemotherapy, sHLA-G was increased significantly compared with before treatment. On the other hand,serum sIL-2R in ALL patients was increased significantly compared with the control group. After chemotherapy,sIL-2R decreased significantly compared with before treatment. Conclusions: From these results it could besuggested that measurement of serum sHLA-G might be helpful in diagnosis of ALL, while sIL-2R might beuseful in diagnosis and follow-up of ALL in pediatric patients.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5399
5403
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27051_33ea6bb0752e62560e55e2d97efaccc9.pdf
Curcumin Reorganizes miRNA Expression in a Mouse Model of Liver Fibrosis
text
article
2012
eng
Curcumin (CM), a biphenyl compound, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs which regulate gene expression and the molecular mechanismsof several biological processes. Liver fibrosis is a major cause of hepatic dysfunction and cancer and there arefew effective therapies emphasizing the need for new approaches to control. The present study was conductedto investigate the effect of curcumin (CM) on liver fibrosis through modulating the expression level of miRNAs(199 and 200), the main miRNAs associated with liver fibrosis. Induction of liver fibrosis by carbon tetrachloride(CCL4) was confirmed by histopathological examination. Mice were divided into 3 groups: group 1 were i.pinjected with 10% CCL4 twice weekly for 4 weeks and then once a week for the next 4 weeks followed by 4weeks with olive oil only. Group 2 were i.p injected with 10% CCL4 twice weekly for 4 weeks and then once aweek for the next 4 weeks followed by curcumin (5 mg/mouse/day) once daily for the next 4 weeks. The thirdgroup was injected with olive oil. The expression level of miR-199 and miR-200 and some of their targeted geneswere measured by real time PCR. miRNA (199 and 200) levels were significantly elevated in liver fibrotic tissuescompared to control groups. Curcumin was significantly returned the expression levels of mir-199 and -200 withtheir associated target gene nearly to their normal levels. This is the first study that highlighted the effect ofcurcumin on liver fibrosis through regulation of miRNAs.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5405
5408
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27052_4148a7efccc8fef995cf598d46278ca8.pdf
Differential Protein Expression Profile Between CD20 Positive and Negative Cells of the NCI-H929 Cell Line
text
article
2012
eng
At present, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease and cologenic cells may be responsible fordisease relapse. It has been proposed that CD20+/CD138- NCI-H929 cells could be hallmarks of MM clonogeniccells. Here, the immunology phenotype of NCI-H929 cells is described. Only a small population of CD20+/CD138- cells (<1%) was found in the NCI-H929 cell line, but CD20+/CD138- cells were not detected. We foundthat CD20+/CD138+ cells were able to exhibit cologenic capacity by colony formation assay and continuouspassage culture. Proteins were analyzed by 1D-SDS-PAGE and TMT based quantitative differential liquidchromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). 1,082 non-redundant proteins were identified, 658 ofwhich were differentially expressed with at least a 1.5-fold difference. 205 proteins in CD20+ cells were expressedat higher levels and 453 proteins were at lower levels compared with CD20- cells. Most proteins had catalytic andbinding activity and mainly participated in metabolic processes, cell communication and molecular transport.These results proved that there are different biological features and protein expression profile between CD20+and CD20- cells in the NCI-H929 cell line.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5409
5413
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27053_356f8f3b417d45de4250c5e867f7f142.pdf
Influence of Personal Character on Quality of Life of Patients with Esophageal Cancer in North Henan Province and Influencing Factors
text
article
2012
eng
The aim of this study was to investigate QoL (quality of life) of patients with esophageal cancer in northernHenan province, China, and to accurate evaluate and reflect the relationship between patient characteristics andQoL. In the high risk area of esophageal cancer in the north of Henan province, 735 patients with esophagealcancer were investigated. The Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) and QoL were analyzed by using thequestionnaire of general situation, EPQ, QLQ-C30 and QLQ-OES18. The effects of personal character on theQoL of esophageal carcinoma patients were analyzed by SPSS 11.0 software. The QoL of esophageal cancerpatients in Northern Henan region was significantly affected by character. The difference between choleric andtype of melancholic temperament types was significant (P<0.01), also in OESEAT, OESTA, OESCO and OESSP(P<0.05). Differences in personal character can thus influence the quality of esophageal cancer patient lives.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5415
5420
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27054_c067c0a88d79c0d34fa1e461a8064927.pdf
Monosomal Karyotypes among 1147 Chinese Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Prevalence, Features and Prognostic Impact
text
article
2012
eng
A monosomal karyotype (MK), defined as ≥2 autosomal monosomies or a single monosomy in the presenceof additional structural abnormalities, was recently identified as an independent prognostic factor conveying anextremely poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In the present study, after excludingpatients with t(15;17), t(8;21), inv(16) and normal karyotypes, 324 AML patients with cytogenetic abnormalitieswere the main subject of analysis. The incidences of MK were 13% in patients aged 15 to 60 years and 18% inthose between 15 and 88 years old. MK was much more prevalent among elderly patients (p < 0.001) and wassignificantly associated with the presence of -7, -5, del(5q), abn12p, abn17p, -18 or 18q-, -20 or 20q- and CK (forall p < 0.001 except for abn12p p=0.009), and +8 or +8q was less frequent in MK+ AML(p=0.007). No correlationwas noted between monosomal karyotype and FAB subtype (p > 0.05); MK remained significantly associatedwith worse overall survival among patients with complex karyotype (p= 0.032); A single autosomal monosomycontributed an additional negative effect in OS of patients with structural cytogenetic abnormalities (P=0.008).This report presents the prevalence, feature and prognostic impact of MK among a large series of Chinese AMLpatients from a single center for the first time.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5421
5426
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27055_6df253c8e2e60ab8dba6ae0365b20563.pdf
Diagnostic Value of Human Epididymis Protein 4 Compared with Mesothelin for Ovarian Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
text
article
2012
eng
Background and Purpose: Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynecologic cancers because ofthe lack of effective early detection methods. Accuracies of the human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and mesothelinin detecting ovarian cancer have never been systematically assessed. The current systematic review aimed to tacklethis issue. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched (September 1995–November2011) for studies on the diagnostic performances of HE4 and mesothelin in differentiating ovarian cancer fromother benign gynecologic diseases. QUADAS items were used to evaluate the qualities of the studies. Meta-DiScsoftware was used to handle data from the included studies and to examine heterogeneity. All included studiesfor diagnostic performance were combined with sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negativelikelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), summary receiveroperating characteristic (SROC) curves, and areas under the SROC curves (AUC). Results: A total of 18 studiesand 3,865 patients were eligible for the final analysis. The pooled sensitivity estimates for HE4 (74.4%) weresignificantly higher than those for mesothelin (49.3%). The pooled specificity estimates for mesothelin (94.5%)were higher than those for HE4 (85.8%). The pooled DOR estimates for HE4 (26.22) were higher than those formesothelin (24.01). The SROC curve for HE4 showed better diagnostic accuracy than that for mesothelin. ThePLR and NLR of HE4 were 6.33 (95% CI: 3.58 to 11.18) and 0.27 (95% CI: 0.21 to 0.34), respectively. The PLRand NLR for mesothelin were 11.0 (95% CI: 6.21 to 19.59) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.62), respectively. Thecombination of the two tumor markers or their combination with CA-125 increased sensitivity and specificityto different extents. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of HE4 in differentiating ovarian cancer from otherbenign gynecologic diseases is better than that of soluble mesothelin-related protein. Combinations of two ormore tumor markers show more sensitivity and specificity.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5427
5432
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27056_fe14712cb3fe6f072ef37d0545d7eee9.pdf
Molecular Prognostic Profile of Egyptian HCC Cases Infected with Hepatitis C Virus
text
article
2012
eng
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and aggressive malignancy. Despite of theimprovements in its treatment, HCC prognosis remains poor due to its recurrence after resection. This studyprovides complete genetic profile for Egyptian HCC. Genome-wide analyses were performed to identify thepredictive signatures. Patients and Methods: Liver tissue was collected from 31 patients with diagnosis of HCCand gene expression levels in the tumours and their adjacent non-neoplastic tissues samples were studied byanalyzing changes by microarray then correlate these with the clinico-pathological parameters. Genes werevalidated in an independent set by qPCR. The genomic profile was associated with genetic disorders and cancerfocused on gene expression, cell cycle and cell death. Molecular profile analysis revealed cell cycle progressionand arrest at G2/M, but progression to mitosis; unregulated DNA damage check-points, and apoptosis. Result:Nine hundred fifty eight transcripts out of the 25,000 studied cDNAs were differentially expressed; 503 wereup-regulated and 455 were down-regulated. A total of 19 pathways were up-regulated through 27 genes and13 pathways were down-regulated through 19 genes. Thirty-seven genes showed significant differences in theirexpression between HCC cases with high and low Alpha Feto Protein (AFP ≥600 IU/ml). The validation for themicroarray was done by real time PCR assay in which PPP3CA, ATG-5, BACE genes showed down-regulation andABCG2, RXRA, ELOVL2, CXR3 genes showed up-regulation. cDNA microarrays showed that among the majorupregulated genes in HCC are sets. Conclusion: The identified genes could provide a panel of new diagnosticand prognostic aids for HCC.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5433
5438
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27057_c9b36c5c8ecbf533b9de2b8c4ced1eab.pdf
P53 and PCNA is Positively Correlated with HPV Infection in Laryngeal Epitheliopapillomatous Lesions in Patiets with Different Ethnic Backgrounds in Xinjiang
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: To explore the correlation of human papillomavious (HPV) infection with expression of p53 andproliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in patients with different ethnicity in Xinjiang, China. Methods: 166biopsy specimens from 83 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCC), 63 laryngeal papillomas (LP), and 20laryngeal inflammatory polyps (LIP) were included in this study. HPV infection was determined by polymerasechain reaction (PCR) using specific types of HPV primers. Expression of p53 and PCNA was assessed usingimmunohistostaining. Results: The frequency of HPV 6/11 was higher in LP (33.3%) than in LSCC (9.6%) (P<0.0005), whereas the frequency of HPV 16/18 was higher in LSCC (37.3 %) than in LP (6.3%) (P < 0.0005).Patients of the Han ethnic group with LSCC had a higher infection rate with HPV 6/11 or HPV 6/11 and HPV16/18 coinfection than those of Uygur and Kazak ethnicity (P <0.05). Overexpression of p53 and PCNA were higherin LSCC (62.7%, 57.8%) than in LP (38%, 33.3%) (P <0.005, and P <0.005, respectively). That of p53 was notassociated with lymph-node metastases and clinical stages, but overexpression of PCNA closely correlated withclinical stage. Conclusions: These results strongly implicate HPV6/11 infection in the carcinogenesis of LSCC andLP, respectively. There was a higher coincidence of increased malignancy of laryngeal tumors with overexpressionof p53 and PCNA. Overexpression of p53 may serve as an early risk marker for malignant transformation inHPV infected cells while the overexpression of PCNA may serve as a late marker for progression of LSCC.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5439
5444
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27058_6cb1fcee7cbca7ff8895812e2a53860f.pdf
Role of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Occurrence of Benign Uterine Leiomyomata: Special Emphasis on AhR Tissue Levels
text
article
2012
eng
Although benign uterine leiomyomata (LMA) is the most common reproductive tumor in premenopausalwomen, its etiology is largely unknown. We aimed in the present study to demonstrate the potential role ofenvironmental factors with estrogenic activity in tumor etiology by focusing on the role of aryl hydrocarbonreceptor (AhR) which mediates the effects of many environmental endocrine disruptors and contributes tothe loss of normal ovarian function in polluted environments. This case-control study aimed to compare theinteractions between AhR and lifestyle factors in a clinical setting for the first time among 138 newly diagnosedLMA patients and 138 normal controls who lived in Tehran and Mashhad, respectively, during the last 10 years.To conduct immunohistochemical studies using appropriate monoclonal antibodies, 30 cases were selectedretrospectively from 2009-2011 from the pathology departments of two university hospitals in Tehran. Althoughthe levels of sex steroid receptors were similar in adjacent myometrium and uterine leiomyomas of all cases, AhRwas significantly overexpressed (p=0.034, OR=1.667) in uterine LMA and this overexpression was correlatedwith living in Tehran [(p=0.04, OR=16 (1.216-210.58)], smoking[P=0.04, OR=2.085 (1.29-3.371)], living nearpolycyclic aromative hydrocarbon producing companies [p=0.007, OR=2.22 (1.256-3.926)] and eating grilledmeat [p=0.042, OR=1.28 (1.92-3.842)]. Our study contributes to the understanding of the effects of EDCs onAhR levels as well as women’s health and points out possible risk factors for the development and growth ofuterine LMA. It seems that the development of LMA could be the result of interactions between hormonal andenvironmental factors.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5445
5450
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27059_d619f29ed0d61a8d90b82e3746e997d7.pdf
Association of MDR1 Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibilityto Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Chinese PopulationAssociation of MDR1 GenePolymorphisms with Susceptibility to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Chinese Population
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of MDR1 gene polymorphisms withsusceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: A total of 689 HCC patients and 680 cancer-freesubjects were enrolled. Human MDR1 gene polymorphisms were investigated by created restriction sitepolymerasechain reaction (CRS-PCR) and DNA sequencing methods. Multiple logistic regression models wereapplied to estimate the association between MDR1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to HCC. Results:We detected a novel c.4125A>C polymorphism and our findings suggested that this variant was significantlyassociated with susceptibility to HCC. A significantly increased susceptibility to HCC was noted in the homozygotecomparison (CC versus AA: OR=1.621, 95% CI 1.143-2.300, χ2=7.4095, P=0.0065), recessive model (CC versusAC+AA: OR=1.625, 95% CI 1.167-2.264, χ2=8.3544, P=0.0039) and allele contrast (C versus A: OR=1.185, 95% CI1.011-1.389, χ2=4.4046, P=0.0358). However, no significant increase was observed in the heterozygote comparison(AC versus AA: OR=0.995, 95% CI 0.794-1.248, χ2=0.0017, P=0.9672) and dominant model (CC+AC versus AA:OR=1.106, 95% CI 0.894-1.369, χ2=0.8560, P=0.3549). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the c.4125A>Cpolymorphism of the MDR1 gene might contribute to susceptibility to HCC in the Chinese population. Furtherwork will be necessary to clarify the relationship between the c.4125A>C polymorphism and susceptibility toHCC on larger populations of diverse ethnicity.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5451
5454
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27060_d0f40772854bf82df4dc50ea0462bcc8.pdf
Luteolin Induced-growth Inhibition and Apoptosis of Human Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma Cell Line Eca109 Cells in vitro
text
article
2012
eng
Luteolin is a plant flavonoid which exhibits anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. However,the antiproliferative potential of luteolin is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of luteolinon cell cycling and apoptosis in human esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line Eca109 cells. MTT assays showedthat luteolin had obvious cytotoxicity on Eca109 with an IC50 of 70.7±1.72μM at 24h. Luteolin arrested cell cycleprogression in the G0/G1 phase and prevented entry into S phase in a dose- and time-dependent manner. asassessed by FCM. Luteolin induced apoptosis of Eca109 cells was demonstrated by AO/EB staining assay andannexin V-FITC/PI staining. Moreover, luteolin downregulated the expression of cyclin D1, survivin and c-myc,and it also upregulated the expression of p53, in line with the fact that luteolin was able to inhibit Eca109 cellproliferation.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5455
5461
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27061_2e4e10ab328cf29786863eade4a644df.pdf
Use of ALLGIO Probe Assays for Detection of HBV Resistance to Adefovir in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B, Kerman, Iran
text
article
2012
eng
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is contagious with transmissiobn vertically or horizontally by blood productsand body secretions. Over 50% of Iranian carriers contracted the infection prenatally, making this the mostlikely route of transmission of HBV in Iran. To evaluate the resistance to adefovir (ADV) therapy in patients withchronic hepatitis B infection, a study was conducted on 70 patients (63 males and 7 females), who had receivedin first line lamivudine and second line adefovir. All were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg), hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg), serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) level and HBV DNAload before and after treatment with ADV. In all samples, resistance to lamivudine and ADV was tested withreal time PCR. Among seventy patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, 18 (25.7%) were resistant to LAMand 8 (11.4%) were resistant to ADV. Only one patient was negative for the presence of HBS-Ag (5.6%) andtwo were negative for HBe-Ag (11.1%). In this study we used a new method (ALLGIO probe assay) that hashigh sensitivity in detection of adefovir resistance mutants, which we recommend to other researchers. Mutantstrains of the YMDD motif of HBV polymerase can be found in some patients under treatment with lamivudineand ADV. ADV has been demonstrated to be efficient in patients with lamivudine resistant HBV.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5463
5467
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27062_323b52459ab5babf77d536bf640405f6.pdf
Five Most Common Prognostically Important FusionOncogenes are Detected in the Majority of Pakistani Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients and are Strongly Associated with Disease Biology and Treatment Outcome
text
article
2012
eng
Background and Objectives: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a complex genetic disease involvingmany fusion oncogenes (FO) having prognostic significance. The frequency of various FO can vary in differentethnic groups, with important implications for prognosis, drug selection and treatment outcome. Method: Westudied fusion oncogenes in 101 pediatric ALL patients using interphase FISH and RT-PCR, and their associationswith clinical features and treatment outcome. Results: Five most common fusion genes i.e. BCR-ABL t (22;9), TCF3-PBX1 (t 1; 19), ETV6-RUNX1 (t 12; 21), MLL-AF4 (t 4; 11) and SIL-TAL1 (del 1p32) were foundin 89/101 (88.1%) patients. Frequency of BCR-ABL was 44.5% (45/101). BCR-ABL positive patients had asignificantly lower survival (43.7±4.24 weeks) and higher white cell count as compared to others, except patientswith MLL-AF4. The highest relapse-free survival was documented with ETV6-RUNX1 (14.2 months) followedclosely by those cases in which no gene was detected (13.100). RFS with BCR-ABL, MLL-AF4, TCF3-PBX1and SIL-TAL1 was less than 10 months (8.0, 3.6, 5.5 and 8.1 months, respectively). Conclusions: This is the firststudy from Pakistan correlating molecular markers with disease biology and treatment outcome in pediatricALL. It revealed the highest reported frequency of BCR-ABL FO in pediatric ALL, associated with poor overallsurvival. Our data indicate an immediate need for incorporation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatmentof BCR-ABL+ pediatric ALL in this population and the development of facilities for stem cell transplantation.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5469
5475
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27063_b4b3ef555e9b2bf06e3ed74062e92761.pdf
Prevalence of HER-2-Positive Invasive Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review from Iran
text
article
2012
eng
Background: The HER-2/neu gene is altered in 15-20% of breast cancer patients. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)is considered to be the most cost-effective method for HER-2 detection in many countries. Approximately 8,000new cases of breast cancer are observed annually in Iran. The aims of this study were to conduct a systematicreview of the literature on the rate of HER-2-positive breast cancer diagnosed by IHC in Iran. Methods: Asystematic search of the medical literature using the Medline/PubMed, ISI and SID databases revealed articlespublished in the English and Persian languages evaluating HER-2-positive breast cancer in Iran. Results: From22 studies, 3,033 patients were evaluated, of whom 1,350 were diagnosed as HER-2-positive by IHC HER-2testing. The mean percentage of HER-2-positive patients was 44.5%, which is higher than that recorded ininternational statistics. Results of this meta-analysis showed a significant heterogeneity between ratios. There wasa statistically significant difference between the results of pre- and post implementation of 2007 American Societyof Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) guideline. IHC HER-2 testing has beenperformed in Iran for over 10 years. Similar to many other countries, before establishment of an infrastructurefor IHC diagnostic tests, HER-2 testing was routinely performed in Iran. Our study showed that the statisticsreported from Iran varied widely; for instance, the rate of HER-2-positive cases varied from 23.3% to 81.0%.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the lack of standardization and harmonization of this test have ledto marked variations in breast cancer diagnosis in Iran.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5477
5482
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27064_e11725ff7dd4ab8dcafe9f5ddb5eb8b5.pdf
Can Urinary Cotinine Predict Nicotine Dependence Level in Smokers?
text
article
2012
eng
Background: Although nicotine dependence plays a role as a main barrier for smoking cessation,there is still a lack of solid evidence on the validity of biomarkers to determine nicotine dependence inclinical settings. This study aimed to investigate whether urinary cotinine levels could reflect the severityof nicotine dependence in active smokers. Materials and Methods: Data regarding general characteristicsand smoking status was collected using a self-administered smoking questionnaire. The Fagerström test fornicotine dependence (FTND) was used to determine nicotine dependence of the participants, and a totalof 381 participants were classified into 3 groups of nicotine dependence: low (n=205, 53.8%), moderate(n=127, 33.3%), and high dependence groups (n=49, 12.9%). Stepwise multiple linear regression modeland receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analyses were used to determine the validity of urinarycotinine for high nicotine dependence. Results: In correlation analysis, urinary cotinine levels increasedwith FTND score (r=0.567, P<0.001). ROC curves analysis showed that urinary cotinine levels predicted thehigh-dependence group with reasonable accuracy (optimal cut-off value=1,000 ng/mL; AUC=0.82; P<0.001;sensitivity=71.4%; specificity=74.4%). In stepwise multiple regression analysis, the total smoking period(β=0.042, P=0.001) and urinary cotinine levels (β=0.234, P<0.001) were positively associated with nicotinedependence, whereas an inverse association was observed between highest education levels (>16 years) andnicotine dependence (β=-0.573, P=0.034). Conclusions: The results of this study support the validity of usingurinary cotinine levels for assessment of nicotine dependence in active smokers.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5483
5488
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27065_365ff76d272d6a598306ea70181abefb.pdf
Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer in Northeastern Thailand: Detailed Analyses of Sexual and Smoking Behavior
text
article
2012
eng
Cervical cancer is a serious public health problem in Thailand. We investigated possible risk factors forcervical cancer including HPV infection, p53 polymorphism, smoking and reproductive history among womenin Northeast Thailand using a case control study with 177 cases and age-matched controls. Among the HPVcarriers, a significantly increased risk for cervical cancer with an OR of 36.97 (p<0.001) and an adjusted OR of38.07 (p<0.001) were observed. Early age at first sexual exposure, and multiple sexual partners increased therisk of cervical cancer with ORs ranging between 1.73-2.78 (p<0.05). The interval between menarche and firstsexual intercourse <6 years resulted in a significant increase in the risk for cervical cancer with ORs rangingbetween 3.32-4.09 and the respective adjusted OR range for the 4-5 and 2-3 year-old groups were 4.09 and 2.92.A higher risk was observed among subjects whose partner had smoking habits, whether currently or formerly;with respective ORs of 3.36 (p<0.001) and 2.17 (p<0.05); and respective adjusted ORs of 2.90 (p<0.05) and 3.55(p<0.05). Other smoking characteristics of the partners including smoking duration ≥ 20 years, number ofcigarettes smokes ≥ 20 pack-years and exposure time of the subject to passive smoking ≥ 5 hrs per day were foundto be statistically significant risks for cervical cancer with adjusted ORs of 3.75, 4.04 and 11.8, respectively. Ourdata suggest that the risk of cervical cancer in Thai women is substantially associated with smoking characteristicsof the partner(s), the interval between menarche and first sexual intercourse as well as some other aspects ofsexual behavior.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5489
5495
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27066_8020bf7977fa49f95a392ad4505ac761.pdf
Awareness Survey on Knowledge of Microbial Infectious Causes of Cancer in Northern State of Sudan
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the level of cancer awareness after delivering educationalprograms by assessing the awareness in regard to the role of microbial infectious agents in the etiology ofsome cancers. Methodology: Data were collected during Cancer Awareness and Educational Programs whichwere conducted at various places such as schools, clubs, mosques and Government health centres. This surveyincluded 200 participants. Results: Of the persons who responded to the question, whether some viruses, bacteria,parasites and fungi, can cause cancer, 111/134 (82.8%), 105/129 (81.4%), 102/124 (82.8%) and 95/122 (77.8%),respectively, answered yes. Conclusion: The level of cancer awareness is low amongst Sudanese northern stateinhabitants even after delivering an educational program.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5497
5500
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27067_5c537dcb87d3ffaf69b494412545a43c.pdf
Comparison of Pap Smear Screening Results between Akha Hill Tribe and Urban Women in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand
text
article
2012
eng
Cervical cancer is an important woman’s health problems worldwide, especially in low socio-economiccountries. The aim of this study was to compare the Pap smear screening results between Akha hill tribe andurban women who live in Chiang Rai province, Thailand. Screening was conducted for 1,100 Akha women and1,100 urban women who came to have the Pap smear at Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital and 1 private cytologylaboratory from January to June 2008. The demographic characteristics and factors related to abnormal Papaccording to the Bethesda 2001 system. The results showed that the prevalence of abnormal Pap smears was12.2% in Akha women and 4.5% in urban women. The highest prevalence of Pap abnormalities was found inthe 41-50 years age group in both populations (4.5% in Akha and 1.7% in urban women). In both populations,abnormal Pap smears were found in <21 years age groups. From the questionnaires, the possible risk factors related to the higher prevalence of abnormal pap amears in Akha woman wrew early age at marriage(17 years), high frequency pregnacies and high parity and no/low education level. In conclusion, cervical cancer control by education and early detection by Pap smear screening is necessary for hill tribe women. More Pap smear screening service units should be set to improve the coverage for the risk group women who got married in young age, especial in ethnic groups.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5501
5504
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27068_6994f31d06fc3f8d3120661b68b3b965.pdf
Clinical and Pathological Factors Related to the Prognosis of Chinese Patients with Stage Ⅰb To Ⅱb Cervical Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: The aim of this retrospective study is to analyze the clinical and pathological factors related to theprognosis of Chinese patients with stage Ⅰb to Ⅱb cervical cancer. Methods and Results: 13 clinical pathologicalfactors in 255 patients with stage Ⅰb to Ⅱb cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy and systematiclymphadenectomy were analyzed to screen for factors related to prognosis. The cumulative 5-year survival ofthe 255 patients was 75.7%. The result of the univariate analysis suggested that clinical stage, cell differentiation,depth of cervical stromal invasion, parametrial tissue involvement, and lymph node metastasis were prognosticfactors for patients with stage Ⅰb to Ⅱb cervical cancer (P <0.05). Compared with cases with involvement of iliacnodes, obturator nodes, or inguinal lymph nodes, cases with metastasis to the common iliac lymph nodes had apoorer prognosis (P <0.05). Cases with involvement of four or more lymph nodes had a poorer prognosis thanthose with involvement of three or fewer lymph nodes (P <0.05). Using multivariate Cox proportional hazardsmodel regression analysis, non-squamous histological type, poor differentiation, parametrial tissue involvement,and outer 1/3 stromal invasion were found to be independently related to patients poor prognosis (P <0.05).Conclusion: Non-squamous histological type, poor cell differentiation, parametrial tissue involvement, andouter 1/3 stromal invasion are the independent poor prognostic factors for patients with stage Ⅰb to Ⅱb cervicalcancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5505
5510
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27069_10f36eb764696c98a9c316c50453c977.pdf
Role of Nuclear Factor-κB in female Breast Cancer: A Study in Indian Patients
text
article
2012
eng
Introduction: The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a super family of transcription factors which plays importantroles in development and progression of cancer. The present investigation concerns NF-κB /p65 activity in humanbreast cancers with overexpression of ER, PR, HER-2/neu, as well as the significance of p65 expression withregard to menopausal status, stage, grade, tumor size, nodal status, and NPI of invasive ductal carcinomas inEastern India. Materials and Methods: In this hospital based study 57 breast cancer patients attending a BreastClinic of a reputed institute of Eastern India were assessed for p65 protein expression in breast tumor tissuesamples by Western blotting. ER, PR and HER-2/neu expression was determined by immunohistochemistry.Results: NF-κB/p65 was significantly associated with advanced stage, large tumor size (≥5 cm), high grade,negative ER, negative PR, and positive HER-2/neu. High NF-κB/p65 expression was more frequent in patientswith a high NPI (NPI ≥ 5.4, 84.6%) compared with low NPI (<5.4, 44.4%) and this association was statisticallysignificant (p = 0.002). Conclusion: NF-κB/p65 overexpression was associated with advanced stage, large tumorsize, high grade, and high NPI which are poor prognostic factors linked to enhanced aggressiveness of thedisease. NF-κB/p65 expression implies aggressive biological behavior of breast cancer and this study validatessignificant association of NF-κB /p65 overexpression with negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status andoverexpression of HER-2/neu oncoprotein. In our good clinical practice, patients with NF-κB positive tumorsneed to be treated aggressively.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5511
5515
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27070_36a2672c27d6e95c1f1f4a94bacf4c46.pdf
Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonograph Guided Fine-needle Aspiration Cytologic in Staging of Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer Patients: a Meta-analysis
text
article
2012
eng
Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonograph and fine-needle aspiration cytologicexamination (USG-FNAC) in the staging of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients.Methods:We conducted an electronic search of the literature addressing the performance of USG-FNAC in diagnosis ofaxillary lymph node metastasis in databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane library. Weintroduced a series of diagnostic test indices to evaluate the performance of USG-FNAC by the random effectmodel (REM), including sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios and area under thecurve (AUC). Results: A total of 20 studies including 1371 cases and 1289 controls were identified. The pooledsensitivity was determined to be 0.66 (95% CI 0.64-0.69), specificity 0.98 (95% CI 0.98-0.99), positive likelihoodratio 22.7 (95% CI 15.0-34.49), negative likelihood ratio 0.32 (95% CI 0.25-0.41), diagnostic OR 84.2 (95% CI53.3-133.0). Due to the marginal threshold effect found in some indices of diagnostic validity, we used a summarySROC curve to aggregate data, and obtained a symmetrical curve with an AUC of 0.942. Conclusion: The resultsof this meta-analysis indicated that the USG-FNAC techniques have acceptable diagnostic validity indices andcan be used for early staging of axillary lymph node in breast cancer patients.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5517
5523
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27071_783af00e718844fea467265c2f043aad.pdf
Standardized Breast Cancer Mortality Rate Compared to the General Female Population of Iran
text
article
2012
eng
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Improvements of early diagnosis modalitieshave led to longer survival rates. This study aimed to determine the 5, 10 and 15 year mortality rates of breastcancer patients compared to the normal female population. Materials and Methods: The follow up data of acohort of 615 breast cancer patients referred to Iranian Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC) from 1986to 1996 was considered as reference breast cancer dataset. The dataset was divided into 5 year age groups andthe 5, 10 and 15 year probability of death for each group was estimated. The annual mortality rate of Iranianwomen was obtained from the Death Registry system. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of breast cancerpatients were calculated using the ratio of the mortality rate in breast cancer patients over the general femalepopulation. Results: The mean age of breast cancer patients at diagnosis time was 45.9 (±10.5) years rangingfrom 24-74. A total of 73, 32 and 2 deaths were recorded at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively, after diagnosis. TheSMRs for breast cancer patients at 5, 10 and 15 year intervals after diagnosis were 6.74 (95% CI, 5.5- 8.2), 6.55(95%CI, 5-8.1) and 1.26 (95%CI, 0.65-2.9), respectively. Conclusion: Results showed that the observed mortalityrate of breast cancer patients after 15 years from diagnosis was very similar to expected rates in general femalepopulation. This finding would be useful for clinicians and health policy makers to adopt a beneficial strategy toimprove breast cancer survival. Further follow-up time with larger sample size and a pooled analysis of survivalrates of different centres may shed more light on mortality patterns of breast cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5525
5528
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27072_172d4037acb0c230fe91372b17bd1464.pdf
Prostate-specific Antigen Velocity (PSAV) and PSAV per Initial Volume (PSAVD) for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer in Chinese Men
text
article
2012
eng
Aim: To investigate the utility of prostate-specific antigen velocity (PSAV) and PSAV per initial volume(PSAVD) for early detection of prostate cancer (PCa) in Chinese men. Methods: Between January 2009 andJune 2012, a total of 193 men (aged 49–84 years, median 67 years) with at least 2 transrectal ultrasonography(TRUS) procedures and concurrent serum PSA measurements underwent prostate biopsy because of suspicionof PCa. The total group were classified into PCa and non-PCa groups, and the variables of the two groups werecompared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to investigate which variables were predictove. Thediagnostic values of PSAV, PSAVD and prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) were compared using receiveroperating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 44 (22.8%) of the 193 men.There were significant differences between the groups in last and initial prostate volumes determined by TRUS,initial age, last serum PSA levels, PSAV, PSAD and PSAVD. After adjusting for confounding factors, the oddsratios of PCa across the quartile of PSAVD were 1, 4.06, 10.6, and 18.9 (P for trend <0.001).The area under theROC curves (AUCs) of PSAD (0.779) and PSAVD (0.776) were similar and both significantly greater than thatof PSA (AUC 0.667). PSAVD was a significantly better indicator of PCa than PSAV (AUC 0.736). There was nostatistical significant difference between the AUC of PSAV and that of last serum PSA level. The sensitivity andspecificity of PSAVD at a cutoff of 0.023ng in participants with last serum PSA levels of 4.0ng/mL-10.0ng was73.7% and 70.7%, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated PSAVD may be a usefultool in PCa detection, especially in those undergoing previous TRUS examination.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5529
5533
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27073_d817fda1605961a13a90ec1bb512a68f.pdf
Lack of Mutation in p53 and H-ras Genes in Phenytoin Induced Gingival Overgrowth Suggests its Non Cancerous Nature
text
article
2012
eng
Background: There have been case reports of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising from gingival overgrowthinduced by phenytoin - an antiepileptic drug. However, a detailed analysis for the presence of mutations in p53 andras genes, which are the two most frequently mutated genes in cancers, in phenytoin induced gingival overgrowthtissues has hitherto not been performed. Methods: Cellular DNA isolated from twenty gingival overgrowth tissuescollected from patients undergoing phenytoin therapy were amplified using primers for p53 (exons 5-8) andH-ras (exons 1-2) genes. The PCR amplicons were then gel purified and subjected to direct sequencing analysisto screen for mutations. Results: Direct sequencing of twenty samples of phenytoin induced gingival growth didnot identify mutations in any of the exons of p53 and H-ras genes that were analyzed. Conclusion: Our resultindicates that mutational alteration of p53 and H-ras genes is infrequent in phenytoin induced gingival growth,which thus suggests a non malignant nature of this pathology. The findings in the present study are clinicallysignificant as a large number of epileptic patients are treated with phenytoin.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5535
5538
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27074_584ee21abfb06ff66673e097994ec2bd.pdf
Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Associated Factors among Secondary School Teachers in Malaysia
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: The smoking prevalence in Malaysia is high, especially among men and adolescents. This studyaimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors towards cigarette smoking among school teachers inMalaysia. Methodology: This study was a school-based cross-sectional study conducted among 495 secondaryschool teachers. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of 29 questions categorized into two sections:socio-demographic characteristics and smoking behaviour. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Packagefor the Social Sciences (SPSS) program 13.0. ANOVA; t-tests were used in univariate analysis; multiple linearregression was applied for multivariate analysis. Results: The majority of the participants were female (81.6%),in the age group ranged between 30-39 years (44%), Malay (90.1%), married (89.7%), degree holders (85.1%),with monthly income ranged between 3000-3999 Ringgit Malaysia (33.5%), from urban areas (94.7%), theirspecialty is social studies (33.9%) and with no family history of cancer (83.6%). The prevalence of smokingamong school teachers in Malaysia was found to be 7.8%. Regarding reasons to start smoking among schoolteachers: the major reason was found to be relaxation (33.3%), followed by stress-relief (28.2%). Univariateanalysis showed that sex, educational status, monthly income and residency were significantly associated withsmoking among school teachers (p<0.001, p=0.004, p=0.031, p=0.010; respectively). Multivariate analysis showedthat gender and marital status were significantly associated with smoking among school teachers (p<0.001,p=0.033; respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among school teachers in Malaysia was foundto be relatively low. Sex, marital status, educational status, monthly income and residency were significantlyassociated with smoking among school teachers.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5539
5543
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27075_6e9efc01586e3a35db806685aa47ce4b.pdf
The Effects of Education Program on Knowledge and Intention of Breast Cancer Screening in Taiwan
text
article
2012
eng
Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a breast cancer screening educational programon women’s knowledge and intention to seek breast cancer screening in Taiwan. Materials and Method: This studydescribes the knowledge and intention of breast cancer screening changes during the period pre and post groupeducation. A pre-test and post-test were used in both the experimental and the control groups. A conveniencesampling was used. Two structured questionnaires were used. Results: The mean knowledge of breast cancerscreening scores (pre-test and post-test) of the experimental group participants were 12.6 and 14.0. Then themean knowledge of breast cancer screening scores (pre-test and post-test) of the control group participants were11.8 and 12.1. The mean intention of breast cancer screening scores (pre-test and post-test) of the experimentalgroup participants were 11.4 and 13.5. And the mean intention of breast cancer screening scores (pre-test andpost-test) of the control group participants were 11.6 and 12.4. An independent-t test was applied to examinethe differences among the two groups, revealing that the average post-test knowledge score differ significantlybetween the two groups (t =4.18, p<.00); and the post-test intention also demonstrate a marked statistical difference(t = 2.07, p<.05). A paired-t test was applied to examine the differences of each group, revealing that the totalaverage scores of the experimental group participants on the knowledge of breast cancer screening scale clearlydiffer statistically (t =-5.54, p<.00); and the pre-test and post-test intention testing also demonstrate a markedstatistical difference (t =-7.70, p<.00). Conclusions: These findings are helpful in understanding the knowledgeand intention of breast cancer screening changes during the period pre and post group education. It is expectedthat these results can offer a reference for clinical breast cancer prevention.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5545
5549
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27076_8d7425716ea52e1fd7b8b729c7d1f635.pdf
A New Cancer Cell Detection Method Using an Infectivityenhanced Adenoviral Vector
text
article
2012
eng
Cytological examination is widely used as a diagnostic tool because of the ease of collecting cells from theinvolved area. However, the diagnostic yield of cytological examination is unsatisfactory; the reasons includesampling error, poorly prepared samples, small numbers of malignant cells, and low grades of cellular atypia.In this study, we focused on the high infectivity of adenovirus towards epithelial cells and applied the luciferaseexpressingadenoviral vector to a new cancer cell detection tool. In addition, adenoviral infectivity was enhancedby modifying viral fiber proteins. The sensitivity of the diagnostic tool was tested using the NCI-H1299 lung cancercell line, and validated in body fluid samples from cancer patients with a variety of etiology. Results showed thatthe adenovirus efficiently transfected NCI-H1299 with high sensitivity. Only 10 cancer cells were sufficient fordetection of luciferase signals. In body fluid samples, the adenovirus confirmed the diagnosis for malignant andbenign cancer, but not in non-epithelial cell derived samples. This study provides proof-of-concept for a morereliable and sensitive diagnostic tool for epithelium-derived cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5551
5556
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27077_2ceec6a72b2482bfd91e8808f8e13d6a.pdf
Correlation Between Auto-antibodies to Survivin and MUC1 Variable Number Tandem Repeats in Colorectal Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and correlation between auto-antibodies tosurvivin and MUC1 variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) in colorectal cancer (CRC), which can providevaluable information for the design of immunotherapeutic vaccines for this disease. Methods: Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to examine the level of auto-antibodies against survivin and MUC1VNTR in the serum of 135 CRC patients and 95 healthy volunteers. Results: Using mean absorbance + 2 standarddeviations (SD) of the healthy samples as a cut-off value, the positive rates of survivin and MUC1 VNTR autoantibodiesin CRC were 31.1% and 18.5%, respectively. Altogether, the survivin and MUC1 VNTR positivesamples accounted for 36.3% of the CRC patients, and 7.4% were positive for both. Conclusion: A significantpositive correlation was found between levels of specific antibodies against survivin and MUC1 VNTR in theserum of CRC patients (r = 0.3652, P < 0.0001), suggesting that vaccines against both targets would elicit immuneresponses more effectively.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5557
5562
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27078_a4fccfcca9a7407958f767d2cf3198c1.pdf
Intragenic DNA Methylation Concomitant with Repression of ATP4B and ATP4A Gene Expression in Gastric Cancer is a Potential Serum Biomarker
text
article
2012
eng
Based on our previous report on gastric cancer which documented ATP4A and ATP4B mRNA downregulationin gastric tumors relative to normal gastric tissues, we hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms couldbe responsible. ATP4A and ATP4B mRNA expression in gastric cancer cell lines AGS, SNU638 and NUGC-3was examined using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). AGS cells were treated with TSA or 5’-AzaDC andmethylation specific PCR (MSP) and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) analysis were performed. MSP analysiswas on DNA from paraffin embedded tissues sections and plasma. Expression analysis revealed downregulationof ATP4A and ATP4B genes in gastric cancer cell lines relative to normal gastric tissue, while treatment with5’-AzaDC re-activated expression of both. Search for CpG islands in their putative promoter regions did notindicate CpG islands (CGI) but only further downstream in the bodies of the genes. Methylation specific PCR(MSP) in the exon1 of the ATP4B gene and exon7 in ATP4A indicated methylation in all the gastric cancercell lines tested. MSP analysis in tumor tissue samples revealed methylation in the majority of tumor samples,15/19, for ATP4B and 8/8 for ATP4A. There was concordance between ATP4B and ATP4A down-regulationand methylation status in the tumour samples tested. ATP4B methylation was detectable in cell free DNA fromgastric cancer patient’s plasma samples. Thus ATP4A and ATP4B down-regulation involves DNA methylationand methylated ATP4B DNA in plasma is a potential biomarker for gastric cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5563
5568
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27079_1ea56504cd570955765690949d3fb1b3.pdf
Expression of HMGB1 and its Clinical Significance in T-cell Lymphoma
text
article
2012
eng
Objectives: To evaluate the clinical significance of HMGB1 expression in T-cell lymphoma. Methods:Immunohistochemical staining for HMGB1 and survivin was performed with specimens from 120 cases of T-celllymphoma and 40 cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia with antibodies against human HMGB1 and survivin.Results: The expression of HMGB1 and survivin was significantly higher in tissues of T-cell lymphoma than inreactive lymphoid hyperplasia. Positive expression of HMGB1 and survivin was observed in 63.7% (65/102)and 61.8% (63/102) of T-cell lymphoma cases, respectively. While was associated with gender, age, and tumorlocation, significant correlations with malignancy and clinical stage were observed. Spearman rank correlationanalysis revealed that the expression of HMGB1 and survivin was positively correlated in T-cell lymphomas(P<0.01). Conclusions: Expression of HMGB1 and survivin in T-cell lymphomas is significantly associated withmalignancy and clinical stage, but not with gender, age and tumor location. Elevated expression of HMGB1 maybe an important biomarker for the development and progression of T-cell lymphoma.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5569
5571
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27080_204bdf65b4475e831c9d409d652fbdc0.pdf
Inhibitory Effects of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Extract on Proliferation of Cancer Cells and Adipocytes via Inhibiting Fatty Acid Synthase
text
article
2012
eng
Onions (Allium cepa L.) are widely used in the food industry for its nutritional and aromatic properties.Our studies showed that ethyl acetate extract of onion (EEO) had potent inhibitory effects on animal fatty acidsynthase (FAS), and could induce apoptosis in FAS over-expressing human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.Furthermore, this apoptosis was accompanied by reduction of intracellular FAS activity and could be rescuedby 25 mM or 50 mM exogenous palmitic acids, the final product of FAS catalyzed synthesis. These resultssuggest that the apoptosis induced by EEO occurs via inhibition of FAS. We also found that EEO could suppresslipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which was also related to its inhibition ofintracellular FAS activity. Since obesity is closely related to breast cancer and obese patients are at elevated riskof developing various cancers, these findings suggested that onion might be useful for preventing obesity-relatedmalignancy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5573
5579
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27081_2c0387838b4d8ca72a51fb9cc4c85d88.pdf
Relationship Between Computed Tomography Manifestations of Thymic Epithelial Tumors and the WHO Pathological Classification
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: To explore the relationship between computed tomography (CT) manifestations of thymoma andits WHO pathological classification. Methods: One hundred and five histopathologically confirmed cases werecollected for their pathological and CT characteristics and results were statistically compared between differentpathological types of thymoma. Results: Tumor size, shape, necrosis or cystic change, capsule integrity, invasionto the adjacent tissue, lymphadenopathy, and the presence of pleural effusion were significantly different betweendifferent pathological types of thymomas (P <0.05). Type B2, B3 tumors and thymic carcinomas were greater insize than other types. More than 50% of type B3 tumors and thymic carcinomas had a tumor size greater than10 cm. The shape of types A, AB, and B1 tumors were mostly round or oval, whereas 75% of type B3 tumorsand 85% of thymic carcinomas were irregular in shape. Necrosis or cystic change occurred in 67% of type B3thymomas and 57% of thymic carcinomas, respectively. The respective figures for capsule destruction were 83%and 100% . Increases in the degree of malignancy were associated with increases in the incidence of surroundingtissue invasion: 33%, 75%, and 81% in type B2, type B3, and thymic carcinomas, respectively. Pleural effusionoccurred in 48% of thymic carcinomas, while calcification was observed mostly in type B thymomas. Conclusions:Different pathological types of thymic epithelial tumors have different CT manifestations. Distinctive CT featuresof thymomas may reflect their pathological types.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5581
5585
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27082_4e530693a3783a286db3261ed59738a1.pdf
A Phase II Study on Continuous Infusional Paclitaxel and 5-Fu as First-line Chemotherapy for Patients with Advanced Esophageal Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: This study was performed to evaluated the efficacy and safety of continuous infusional paclitaxeland 5-Fu as first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). Methods:A total of 22 patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer with no indications for surgery and radiationtherapy, or recurrent patients were enrolled from October 2008 to November 2010. All were treated with PTX 20mg/m2 was administered through a 16 hours continuous intravenous infusion on days 1 to 3, 8 and 9. DDP 3.75mg/m2 was given on days 1 to 4 and 8 to 11, continuous infusional 5-FU over 24-hours on days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12at a dose of 375 mg/m2, and folacin 60 mg orally synchronized with 5-Fu. The treatment was repeated every 21days for at least two cycles. Results: 22 cases of all enrolled patients could be evaluated for the effect of treatment:2 cases were CR, 9 cases PR, 5 cases SD and 2 cases PD, giving an overall response rate of 68.2%(15/22). Themedian time to progression was 7.0 months. The adverse reactions related to chemotherapy were tolerable; themost common toxic effects were marrow depression, alopecia, and fatigue. Conclusion: Low-dose continuousinfusional PTX over 16-hours and 5-fu over 24-hours is a promising regimen with good tolerability in treatingpatients with advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5587
5591
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27083_b66aa343854503e5b9c7388eb59488ca.pdf
Effect of Group Therapy on Psychological Symptoms and Quality of Life in Turkish Patients with Breast Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the group therapy on psychological symptomsand quality of life of patients with early stage breast cancer. Methods: This study was performed on 16 breastcancer patients who completed treatments. The total group therapy program involved a weekly session of 2-3hours, for 16 weeks. The group therapy sessions were given to women in the oncology department by a clinicalpsychologist and also given training sections by the different professional teams. All the required assessments forthe study were performed after and before 16 week group therapy intervention. Results: Initially we had taken21 women but 16 participated in all therapy programs and submitted questionnaires. The mean age was 47.8years. There were significant differences between before and after group therapy program. Anxiety, depression,and distress showed significant improvements. Hopelessness scale was detected at the border of significance.There was no change in sleep problems and quality of life. According to the analysis of correlation, consideringthe age factor and year of diagnosis, there was found no statistically significant relationship between anxiety,distress, depression, hopelessness, sleeplessness, and quality of life. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstratedthat brief, predominantly group therapy is feasible for patients with breast cancer and, also it may be helpfulto cope with emotional and physical distress
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5593
5597
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27084_6a9c04d4134cf5e525a1a206eccd3bdf.pdf
Mutational Analysis of Key EGFR Pathway Genes in Chinese Breast Cancer Patients
text
article
2012
eng
Background: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment; however, its use does not lead to a marked clinical response. Studies of non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer showed that mutations of genes in the PIK3CA/AKT and RAS/RAF/MEK pathways, two major signalling cascades downstream of EGFR, might predict resistance to EGFR-targeted agents. Therefore, we examined the frequencies of mutations in these key EGFR pathway genes in Chinese breast cancer patients.Methods: We used a high-throughput mass-spectrometric based cancer gene mutation profiling platform to detect 22 mutations of the PIK3CA, AKT1, BRAF, EGFR, HRAS, and KRAS genes in 120 Chinese women with breast cancer. Results: Thirteen mutations were detected in 12 (10%) of the samples, all of which were invasive ductal carcinomas (two stage I, six stage II, three stage III, and one stage IV). These included one mutation (0.83%) in the EGFR gene (rs121913445-rs121913432), three (2.50%) in the KRAS gene (rs121913530, rs112445441), and nine (7.50%) in the PIK3CA gene (rs121913273, rs104886003, and rs121913279). No mutations were found in the AKT1, BRAF, and HRAS genes. Six (27.27%) of the 22 genotyping assays called mutations in at least one sample and three (50%) of the six assays queried were found to be mutated more than once. Conclusions:Mutations in the EGFR pathway occurred in a small fraction of Chinese breast cancers. However, therapeutics targeting these potential predictive markers should be investigated in depth, especially in Oriental populations.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5599
5603
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27085_295a25145ef15ef7d1077bacf26423b8.pdf
Comparative Reverse Screening Approach to Identify Potential Anti-neoplastic Targets of Saffron Functional Components and Binding Mode
text
article
2012
eng
Background: In the last two decades, pioneering research on anti-tumour activity of saffron has shed lighton the role of crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal, as broad spectrum anti-neoplastic agents. However, the exactmechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Identification and characterization of the targets of bioactive constituentswill play an imperative role in demystifying the complex anti-neoplastic machinery. Methods: In the quest ofpotential target identification, a dual virtual screening approach utilizing two inverse screening systems, onepredicated on idTarget and the other on PharmMapper was here employed. A set of target proteins associated withmultiple forms of cancer and ranked by Fit Score and Binding energy were obtained from the two independentinverse screening platforms. The validity of the results was checked by meticulously analyzing the post-dockingbinding pose of the picrocrocin with Hsp90 alpha in AutoDock. Results: The docking pose reveals that electrostaticand hydrogen bonds play the key role in inter-molecular interactions in ligand binding. Picrocrocin binds tothe Hsp90 alpha with a definite orientation appropriate for nucleophilic attacks by several electrical residuesinside the Hsp90-alpha ATPase catalytic site. Conclusion: This study reveals functional information about theanti-tumor mechanism of saffron bioactive constituents. Also, a tractable set of anti-neoplastic targets for saffronhas been generated in this study which can be further authenticated by in vivo and in vitro experiments.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5605
5611
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27086_03cc92bb3b0c5db9672163e383d7a66f.pdf
Clinicopathological Study of Gall Bladder Carcinoma with Special Reference to Gallstones: Our 8-year Experience from Eastern India
text
article
2012
eng
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the commonest cancer of the biliary tree and the most frequent cause of deathfrom biliary malignancies. The incidence of GBC shows prominent geographic, age, race, and gender-relateddifferences and is 4-7 times higher in patients with gallstones. This prompted us to study the clinicopathologicalaspects of the disease and the incidence of gallstones in gallbladder carcinoma patients, in this part of India. Inthis, combined retrospective (Jan 2004-March 2010) and prospective study (April 2010-Dec 2011) of eight years,198 patients of gallbladder carcinoma (50 males and 148 females), (range 28-82 years; mean 55 years) were studied.Most of the patients were poor and presented with abdominal pain and mass, with abnormal lab parameters.Gallstones were present in 86% of patients. Surgical exploration was performed in 130, with gallbladder resectionin 60 (including 7 incidental GBC). Adenocarcinoma (87.7%) was the commonest histological type. The studyindicates that GBC is common in our scenario. It is a disease of elderly females, has a strong association withgallstones and every cholecystectomy specimen should be examined histopathologically.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5613
5617
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27087_3e170423e4c8d8385e378ddeaf652651.pdf
Role of Integrin-Linked Kinase in Multi-drug Resistance of Human Gastric Carcinoma SGC7901/DDP Cells
text
article
2012
eng
Gastric carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer death in the world and multi-drug resistance (MDR) is anessential aspect of gastric carcinoma chemotherapy failure. Recent studies have shown that integrin-linked kinase(ILK) is involved in metastasis of human tumors, expression silencing of ILK inhibiting the metastasis of severaltypes of cultured human cancer cells. However, the role and potential mechanism of ILK to reverse the multidrugresistance in human gastric carcinoma is not fully clear. In this report, we focused on roles of expressionsilencing of ILK in multi-drug resistance reversal of human gastric carcinoma SGC7901/DDP cells, includingincreased drug sensitivity to cisplatin, cell apoptosis rates, and intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine-123,and decreased mRNA and protein expression of multi-drug resistance gene (MDR1), multi-drug resistanceassociatedprotein (MRP1), excision repair cross-complementing gene 1 (ERCC1), glutathione S-transferase -π(GST-π) and RhoE, and transcriptional activation of AP-1 and NF-κB in ILK silenced SGC7901/DDP cells. Wealso found that there was a decreased level of p-Akt and p-ERK. The results indicated that ILK might be used asa potential therapeutic strategy to combat multi-drug resistance through blocking PI3K-Akt and MAPK-ERKpathways in human gastric carcinoma.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5619
5625
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27088_f591c7769a1dbeeea4400fb1e19f1bc8.pdf
Shisha Smoking and Associated Factors among Medical Students in Malaysia
text
article
2012
eng
Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of shisha smoking and associated factorsamong medical students in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at theManagement and Science University from December 2011 until March 2012. The questionnaire consisted offive sections including socio-demographic, social environment, knowledge about shisha, psychosocial factors,and personal shisha smoking behavior. Obtained data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the SocialSciences (SPSS 13). T-test was used to determine the relationships between shisha smoking and socio-demographiccharacteristic. Results: A total number of 300 medical students participated in this study. Mean age was 22.5±2.5years. The majority were female, Malay, single, from urban areas (67%, 54%, 97%, 73%; respectively). Theprevalence of shisha smoking among medical students was found to be 20%. The study revealed that manystudents believed that shisha does not contains nicotine, carbon monoxide, does not lead to lung cancer, dentalproblems and does not lead to cardiovascular diseases (25%, 20.7%, 22.3%, 29%, 26.7%; respectively). Ageand sex were found to be significantly associated with smoking shisha status among medical students (p=0.029,p<0.001; respectively). Furthermore, having parents, siblings and friends smokers of shisha were found to besignificantly associated with shisha smoking status (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001; respectively). Furthermore, familyproblems, problems with friends, financial problems and university life were found to significantly associated withshisha smoking status among medical students (p<0.001, p=0.002, p<0.001, p=0.002; respectively). Conclusions:There is a high prevalence of shisha smoking and a poor knowledge about its impact on health among medicalstudents. More attention is needed to focus on medical education in this regard. The policies that are currentlyemployed in order to reduce the cigarettes smoking should be applied to shisha smoking and shisha products.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5627
5632
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27089_e7c468ff2a5fd461d3b5d2f0ac583e3e.pdf
Insertion/deletion (I/D) in the Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Gene and Breast Cancer Risk: Lack of Association in a Metaanalysis
text
article
2012
eng
Purpose: Breast cancer is an important cause of cancer-related death in women. Numerous studies haveevaluated the association between the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) gene and breast cancer risk. However, the specific association is still controversial rather than conclusive.Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of related studies to address this controversy. Methods: PubMed,EMBASE, Google Scholar and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematicallysearched to identify relevant studies. A meta-analysis was performed to examine the association between theI/D polymorphism in the ACE gene and susceptibility to breast cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidenceintervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Results: 10 separate studies of 7 included articles with 10,888 subjects onthe relation between the I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene and breast cancer were analyzed by meta-analysis,and our results showed no association between the I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene and breast cancer in totalpopulation and different populations. No publication bias was found in the present study. Conclusions: The ACEI/D polymorphism may not be associated with breast cancer risk. Further large and well-designed studies areneeded to confirm this conclusion.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5633
5636
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27090_d694cd0799fbf0e474048f5b4e962659.pdf
Polymorphisms of XRCC1 and ADPRT Genes and Risk of Noncardia Gastric Cancer in a Chinese Population: a Casecontrol Study
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies and its mortality ranks third amongall cancers in China. We previously noted that XRCC1 Arg194Trp was associated with GC risk in WesternChina in a study on XRCC1 Arg194Trp and ADPRT Val762Ala. We aimed to further explore the associationof these polymorphisms with risk of the noncardia subtype. Methods: We enrolled 176 noncardia GC patientsand 308 controls from four hospitals and a community between October 2010 and August 2011. Genotyping wasperformed in a 384-well plate format on the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. A self-designed questionnairewas utilized to collect epidemiological data from the subjects regarding demographic factors and potential riskfactors. Results: Subjects were aged 56.8±11.8 (mean ± standard deviation) and 57.6±11.1 years in the caseand control groups, respectively. Individuals carrying the XRCC1 Trp/Trp or Arg/Trp variant genotype wereat significantly increased risk of noncardia GC (adjusted OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.00-2.17), after adjustment forfamily history of cancer, drinking, and smoking. The increased risk of XRCC1 Arg194Trp variant genotypewas more pronounced among subjects below 60 years old (adjusted OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.07-2.96), comparedto older individuals. ADPRT Val762Ala variants (Ala/Ala or Val/Ala) were not associated with noncardia GC(adjusted OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.69-1.54). Conclusions: Our study suggests that XRCC1 Arg194Trp is a geneticsusceptibility factor for developing noncardia GC in Han Chinese in Western China. In particular, individualswith the XRCC1 Arg194Trp variant genotype are at increased risk for GC below 60 years old.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5637
5642
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27091_6d12dcde1c590763b93178e17e1f2720.pdf
Estimation of Hazard Function and its Associated Factors in Gastric Cancer Patients using Wavelet and Kernel Smoothing Methods
text
article
2012
eng
Background and Objectives: Increase of mortality rates of gastric cancer in Iran and the world in recentyears reveal necessity of studies on this disease. Here, hazard function for gastric cancer patients was estimatedusing Wavelet and Kernel methods and some related factors were assessed. Materials and Methods: Ninetyfivegastric cancer patients in Fayazbakhsh Hospital between 1996 and 2003 were studied. The effects of age ofpatients, gender, stage of disease and treatment method on patient’s lifetime were assessed. For data analyses,survival analyses using Wavelet method and Log-rank test in R software were used. Results: Nearly 25.3% ofpatients were female. Fourteen percent had surgery treatment and the rest had treatment without surgery.Three fourths died and the rest were censored. Almost 9.5% of patients were in early stages of the disease, 53.7%in locally advance stage and 36.8% in metastatic stage. Hazard function estimation with the wavelet methodshowed significant difference for stages of disease (P<0.001) and did not reveal any significant difference forage, gender and treatment method. Conclusion: Only stage of disease had effects on hazard and most patientswere diagnosed in late stages of disease, which is possibly one of the most reasons for high hazard rate and lowsurvival. Therefore, it seems to be necessary a public education about symptoms of disease by media and regulartests and screening for early diagnosis.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5643
5646
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27092_a9643d1b02329675f6cb5284255995e6.pdf
Genetic Polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genes in Delhi and Comparison with other Indian and Global Populations
text
article
2012
eng
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the metabolism of many xenobiotics, including an arrayof environmental carcinogens, pollutants, and drugs. Genetic polymorphisms in these genes may lead to interindividualvariation in susceptibility to various diseases. In the present study, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphismswere analysed using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction in 500 normal individuals from Delhi. The frequencyof individuals with GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes were 168 (33.6%) and 62 (12.4%) respectively, and54(10.8%) were having homozygous null genotype for both the genes GSTM1 and GSTT1simultaneously. Thestudied population was compared with reported frequencies from other neighbouring state populations, aswell as with those from other ethnic groups; Europeans, Blacks, and Asians. The prevalence of homozygousnull GSTM1 genotype is significantly higher in Caucasians and Asians as compared to Indian population. Thefrequency of GSTT1 homozygous null genotypes is also significantly higher in blacks and Asians. We believethat due to large number of individuals in this study, our results are reliable estimates of the frequencies of theGSTM1, GSTT1 in Delhi. It would provide a basic database for future clinical and genetic studies pertaining tosusceptibility and inconsistency in the response and/or toxicity to drugs known to be the substrates for GSTs.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5647
5652
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27093_5e1800d8c6c27ed43622defe13f8b456.pdf
ppGalNAc T1 as a Potential Novel Marker for Human Bladder Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
Objectives: To investigate the effect of glycopeptide-preferring polypeptide GalNAc transferase 1 (ppGalNAcT1 ) targeted RNA interference (RNAi) on the growth and migration of human bladder carcinoma EJ cells invitro and in vivo. Methods: DNA microarray assays were performed to determine ppGalNAc Ts(ppGalNAc T1-9)expression in human bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues. We transfected the EJ bladder cancer cell linewith well-designed ppGalNAc T1 siRNA. Boyden chamber and Wound healing assays were used to investigatechanges of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cell migration. Proliferation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells in vitro was assessedusing [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay and soft agar colony formation assays. Subcutaneous bladder tumorsin BALB/c nude mice were induced by inoculation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells and after inoculation diametersof tumors were measured every 5 days to determine gross tumor volumes. Results: ppGalNAc T1 mRNA inbladder cancer tissues was 11.2-fold higher than in normal bladder tissues. When ppGalNAc T1 expressionin EJ cells was knocked down through transfection by pSUPER-shppGalNAc T1 vector, markedly reducedincorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA of EJ cells was observed at all time points compared with the emptyvector transfected control cells. However, ppGalNAc T1 knockdown did not significantly inhibited cell migration(only 12.3%). Silenced ppGalNAc T1 expression significantly inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth comparedwith the control groups injected with empty vector transfected control cells. At the end of observation course (40days), the inhibitory rate of cancerous growth for ppGalNAc T1 knockdown was 52.5%. Conclusion: ppGalNAcT1 might be a potential novel marker for human bladder cancer. Although ppGalNAc T1 knockdown caused noremarkable change in cell migration, silenced expression significantly inhibited proliferation and tumor growthof the bladder cancer EJ cell line.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5653
5657
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27094_56497a800186ce66ca2d3da1c283fe77.pdf
Expression of hPOT1 in HeLa Cells and the Probability of Gene Variation of hpot1 Exon14 in Endometrial Cancer are Much Higher than in Other Cancers
text
article
2012
eng
To investigate the expression of hPOT1 in the HeLa cell line and screen point mutations of hpot1 in differenttumor tissues a two step osmotic method was used to extract nuclear proteins. EMSA was performed to determinethe expression of hPOT1 in the HeLa cell line. PCR was also employed to amplify the exon14 sequence of the hpot1gene in various of cancer tissues. A SV gel and PCR clean-up system was performed to enrich PCR products.DNAStar was used to analyse the exon14 sequence of the hpot1 gene. hPOT1 was expressed in the HeLa cell lineand the signal was gradually enhanced as the amount of extracted nuclear proteins increased. The DNA fragmentof exon14 of hpot1 was successfully amplified in the HeLa cell line and all cancer tissues, point mutations beingobserved in 2 out of 3 cases of endometrial cancer (66.7%) despite the hpot1 sequence being highly conserved.However, the sequence of hpot1 exon14 do not demonstrate point mutations in most cancer tissues. Since hPOT1was expressed in HeLa cell and the probability of gene point variants was obviously higher in endometrial cancerthan other cancers, it may be involved in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancers, especially in cervix andendometrium.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5659
5663
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27095_350f23b8bf178c0435247b4f58b335f5.pdf
Prognostic Value of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Patients with Prostate Cancer: a Systematic Review with Meta-analysis
text
article
2012
eng
Background: The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mediates vasculogenesis and angiogenesisthrough promoting endothelial cell growth, migration and mitosis, and has involvement in cancer pathogenesis,progression and metastasis. However, the prognostic value of VEGF in patients with prostate cancer remainscontroversial. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of VEGF in prostate cancer,and summarise the results of related research on VEGF. Methods: In accordance with an established searchstrategy, 11 studies with 1,529 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The correlation of VEGF-expressionwith overall survival and progression-free survival was evaluated by hazard ratio, either given or calculated.Results: The studies were categorized by introduction of the author, demographic data in each study, prostatecancer-relatived information, VEGF cut-off value, VEGF subtype, methods of hazard ratio (HR) estimationand its 95% confidence interval (CI). High VEGF-expression in prostate cancer is a poor prognostic factor withstatistical significance for OS (HR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.40–3.24). However, high VEGF-expression showed no effecton poor PFS (HR=1.30, 95%CI: 0.88–1.72). Using Begg’s, Egger’s test and funnel plots, we confirmed lack ofpublication bias in our analysis. Conclusion: VEGF might be regarded as a prognostic maker for prostate cancer,as supported by our meta-analysis. To achieve a more definitive conclusion enabling the clinical use of VEGF inprostate cancer, we need more high-quality interventional original studies following agreed research approachesor standards.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5665
5669
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27096_46a404e7ae071acfd87b95f8f6fe6ec8.pdf
Expression of β-arrestin 1 in Gastric Cardiac Adenocarcinoma and its Relation with Progression
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: Arrestins act as mediators of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization and trafficking,also actin as a scaffold for many intracellular signaling network. The role that β-arrestin 1 plays in gastriccardiac adenocarcinoma (GCA) and its clinicopathologic significance are untouched. Methods: Fifty patientswith gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma were retrospectively enrolled and β-arrestin 1 was detected usingimmunohistochemistry in tissue samples. Results: Nuclear expression of β-arrestin 1 was observed in 78% ofGCA samples (39/50) and cytoplasmic expression in 70% (35/50). β-arrestin 1 could be found in both nucleusand cytoplasm of 54% GCA (27/50) or in either of them in 94% (47/50). β-arrestin 1 protein positivity in well/moderately differentiated carcinomas was significantly higher than that in poorly differentiated carcinomas(P=0.005). We found increased expression of β-arrestin 1 in cytoplasm was correlated with lymph nodal metastasis(P=0.002) and pathological lymph nodal staging (P=0.030). We also found β-arrestin 1 to be over-expressed inglandular epithelia cells of mucinous adenocarcinoma, a tumour type associated with an adverse outcome ofgastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (P=0.022). Conclusion: β-arrestin 1 is over-expressed in the nucleus and/orcytoplasm of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma. However, β-arrestin 1 has no relationship with the prognosis ofgastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (P>0.05). Our data imply that β-arrestin 1 in cytoplasm may be involved indifferentiation and metastasis of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5671
5675
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27097_468983dafb6a17e53295a4b129bcc711.pdf
Clinical and Histological Indicators of Proximal and Distal Gastric Cancer in Eight Provinces of Iran
text
article
2012
eng
Background and Aim: Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. In this study the clinicaland histological features of gastric cancer in the cardia and distal stomach were evaluated. Method: Proximaland distal gastric cancer diagnosed and treated in eight provinces of Iran from 2010-2011 were reviewed in allcollected cases. The age standardized incident rates were calculated and tumor location and histological type wererecorded. Results: The age-standardized incidence rate for the eight centers was 40.6 per 100,000 populationsper year with an upper and lower range of 22.1 and 102.4 per 100,000 population per year. Thirty four percentof the tumors were located in the cardia, 3% in fundus, and 63% in the distal stomach. In 7 provinces theprevalence of distal tumors was significantly greater than proximal tumors (p=0.006). A significant relationshipwas observed between diffuse form of gastric cancer and distal gastric tumors (p=0.007) and between poor tumordifferentiation and distal gastric tumors (p <0.001). Conclusions: the result of this study shows that distal gastriccancer is more common than proximal gastric cancer in Iran.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5677
5679
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27098_f02d55261435fc0e48c3729a3b76ed08.pdf
Comparison between Overall, Cause-specific, and Relative Survival Rates Based on Data from a Population-based Cancer Registry
text
article
2012
eng
Three kinds of survival rates are generally used depending on the purpose of the investigation: overall,cause-specific, and relative. The differences among these 3 survival rates are derived from their respectiveformulas; however, reports based on actual cancer registry data are few because of incomplete information andshort follow-up duration recorded on cancer registration. The aim of this study was to numerically and visuallycompare these 3 survival rates on the basis of data from the Nagasaki Prefecture Cancer Registry. Subjectswere patients diagnosed with cancer and registered in the registry between 1999 and 2003. We calculated theproportion of cause of death and 5-year survival rates. For lung, liver, or advanced stage cancers, the proportionsof cancer-related death were high and the differences in survival rates were small. For prostate or early stagecancers, the proportions of death from other causes were high and the differences in survival rates were large.We concluded that the differences among the 3 survival rates increased when the proportion of death from othercauses increased
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5681
5685
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27099_71356782b1ea1a434d6bb844d9b2977c.pdf
The Pap-Smear Test Experience of Women in Turkey: A Qualitative Study
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: The study was planned with the purpose of examining the attitude of women who have pap-smeartest for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer, factors affecting their decisions and their feelings and experiencesduring this period. Materials and Methods: A phenomenological method was used. Data were collected betweenMarch 2012 and April 2012 using standard and purposive samplings from 17 women. A detailed interview withwomen were held in their houses and recorded. The data collection tool consisted of two parts, one of which isinformation form with 17 questions identifying sociodemographic and cervical cancer risk factors of women andthe second part is made up of semi-structured interview form with 15 alternative questions taking literature andthe pap-smear test into consideration. Collected data were put into a written document. Content analysis washeld by loading the documents into NVIVO 8 Statistical Programme. Results: The study comprised themes suchas cervical risk factor, decision of taking pap-smear test, taking pap-smear test, knowledge about pap-smear test,relieving factors during pap-smear test, obstructive factors during pap-smear test, gynecological examinationand feelings of women during and after pap-smear test while waiting for the results. Conclusions: As womenperceive gynaecological examinations differently from other examinations, they have different feelings in eachprocess of the Pap smear test. Medical staff should advise women more clearly on the nature and advantages ofthe Pap-smear test.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5687
5690
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27100_6e28d9e1e75347841e4fdf950d6a1e5d.pdf
No Association between the CDX2 G543C Polymorphism and Risk of Gastric Atrophy and Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
Ectopic expression of CDX2 in the stomach is closely associated with chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)infection and intestinal metaplasia. Whether CDX2 has tumor suppression or tumorigenesis potential remainsto be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the association between the CDX2 G543C polymorphism (silentmutation) and the risk for H. pylori-induced gastric atrophy and cancer as well as H. pylori infection, using 454Japanese subjects undergoing a health checkup and 202 gastric cancer patients. The frequency of the minor allelewas the same as previously reported in China, but different from that reported in England. CDX2 G543C wasnot associated with risk of H. pylori infection, gastric atrophy, or gastric cancer, although the point estimate fornon-cardiac differentiated gastric cancer as compared to controls with gastric atrophy was 2.22 (95%CI=0.17-29.4). In conclusion, our results indicate that the CDX2 G543C polymorphism is unlikely to affect the H. pyloriinfection-gastric atrophy-gastric cancer sequence.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5691
5694
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27101_abbacc95fe89008dcd02ee31ca212379.pdf
Association of Prostate Specific Antigen Concentration with Lifestyle Characteristics in Korean Men
text
article
2012
eng
We investigated the relationships between demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and serum totalprostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration and examined the population-based distribution of total PSAby age among 2,246 Korean men with a median age of 45 years. We obtained data about demographicand lifestyle characteristics based on self-reporting using a questionnaire. We also performed physicalexaminations, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical measurements. The PSA concentrationincreased with age and there was a significant difference in total PSA concentration between the age groupsof 21-60 years and >60 years. Age >60 years, height ≥1.8 m, a low frequency of alcohol consumption, andtaking nutritional supplements showed a significantly increased odds ratio for increased PSA when 3.0 ng/mL was chosen as the PSA cut-off level. Smoking status, BMI, percent body fat, diabetes mellitus, fatty liver,herbal medicine use, vitamin use, and diet were not significantly associated with total PSA regardless of thecut-off level. When interpreting a single PSA test, height, alcohol consumption, and nutritional supplementuse should be considered, in addition to age.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5695
5699
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27102_3f0f32029d73bf4e5c5ec0affb06981b.pdf
Anti-tumor Initiating Potential of Andrographolide in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene Induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinogenesis
text
article
2012
eng
The aim of the study was to investigate the chemopreventive potential of andrographolide in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oral tumors developed in the buccal pouch ofgolden Syrian hamsters at a 100% incidence on painting with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times a weekfor 14 weeks. Marked abnormalities in the status of detoxification enzymes, lipid perxodiation and antioxidantswere noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of andrographolide at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw to hamsters treated with DMBA not only completely prevented the tumor formation but also restored thestatus of the above mentioned biomarkers. The present study thus demonstrates the chemopreventive potentialof andrographolide in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis, which is probably due to itsantioxidant potential as well as modulating effect on xenobiotic metabolising enzymes during DMBA-inducedoral carcinogenesis.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5701
5708
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27103_ea3233f1bfa887f55389fc3434000d21.pdf
Curcumin Inhibits TGF-β1-Induced MMP-9 and Invasion through ERK and Smad Signaling in Breast Cancer MDAMB- 231 Cells
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: To evaluate the effects of curcumin on matrixmetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and invasion abilityinduced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in MDA-MB-231 cells and potential mechanisms. Methods:Human breast cancer MDA- MB-231 cells were used with the CCK-8 assay to measure the cytotoxicity ofcurcumin. After treatment with 10 ng/ml TGF-β1, with or without curcumin (≤10 μM), cell invasion was checkedby transwell chamber. The effects of curcumin on TGF-β1-stimulated MMP-9 and phosphorylation of Smad2,extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (p38MAPK) were examined byWestern blotting. Supernatant liquid were collected to analyze the activity of MMP-9 via zymography. Followingtreatment with PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK, and SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38MAPK, Westernblotting and zymography were employed to examine MMP-9 expression and activity, respectively. Results: Lowdose curcumin (≤10 μM) did not show any obvious toxicity to the cells, while 0~10 μmol/L caused a concentration–dependent reduction in cell invasion provoked by TGF-β1. Curcumin also markedly inhibited TGF-β1-regulatedMMP-9 and activation of Smad2, ERK1/2 and p38 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, PD98059,but not SB203580, showed a similar pattern of inhibition of MMP-9 expression. Conclusion: Curcumin inhibitedTGF-β1-stimulated MMP-9 and the invasive phenotype in MDA-MB-231 cells, possibly associated with TGF-β/Smad and TGF-β /ERK signaling.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5709
5714
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27104_60bd97b690604f89d343018532701cc5.pdf
Roles of E-cadherin and Cyclooxygenase Enzymes in Predicting Different Survival Patterns of Optimally Cytoreduced Serous Ovarian Cancer Patients
text
article
2012
eng
The relation between cyclooxygenase enzymes and E-cadherin, along with the roles of these markers in theprediction of survival in optimally cytoreduced serous ovarian cancer patients was investigated. Individualswho underwent primary staging surgery and achieved optimal cytoreduction (largest residual tumor volume<1 cm) constituted the study population. Specimens of 32 cases were immunohistochemically examinedfor cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and E-cadherin. Two could not be evaluated for E-cadherin andcyclooxygenase-1. Overall, 14/30, 19/30, and 15/32 cases were positive for E-cadherin, cyclooxygenase-1, andcyclooxygenase-2, respectively. The expressions of E-cadherin and cyclooxygenase-2 were inversely correlated(p:0.02). E-cadherin expression was related with favorable survival (p<0.001). The relation between the expressionof cyclooxygenase enzymes and poor survival did not reach statistical significance. On multivariate analysis,E-cadherin appeared as an independent prognostic factor for survival. In conclusion, E-cadherin expression isstrongly linked with favorable survival. E-cadherin and cyclooxygenase 2 may interact with each other during thecarcinogenesis-invasion process. Further studies clarifying the relation between E-cadherin and cyclooxygenaseenzymes may lead to new preventive and therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5715
5719
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27105_b8f2040b871d21243fde33cbf8bc3917.pdf
Association Between Polymorphisms of XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln Genes and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer in a Chinese Population
text
article
2012
eng
We conducted this study to detect associations between XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln genotypesand survival of colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-FU/oxalipatin chemotherapy. We included 289 Chinesepatients with advanced colorectal cancer, who had received 5-FU/oxalipatin chemotherapy as first-line treatmentfrom January 2005 to January 2007. All patients were followed up till Nov. 2011. Genotyping for XRCC1Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln polymorphisms was based upon duplex polymerase-chain-reaction with thePCR-RFLP method. In our study, we found the XRCC1 399 Gln/Gln genotype to confer significantly higherrates of response to chemotherapy when compared to the Arg/Arg genotype [OR (95% CI)= 2.56(1.57-2.55)].patients with the XPD 751 Gln/Gln genotype had significantly higher rates of response to chemotherapy [OR(95% CI)= 1.54(0.87-2.65)] and those with the XRCC1 399 Gln/Gln genotype had a longer average survivaltime and significantly lower risk of death than did those with the Arg/Arg genotype [HR (95% CI)= 0.66(0.36-0.95)]. Similarly, those carrying the XPD 751Gln/Gln genotype had 0.51-fold the risk of death of those with XPD751Lys/Lys [HR (95% CI)= 0.51(0.33 -0.94)]. In conclusion, it is suggested that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XPDLys751Gln polymorphisms should be routinely assessed to determine colorectal patients who are more likely tobenefit from 5-FU/oxalipatin chemotherapy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5721
5724
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27106_b1df1bc3f208d0c8fbb852e4f71d77e3.pdf
Deregulated Expression of Cry1 and Cry2 in Human Gliomas
text
article
2012
eng
Growing evidence shows that deregulation of the circadian clock plays an important role in the developmentof malignant tumors, including gliomas. However, the molecular mechanisms of gene chnages controllingcircadian rhythm in glioma cells have not been explored. Using real time polymerase chain reaction andimmunohistochemistry techniques, we examined the expression of two important clock genes, cry1 and cry2,in 69 gliomas. In this study, out of 69 gliomas, 38 were cry1-positive, and 51 were cry2-positive. The expressionlevels of cry1 and cry2 in glioma cells were significantly different from the surrounding non-glioma cells (P<0.01).The difference in the expression rate of cry1 and cry 2 in high-grade (grade III and IV) and low-grade (grade 1and II) gliomas was non-significant (P>0.05) but there was a difference in the intensity of immunoactivity forcry 2 between high-grade gliomas and low-grade gliomas (r=-0.384, P=0.021). In this study, we found that theexpression of cry1 and cry2 in glioma cells was much lower than in the surrounding non-glioma cells. Therefore,we suggest that disturbances in cry1 and cry2 expression may result in the disruption of the control of normalcircadian rhythm, thus benefiting the survival of glioma cells. Differential expression of circadian clock genesin glioma and non-glioma cells may provide a molecular basis for the chemotherapy of gliomas.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5725
5728
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27107_01da5962a66e2282cd3d4da08c2c5a55.pdf
Early Detection and Gemcitabine/Cisplatin Combination Positively Effect Survival in Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
text
article
2012
eng
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to present the clinicopathological characteristics and treatmentof patients with bladder carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation at our institution. Methods: Between 1995-2009, 950 patients were followed-up for bladder carcinoma. Among them, 14 patients with sarcomatoid carcinomawere retrospectively reviewed, and their clinical, pathological features and treatment were recorded. Results:Median age of the patients was 65 years (range: 41-86 years), 12 (86%) being male and 2 (14%) female. All thepatients presented with hematuria and 11 (88%) had a history of smoking. The tumor growth pattern was solidin 10 patients, papillary in 2, and mixed in 2. In all, 5 of the patients had urothelial carcinoma with sarcomatoiddifferentiation and 9 were diagnosed with sarcomatoid carcinoma. Five patients underwent radical cystectomywith ileal conduit surgery, 2 patients refused cystectomy, and 8 patients underwent re-TUR. Following diagnosis,12 of the patients died in mean 10.7 months (range: 1-48 months). Conclusion: Urothelial carcinomas withsarcomatoid features are aggressive and are usually at advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. The outcomesof multimodal treatment are not satisfactory. Significant findings of the present study are that early diagnosispositively affect survival and that gemcitabine and cisplatin in combination can positively affect survival.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5729
5733
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27108_3935f871326a15b141fe2e9447ce5180.pdf
Clinical Characteristics, Treatment and Survival Outcomes in Malignant Mesothelioma: Eighteen Years’ Experience in Turkey
text
article
2012
eng
Background: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an insidious tumor with poor prognosis, arising frommesothelial surfaces such as pleura, peritoneum and pericardium. We here aimed to evaluate the demographic,clinical, and radiological features of patients with MM followed in our center as well as their survival. Methods:The study included 228 patients (131 male, 97 female) who were followed up in our institution between 1993and 2010 with the diagnosis of MM. Results: The mean age was 59.1 years in men and 58.7 years in women andthe sex ratio was 1.4:1 in favor of males. Environmental asbestos exposure was present in 86% of the patientsfor a mean duration of 40±20 years (range: 3-70). Pleural effusion and thoracic/abdominal pain were the mostcommon presenting signs and symptoms (70.2% and 57.8%, respectively). One hundred-thirteen (66%) patientswere treated with platinum-based combination chemotherapy (PBCT) plus supportive care (SC) and 67 (34%)patients received SC alone. The median follow-up time was 10.0 months. The median overall survival wassignificantly improved with PBCT plus SC compared to SC alone (11.4 vs. 5.1 months; p=0.005). The 6, 12, 18,and 24-month survival rates were significantly improved with PBCT plus SC compared to SC alone (72%, 43%,19%, and 2% vs. 49%, 31%, 11%, and 1%). Conclusion: The survival of patients with MM improved in patientstreated with PBCT. The survival advantage continued 12- and 24-month after the initial time of combinationchemotherapy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5735
5739
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27109_28cff5f9fdabb1b81ba21b5091eb7fd2.pdf
Impact of Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer on the Long-Term Quality of Life and Late Side Effects: A Multicentric Clinical Evaluation by the Turkish Oncology Group
text
article
2012
eng
Aim: Although preoperative chemoradiatherapy (CRT) has proven its benefits in terms of decreased toxicity,there is still a considerable amount of cases that do not receive postoperative CRT. Oncologists at differentgeographic locations still need to know the long-term effects of this treatment in order to manage patientssuccessfully. The current paper reports on long-term quality of life (QOL) and late side effects after adjuvant CRTin rectal cancer patients from 5 centers in Anatolia. Methods: Rectal cancer patients treated with postoperativeCRT with minimum 1-year follow-up and were in complete remission, were evaluated according to RTOG andLENT-SOMA scales. They were also asked to complete Turkish version of EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire andthe CR-38 module. Each center participated with the required clinical data. Results: Two hundred and thirtypatients with median age of 55 years participated and completed the study. Median follow-up time was 5 years.All patients received RT concomitant with chemotherapy. Common parameters that both increased functionalhealth scales and yielded better symptom scores were long term interval after treatment and sphincter-savingsurgery. In addition, surgery type and follow-up time were determined to be predictors of QOL scores and latetoxicity grade. Conclusion: Postoperative CRT was found to have a great impact on the long term QOL and sideeffects in rectal cancer survivors. The factors that adversely affect these are abdominoperineal resection andshorter interval. The findings may encourage life-long follow-up and cooperation with patients, which shouldbe mentioned during the initial counseling.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5741
5746
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27110_507189eafce732a9be0ebf94b0cf3d38.pdf
Comparison of Concurrent ChemoradiotherapyFollowed by Adjuvant Chemotherapy Versus ConcurrentChemoradiotherapy Alone in Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: a Meta-analysis of 793 Patients from 5 Randomized Controlled Trials
text
article
2012
eng
Purpose: The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of concurrentchemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy compared with concurrent chemoradiotherapy alonein the treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: The search strategy includedPubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Internet Web, Chinese Biomedical Databaseand Wanfang Database. We also searched reference lists of articles and the volumes of abstracts of scientificmeetings. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed byadjuvant chemotherapy with concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngealcarcinoma were included. Meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.1.0. The Grading of RecommendationsAssessment, Development, and Evaluation system (GRADE) was used to rate the level of evidence. Results: Fivestudies were included. Risk ratios of 1.02 (95%CI 0.89-1.15), 0.93 (95%CI 0.72-1.21), 1.07 (95%CI 0.87-1.32),0.95 (95%CI 0.80-1.13) were observed for 3 years overall survival, 5 years failure-free survival, 5 years locoregionalfailure-free survival and 5 years distant metastasis failure-free survival. There were no treatment-relateddeaths in both groups of five studies. Hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity were the most significant forpatients during adjuvant chemotherapy. The level of evidence was low. Conclusion: Compared with concurrentchemoradiotherapy alone, concurrent chemotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy did not improveprognosis. More toxicity was found during adjuvant chemotherapy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5747
5752
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27111_504031c9eec2ad40b8b60e52c554ac5f.pdf
Modulating Effect of Lupeol on the Expression Pattern of Apoptotic Markers in 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Induced Oral Carcinogenesis
text
article
2012
eng
Apoptosis, also known as cell suicide or programmed cell death, removes unwanted and genetically damagedcells from the body. Evasion of apoptosis is one of the major characteristic features of rapidly proliferating tumorcells. Chemopreventive agents inhibit or suppress tumor formation through apoptotic induction in target tissues.The aim of the present study was to investigate the pro-apoptotic potential of lupeol during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Topical application of 0.5% DMBA threetimes a week for 14 weeks in the buccal pouches of golden Syrian hamsters resulted in oral squamous cellcarcinoma. The expression pattern of apoptotic markers was analyzed using immunohistochemistry (p53, Bcl-2,Bax) and ELISA reader (caspase 3 and 9). In the present study, 100% tumor formation with defects in apoptoticmarkerexpression pattern was noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of lupeol ata dose of 50mg/kg bw completely prevented the formation oral tumors as well as decreased the expression p53and Bcl-2, while increasing the expression of Bax and the activities of caspase 3 and 9. The present study thusindicated that lupeol might inhibit DMBA-induced oral tumor formation through its pro-apoptotic potentialin golden Syrian hamsters.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5753
5757
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27112_2387b6801a06f0730f8843371d2b41ac.pdf
Evaluation of Health Status of a Population Underwent Routine Medical Check Up at the High Risk Screening Clinic in National Cancer Institute
text
article
2012
eng
The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a health check-up program among Thai people at theNational Cancer Institute in the years 2008-2009. The program included history taking, physical examination,chest X-ray, EKG, and laboratory tests. A total of 28,240 women and 9,665 men were included in the study, withmean ages of 44.5 and 46.9 years, respectively. The study showed that obesity, as assessed by a BMI over 25.0kg/m2, in men and women was present in 41.4% and 30%, respectively. Biochemical study revealed that anemiawas prevalent in 21.6% of men and 20.1% of women. High plasma glucose level (>115 mg/dL), cholesterol level(>200 mg/dL), triglyceride level (>190 mg/dL) in men was 13.8%, 63.8%, 22.6% and 7.7%, 61.1%, 8.9% inwomen. Hepatitis B virus infection was found 7.5% in men and 4.1% in women. In this study, 177 new cancercases were detected, of which 35 were breast, 19 were cervical and 26 were colorectal, most of these cancersbeing detected at early stage. In addition, precancerous states was also found including 718 cases of benign and99 cases of adenoma in situ. In conclusion, an annual check up may detect abnormalities that have no obviousclinical symptoms of disease. Early detection of asymptomatic neoplasms and precursor lesions should contributeto a prompt provision of treatment and further decline of death from cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5759
5762
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27113_bb81f68aed0739154dbca18b814de44a.pdf
Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Vitamin Status in Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients
text
article
2012
eng
Background: This study was conducted to determine levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant vitaminstatus in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. Methods: The study group consisted of a totalnumber of 80 subjects between the age 40-68 years, 40 with clinically and histopathologically proved cases oforal cavity and oropharyngeal cancer and 40 normal healthy, age and sex matched volunteers as controls. Levelsof lipid peroxidation products as malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant vitamins as vitamin A and vitaminC were estimated and compared between the two groups. Results: There was a statistical significant differencein the mean MDA, plasma vitamin A and vitamin C in the oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients comparedwith the healthy controls (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Lipid peroxidation (MDA) is higher and plasma antioxidantvitamins like vitamin A and vitamin C were lower in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer patients than healthycontrols.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5763
5765
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27114_5c5d914415f393346919f21aa323f161.pdf
Vascular Invasion as an Independent Prognostic Factor in Lymph Node Negative Invasive Breast Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
Introduction: Identification of simple and measurable prognostic factors is an important issue in treatmentevaluation of breast cancer. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic role of vascular invasion inlymph node negative breast cancer patients. Methods: in a retrospective design, we analyzed the recorded profilesof the 1,640 patients treated in the breast cancer department of Motahari clinic affiliated to Shiraz Universityof Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, from January 1999 to December 2012. Overall and adjusted survivals wereevaluated by the Cox proportional hazard model. All the hypotheses were considered two-sided and a p-valueof 0.05 or less was considered as statistically significant. Results: Mean age in lymph node negative and positivepatients was 50.0 and 49.8 respectively. In lymph node negative patients, the number of nodes, tumor size,lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, progesterone receptor, and nuclear grade were significant predictors.In lymph node and lymphatic negative patients, vascular invasion also played a significant prognostic role inthe survival which was not evident in lymph node negative patients with lymphatic invasion. Discussion: Theresults of our large cohort study, with long term follow up and using multivariate Cox proportional model andcomparative design showed a significant prognostic role of vascular invasion in early breast cancer patients.Vascular invasion as an independent prognostic factor in lymph node negative invasive breast cancer
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5767
5772
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27115_05a69290e8490078b098ae72119b2bd0.pdf
Des-Gamma-Carboxyprothrombin for Early Identification and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - A Case Control Study from Western Nepal
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: To assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of AFP and des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin (DCP)in combination and alone for hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: A case control study carriedout in the Department of Biochemistry of Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal between 1stJanuary 2010 and 31st December 2011. The variables collected were age, gender, BMI, total proteins, albumin,AST, ALT, total bilirubin, DCP, AFP. Approval for the study was obtained from the institutional research ethicalcommittee. Estimation of AFP was performed by ELISA reader for all cases. Analysis was done using descriptivestatistics and confidence interval (CI). The data was analyzed using Excel 2003, R 2.8.0 Statistical Packagefor the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA) and the EPI Info 3.5.1Windows Version. Results:The mean age of HCC cases was 53.6 ± 14.93 yrs. The percentage of females was lessthan males in both cases (23%) and controls (29%). The specificity of DCP reached 100% when its values wasequal or greater than 150 (MAU/ml) for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 months preceding the diagnosis of HCC. Similarly, thespecificity for AFP was also nearly 100% when its value was equal or greater than 200 ng/ml 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 monthsearlier to the finding of HCC. The specificity of DCP (≥40MAU/mL) and AFP(≥20 ng/mL) in combination was93%, 97%, 95%, 96%, 97% in respect to 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 months prior to the diagnosis of HCC. Conclusion: Thecombination of both DCP and AFP will improve the finding of initial HCC and the sensitivity of these markerswas utmost at the time of HCC identification and noticeably lesser at former time points.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5773
5775
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27116_42556a9ad56c249ac78558ac105fcefc.pdf
Association of TNF-α-308 and -238 Polymorphisms with Risk of Cervical Cancer: A Meta-analysis
text
article
2012
eng
Published data on the associations between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) promoter -308G>A and-238G>A polymorphisms and cervical cancer risk are inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of therelationship, a meta-analysis was performed. Data were collected from MEDLINE and PubMed databases.Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in a fixed/random effect model.13 separate studies including 3294 cases and 3468 controls were involved in the meta-analysis. We found noassociation between TNF-α-308G>A polymorphism and cervical cancer in overall population. In subgroupanalysis, significantly elevated risks were found in Caucasian population (A vs. G: OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.00-2.03; AA vs. GG: OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.34-3.25; Recessive model: OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.35- 3.25) and Africanpopulation (GA vs. GG: OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.02-2.30). An association of TNF-α-238G>A polymorphism withcervical cancer was found (A vs. G: OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.47-0.78; GA vs. GG: OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.45-0.77;Dominant model: OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.46-0.77). When stratified by ethnicity, similar association was observedin Caucasian population (A vs. G: OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.46-0.84; GA vs. GG: OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.43-0.82;Dominant model: OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.44-0.83). In summary, this meta-analysis suggests that TNF-α-238Aallele significantly decreased the cervical cancer risk, and the TNF-α-308G>A polymorphism is associated withthe susceptibility to cervical cancer in Caucasian and African population
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5777
5783
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27117_3a2a4cda064334b09b4228ecd41c5dc7.pdf
Immunomodulatory Effects of Hexane Insoluble Fraction of Ficus septica Burm. F. in Doxorubicin-treated Rats
text
article
2012
eng
The use of chemotherapeutics induces cardiotoxicity and affects immune functions, therefore development ofcombinatorial agents against cardiotoxicity and immunosuppression needs to be explored. Previous studies of thehexane insoluble fraction (HIF) of an ethanolic extract of Ficus septica leaves showed anticancer effects singlyand in combination with doxorubicin on T47D breast cancer cells. In this present study, it was evaluated for itsimmunomodulatory activities in doxorubicin-treated rats. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided intofive groups consisting of six rats each as follows: Group 1, receiving oral saline 10 ml/kg BW (control group);Group 2, receiving HIF dose 750 mg/kg BW orally, once daily; Group 3, receiving HIF dose 1.500 mg/kg BWorally, once daily; Group 4, given oral saline 10 ml/kg BW (normal group); Group 5, receiving HIF dose 1.500mg/kg BW orally, once daily. The rats of group 1-3 were intramuscularly administered with doxorubicin at adose of 4.67 mg/kg BW at the days 1 and 4 to suppress immune functions. Concomitantly, the rats were treatedwith saline or HIF for seven consecutive days (1 to 7). Treatment of HIF succeeded in reducing side effects ofdoxorubicin based on increasing lymphocyte density and phagocytosis activity and capacity of macrophages,as well as increasing the CD8+ blood level and decreasing spleen IL-10 expression. Hexane insoluble fraction ofof ethanolic extract of Ficus septica leaves has potential as a protective agent combined with doxorubicin.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5785
5790
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27118_82142a88082160e982693a869fc04d5a.pdf
Return to Work in Multi-ethnic Breast Cancer Survivors – A Qualitative Inquiry
text
article
2012
eng
Introduction: Return-to-work (RTW) can be a problematic occupational issue with detrimental impact onthe quality of life of previously-employed breast cancer survivors. This study explored barriers and facilitatorsencountered during the RTW process in the area of cancer survivorship. Materials and Methods: Six focus groupswere conducted using a semi-structured interview guide on 40 informants (employed multiethnic survivors).Survivors were stratified into three groups for successfully RTW, and another three groups of survivors whowere unable to return to work. Each of the three groups was ethnically homogeneous. Thematic analysisusing a constant comparative approach was aided by in vivo software. Results: Participants shared numerousbarriers and facilitators which directly or interactively affect RTW. Key barriers were physical-psychologicalafter-effects of treatment, fear of potential environment hazards, high physical job demand, intrusive negativethoughts and overprotective family. Key facilitators were social support, employer support, and regard forfinancial independence. Across ethnic groups, the main facilitators were financial-independence (for Chinese),and socialisation opportunity (for Malay). A key barrier was after-effects of treatment, expressed across all ethnicgroups. Conclusions: Numerous barriers were identified in the non-RTW survivors. Health professionals andespecially occupational therapists should be consulted to assist the increasing survivors by providing occupationalrehabilitation to enhance RTW amongst employed survivors. Future research to identify prognostic factorscan guide clinical efforts to restore cancer survivors to their desired level/type of occupational functioning forproductivity and wellbeing.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5791
5797
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27119_592ea50db8603bdb8c0531e7a4c65bdb.pdf
Ectopic Overexpression of COTE1 Promotes Cellular Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
text
article
2012
eng
Family with sequence similarity 189, member B (FAM189B), alias COTE1, a putative oncogene selectedby microarray, for the first time was here found to be significantly up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) specimens and HCC cell lines. mRNA expression of COTE1 in HCC samples and cell lines was detectedby reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR, while protein expressionof COTE1 in HCC tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, invasion of HCC cells wasobserved after overexpressing or silencing COTE1. In the total of 48 paired HCC specimens, compared withthe adjacent non-cancer tissues, the expression of COTE1 was up-regulated in 31 (p<0.01). In HCC cell lines,COTE1 expression was significantly higher than in normal human adult liver (p<0.01). Overexpression ofCOTE1 enhanced HCC-derived LM6 and MHCC-L cellular invasion in vitro. In contrast, COTE1 knockdownvia RNAi markedly suppressed these phenotypes, as documented in LM3 and MHCC-H HCC cells. Mechanisticanalyses indicated that COTE1 could physically associate with WW domain oxidoreductase (WWOX), a tumorsuppressor. COTE1 may be closely correlated with invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and thusmay serve as an effective target for gene therapy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5799
5804
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27120_808a8f6df1110a669c0fe4c49fab3fea.pdf
Comparison of Treatment Compliance and NutritionalOutcomes among Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with and without Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy during Chemoradiation
text
article
2012
eng
Aims: The study aimed to compare treatment compliance and nutritional outcomes in nasopharyngealcarcinoma (NPC) patients during chemoradiation. Methods: Clinical information of patients with NPC thatunderwent chemoradiation during 2004-2009 were retrieved from the hospital database and retrospectivelyreviewed. Patients were categorised into a prophylactic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PPEG) groupand a non-PPEG group. Clinical information including treatment compliance, weight, haematological and renaltoxicity was compared. Results: A total of 219 patients were reviewed and categorised into PPEG (n=77) andnon-PPEG (n=142). Significant differences in absolute percentage weight loss between groups were found fromthe 3rd cycle of chemotherapy. There were 24.2, 20.3 and 24.8% in the third, the fourth and the fifth cycles ofchemotherapy, respectively. Migration of grade 2 to grade 3 weight loss was obviously seen in the 3rd cycle as well.A significant difference of grade 3 or more hypokalemia was found with values of 14.3% and 50% in the PPEGand non-PPEG groups, respectively. Other toxicity parameters and treatment compliance were not differentbetween the groups. Conclusions: Use of PPEG resulted in decreased severe weight loss, reduced migration fromgrade 2 to grade 3 weight loss and reduced hypokalaemia. However, benefits in treatment compliance could notbe detected. So consideration of PPEG in NPC patients requires care.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5805
5809
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27121_eedaacf12c50dc8305216271e5b9dad5.pdf
Assessment of Cellular Proliferation in Oral Verrucous Carcinoma and Well-Differentiated Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Ki67: A Non-Reliable Factor for Differential Diagnosis?
text
article
2012
eng
Background: Non-invasive oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC) and invasive well-differentiated oral squamous cellcarcinoma (OSCC) have similar histopathologic findings but different biological behavior. These two malignanciesmust be correctly differentiated by pathologists. The aim of this study was to determine immunohistochemical(IHC) expression of Ki67 in OVC and well-differentiated OSCC. Methods: Expression of Ki67 was evaluatedby IHC in 15 cases of epithelial hyperplasia with no dysplasia (A group), 15 cases of OVC (B group), 12 casesof microinvasive OSCC(C group) and 15 cases of well-differentiated OSCC (D group). Results: There was asignificant difference in Ki67 expression based on pattern distribution of immunostaining positive cells, withquantitative and semi-quantitative analyses, among the four groups ; also, between A group and each of theother three groups (P= 0.0001). But there was no significant difference between B and C, C and D, and B and Dgroups ( P> 0.05 ). Conclusions: The three evaluation methods of Ki67 expression showed Ki67 (Mib-1) is nota good immunohistochemical marker to assess invasion status and differentiate OVC from well-differentiatedOSCC; also, it cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to distinguish between variants of OSCC with similar grade.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5811
5815
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27122_090dfef4511fc81e630f3d8ab1d1438a.pdf
Association Between GSTM1 Polymorphism and Nasopharyngeal Cancer Susceptibility: a Meta-analysis
text
article
2012
eng
Background/Aims: Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) is a multifunctional enzyme that plays a criticalrole in the detoxification of varieties of carcinogenic metabolites. Many studies have been conducted to investigatethe association between GSTM1 polymorphism and nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) risk, but the findings amongthose studies are inconsistent. To assess this relationship more precisely, we performed a meta-analysis of allavailable studies on the subject. Methods: Case-control studies were identified by searching Pubmed, Embase,ISI Web of Science, and Wanfang databases through September 6, 2012. We used the pooled odds ratio (OR)with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI) to evaluate the association of GSTM1 polymorphismwith NPC susceptibility. Subgroup analyses by pathological types, sex and smoking status were performed tofurther identify the association. Results: Overall, 11 published studies with 1,513 cases and 2,802 controls werefinally included into this meta-analysis according to the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of total studies showedthat the null genotype of GSTM1 was significantly associated with increased risk of NPC, when comparing withthe non-null genotype (OR=1.51, 95%CI=1.33-1.72, POR<0.001). The association was still statistically significantin subgroup analysis of patients with nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OR=1.73, 95%CI=1.24-2.42,POR=0.001). Males with the null genotype of GSTM1 were more likely to subject to NPC than females. Inaddition, the association between the null genotype of GSTM1 and NPC risk was strongest in individuals withexposure to smoking. Sensitivity analysis by sequential omission of any individual studies one at a time furtherdemonstrated the significant association. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the null genotype of GSTM1 isa risk factor for NPC, and there is a gene- smoking interaction in this association
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5817
5821
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27123_6ecb9e53ac72171f6b30d973027cada2.pdf
Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavior of Turkish Women about Breast Cancer and Breast Self-Examination According to a Turkish Version of the Champion Health Belief Model Scale
text
article
2012
eng
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancer affecting women worldwide. Although agreat deal of progress has been made in the health sciences, early diagnosis, and increasing community awareness,breast cancer remains a life-threatening illness. In order to reduce this threat, breast cancer screening needs tobe implemented in all communities where possible. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine healthbeliefs, attitudes and behaviors about breast cancer and breast self-examination of Turkish women. Methods:Data were collected from a sample of 656 women, using an adapted Turkish version of Champion’s Health BeliefModel Scale (CHBMS), between January and May 2011, in Ordu province of Turkey. Results: The results showedthat 67.7% of women had knowledge about and 55.8% performed BSE, however 60.6% of those who indicatedthey practiced BSE reported they did so at irregular intervals. CHBMS subscales scores of women accordingto women’s age, education level, occupation, family income and education level of the women’s mothers, familyhistory of breast cancer, friend and an acquaintance with breast cancer, knowledge about breast cancer, BSEand mammography were significantly different. Conclusion: Knowledge of women about the risks and benefitsof early detection of breast cancer positively affect their health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Health careprofessionals can develop effective breast health programs and can help women to gain good health behaviorand to maintain health.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5823
5828
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27124_e7a200cf3572bd96732d39daab5c8e32.pdf
Hypertension and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Chilean Women: a Case-control Study
text
article
2012
eng
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Although different metabolicfactors have been implicated in breast cancer development, the relationship between hypertension and breastcancer has not been elucidated. Aim: To evaluate hypertension as a risk factor for breast cancer in Chilean womenof low and middle socio-economic status. Methods: We conducted an age-matched (1:1) case-control study in 3hospitals in Santiago, Chile. Breast cancer cases (n=170) were histopathologically confirmed. Controls had beenclassified as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System I (negative) or II (benign findings) within 6 months ofrecruitment. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer and standardized procedures.We used 2 hypertension cut-off points: blood pressures of ≥140/90 mmHg and ≥130/85 mmHg. Fasting insulin andglucose levels were assessed, and anthropometric, sociodemographic, and behavioral information were collected.Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for the entire sample and restricted to postmenopausalwomen using multivariable conditional logistic regression models. Results: Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) wassignificantly higher in cases (37.1%) than controls (17.1%) for the entire sample and in postmenopausal pairs(44.0% compared to 23.8%). In crude and adjusted models, hypertensive women had a 4-fold increased risk ofbreast cancer (adjusted odds ratio: 4.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.8; 9.6) compared to non-hypertensive womenin the entire sample. We found a similar association in the postmenopausal group (adjusted odds ratio: 2.8; 95%confidence interval: 1.1; 7.4). A significant effect was also observed when hypertension was defined as bloodpressure of ≥130/85 mmHg. Conclusion: A significant association was found between hypertension and breastcancer over the entire sample and when restricted to postmenopausal women. Hypertension is highly prevalentin Latin America and may be a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer; therefore, a small association betweenhypertension and breast cancer may have broad implications.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5829
5834
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27125_1353c3554a8f9db95da11992b0a4a6e3.pdf
Pap Smear Screening Results for Turkish Pregnant Women
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: Cervix cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancer types that cause cancer deathsamong women. This study was planned based on a descriptive method in order to evaluate the results of PAPsmear screening during pregnancy for prevention of cancer. Materials and Methods: The research involved110 pregnant women registered at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Polyclinic of Bagcilar Training and ResearchHospital and 86 non-pregnant women of the same ages as a control group. As criteria for acceptance wereconditions such as not being in coitus within the last 48 hours, not using vaginal ovule, and not performing vaginallavage. A survey consisting of 33 questions was conducted and the results were processed using Bethesda. Results:The average ages were 27.1±4.70 for the pregnant women and 28.8±4.24 for the control group. 60.7% of caseshad previously heard of a PAP smear test, 49% were aware of why PAP smear tests were conducted, 26.4% ofpregnant participants and 27.3% of non-pregnant participants had previously undergone a smear test. In thisstudy, smear results of all cases were 95.4% sufficient. 18.2% of pregnant cases had an infection, 54.5% hadreactive cellular change, and 0.9% had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). 16.3%of non-pregnant cases had an infection, 58.1% had reactive cellular change, 3.5% had atypical squamous cellsof undetermined significance (ASC-US), and 1.2% had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL).Conclusion: PAP smear test is a good opportunity to identify pre-invasive lesions in early phases of pregnancy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5835
5838
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27126_2fb4a2532d5cf0a2f8aaf34a7069799e.pdf
Antiproliferative Properties of Methanolic Extract of Nigella sativa against the MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cell Line
text
article
2012
eng
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in the world and is one of the leading causes ofdeath due to cancer. Health benefits have been linked to additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicalsin fruits and vegetables. Nigella sativa has been shown to possess anti-carcinogenic activity, inhibiting growthof several cancer cell lines in vitro. However, the molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer properties of Nigellasativa phytochemical extracts have not been completely understood. Our data showed that Nigella sativa extractssignificantly inhibited human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation at doses of 2.5-5 μg/mL (P<0.05).Apoptotic induction in MDA-MB-231 cells was observed in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to Nigellasativa extracts for 48 h. Real time PCR and flow cytometry analyses suggested that Nigella sativa extracts possessthe ability to suppress the proliferation of human breast cancer cells through induction of apoptosis.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5839
5842
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27127_119626d5e9ce62b89c5ac28c2fa2a210.pdf
Antiproliferative Activity of Marrubium persicum Extract in the MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line
text
article
2012
eng
Aim: Developing antitumor drugs from natural products is receiving increasing interest worldwide dueto limitations and side effects of therapy strategies for the second leading cause of disease related mortality,cancer. Methods: The antiproliferative activity of a methanolic extract from the aerial parts of Marrubiumpersicum extract was assessed with the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using the MTT test for cell viability andcytotoxicity indices. In addition, antioxidant properties of the extract were evaluated by measuring its ability toscavenge free DPPH radicals. Moreover, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract was determinedbased on Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric aluminum chloride methods. Results: The findings of the study forthe antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extract of M. persicum showed that growth of MCF-7 cells wasinhibited by the extract in a dose and time dependent manner, where a gradual increase of cytotoxicity effect hasbeen achieved setting out on 200 μg/mL concentration of the plant extract. The antioxidant assay revealed thatthe extract was a strong scavenger of DPPH radicals with an RC50 value of 52 μg/mL. The total phenolic andflavonoids content of the plant extract was 409.3 mg gallic acid equivalent and 168.9 mg quercetin equivalentper 100g of dry plant material. Conclusion: Overall, M. persicum possesses potential antiproliferative andantioxidant activities on the malignant MCF-7 cell line that could be attributed to the high content of phenolicsand flavonoids, and therefore warrants further exploration.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5843
5848
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27128_57013702845d6ac5d11c829d9943d5a1.pdf
Pretreatment Effect of Running Exercise on HSP70 and DOXInduced Cardiotoxicity
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine pretreatment effects of moderate-term endurancetraining before the various dosages (10 and 20 mg.kg_1) of DOX on a heat shock protein (HSP70kda) and cardiotoxicityin heart tissue. Methods: Forty-eight male rats were randomly assigned to nontraining (NT) and training (T)groups and three subgroups; DOX10mg.kg-1 and DOX20mg.kg-1 and saline treatment. The training program includedtreadmill running between 25-39 min/day and 15-17 m/min, 5 days/wk for 3 wk. Result: DOX administration, inparticularly with 20mg.kg_1, caused up-regulation of oxidants and cardiac damage (MDA, CK, CPK-MB and CK/CPK-MB) and down-regulation of cardioprotection (HSP70, SOD) markers, as compared to NT+saline group.Pretreatment effect of treadmill running endurance exercise in the presence of DOX with 10 mg.kg_1 caused asignificant increase in HSP70, SOD and a significant decrease in MDA and insignificant decrease in CK, CPK-MBand CK/CPK-MB, in comparison T+DOX10 with NT+DOX10 group. However, there was no significant differencebetween T+DOX10mg.kg_1 and T+DOX20mg.kg_1 in the aforesaid markers. Conclusion: Dox-induced cardiotoxicity isrelated to oxidative stress. Our study suggests that pretreatment with endurance exercise may be considered as apotentially useful strategy to improve myocardial tolerance against single dose DOX-induced oxidative damage.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5849
5855
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27129_9a334440c192daf29d3f533586372999.pdf
Changes in Brain Glioma Incidence and Laterality Correlates with Use of Mobile Phones – a Nationwide Population Based Study in Israel
text
article
2012
eng
Introduction: Mobile phones are in extensive use worldwide and concerns regarding their role in tumorformation were raised. Over the years multiple studies were published in order to investigate this issue usingseveral approaches. The current study looks at secular trends of brain gliomas (low and high grade) incidenceand changes in tumor’s laterality over 30 years in a population extensively using this technology with a possiblecorrelation to the spread of use of mobile phones. Materials and Methods: All brain gliomas that were diagnosedfrom 1980-2009 were included and subdivided into two groups - low and high grade. Secular and periodic timetrend analyses of incidence rates and changes in laterality were performed. Preferred side of head using mobilephones was assessed with a questionnaire in a sample of adult individuals. Results: A decrease in incidence oflow grade giomas (LGG) that correlated with introduction of mobile technology was found from 2.57, 2.34 and2.79 for every 100,000 in the period 1980 to the end of 1994 to 1.72, 1.82 and 1.57, respectively, over the last three5-years periods (1995-2009). High-grade glioma incidences increased significantly from 1980-2009 but in theperiod after mobile phones were introduced (1994-2009) a lower, non significant, rate of increase was observedin males and a lower one (significant) in females. A shift towards left sided tumor location for all adult gliomascombined and separately for LGG and HGG was noted from 1995 onward. The shift was more marked forthose who were diagnosed in ages 20-49 (p=0.03). Conclusions: We found a statistically significant decrease inLGG’s over 30-years period that correlates with introducing of mobile phones technology and a shift in lateralitytowards left-sided tumors, the latter occurred in both low and high-grade gliomas.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5857
5863
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27130_6f7fc4dac0c59a5aed7c2cee32f9780d.pdf
shRNA Mediated RHOXF1 Silencing Influences Expression of BCL2 but not CASP8 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cell Lines
text
article
2012
eng
RHOXF1 has been shown to be expressed in embryonic stem cells, adult germline stem cells and some cancerlines. It has been proposed as a candidate gene to encode transcription factors regulating downstream genes inthe human testis with antiapoptotic effects. Its expression in cancer cell lines has implied a similar role in theprocess of tumorigenesis. The human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 were cultured in DMEMmedium and transfected with a pGFP-V-RS plasmid bearing an RHOXF1 specific shRNA. Quantitative realtimeRT-PCR was performed for RHOXF1, CASP8, BCL2 and HPRT genes. Decreased RHOXF1 expressionwas confirmed in cells after transfection. shRNA knock down of RHOXF1 resulted in significantly decreasedBCL2 expression in both cell lines but no change in CASP8 expression. shRNA targeting RHOXF1 was shownto specifically mediate RHOXF1 gene silencing, so RHOXF1 can mediate transcriptional activation of the BCL2in cancers and may render tumor cells resistant to apoptotic cell death induced by anticancer therapy. shRNAmediated knock down of RHOXF1 can be effective in induction of apoptotic pathway in cancer cells via BCL2downregulation, so it can have potential therapeutic utility for human breast cancer
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5865
5869
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27131_528c66252ab5961e8865959222245c3c.pdf
Screening of 185DelAG, 1014DelGT and 3889DelAG BRCA1 Mutations in Breast Cancer Patients from North-East India
text
article
2012
eng
Around 1.35 million people of worldwide suffer from breast cancer each year, whereas in India, 1 in every 17women develops the disease. Mutations of the Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene account for the majority of breast/ovarian cancer families. The purpose of study was to provide a prevalence of BRCA1 germline mutations in theNorth-East Indian population. In relation to the personal and family history with the breast cancer, we foundmutations in 6.25% and 12.5% respectively. Three mutations, 185DelAG, 1014DelGT and 3889DelAG, wereobserved in our North-East Indian patients in exons 2 and 11, resulting in truncation of the BRCA1 protein byforming stop codons individually at amino acid positions 39, 303 and 1265. Our results point to a necessity foran extensive mutation screening study of high risk breast cancer cases in our North-East Indian population,which will provide better decisive medical and surgical preventive options.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5871
5874
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27132_49049f2f9a93508e477608b955b0a176.pdf
PPAR-Gamma Pro12Ala Polymorphism and Gastric Cancer Risk in a Turkish Population
text
article
2012
eng
Background: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand dependent transcriptionfactor involved in various processes, including carcinogenesis. We aimed to investigate any possible associationof the PPARγ Pro12Ala (rs1801282) polymorphism with risk of developing gastric cancer (GC). Patients andMethods: A hospital based case control study was designed covering 50 patients with GC and 120 healthy controls.The frequencies of PPARγ Pro12Ala (rs1801282) were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-restrictionfragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Results: The Ala12 allele of the PPARγ Pro12Ala G gene wasassociated with a 1.95 fold increased risk of GC development (p: 0.022; 95% CI: 1.58-2.40). Subgroup analysesshowed that the same allele was also associated with metastasis (p: 0.000; OR:4.09; 95%CI:2.273-7.368) anddifferentiation (p: 0.004; OR:1.95; 95%CI:1.335-2.875) in patients with GC. Conclusion: This study suggeststhat the PPARγ Pro12Ala G (Ala12) allele might be associated with development, differentiation and metastaticprocess of GC in the Turkish population. Further studies conducted in larger study groups and in different ethnicpopulations will be needed to clarify the exact role of the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism in GC.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5875
5878
https://journal.waocp.org/article_26702_ef3a0108b5bd8e118d3ad3cd15cfe2ae.pdf
Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR of ITGA7, SVEP1, TNS1, LPHN3, SEMA3G, KLB and MMP13 mRNA Expression in Breast Cancer
text
article
2012
eng
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide, including Thailand. In thepresent study, the differential mRNA expression of SVEP1, LPHN3, KLB, ITGA7, SEMA3G, TNS1 and MMP13genes was examined in breast cancer using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chainreaction (QRT-PCR). Among these genes, increased LPHN3 and MMP13 mRNA expression levels correlatedwith axillary-node metastasis (P=0.02). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that LPHN3 and MMP13mRNA expression is significantly associated with axillary node status in breast cancer (P=0.04).
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5879
5882
https://journal.waocp.org/article_26703_09091d5ace612720692dd00acb9f8d9c.pdf
Glutathione S-transferase P1 and DNA Polymorphisms with the Response to Chemotherapy and the Prognosis of Bone Tumor
text
article
2012
eng
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents, and its clinical outcome is poor. We evaluated the response of GSTP1, ERCC1 and ERCC2 to chemotherapy among osteosarcoma patients, and the role of these genes on the prognosis of osteosarcoma. 187 patients with osteosarcoma were administered with methotrexate, cisplatin/adriamycin, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, or vincristine treatment. GSTP1, ERCC1 and ERCC2 polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-RFLP assay. The results showed the average survival time of 187 patients were 38.4 months. 97 patients showed response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The GSTP1 Val and ERCC2 A/A genotypes had significantly higher rates of response to chemotherapy, with adjusted OR (95% CI) of 2.19 (1.15-6.21) and 2.88 (1.14-13.25). Individuals with ERCC2 A/A genotype were likely to have a lower risk of death from oseosarcoma, and the adjusted HR was 0.32 (0.13-0.95). Our study indicated test of GSTP1 and ERCC2 Lys751Gln polymorphisms might be a candidate pharmacogenomic factors to be explored in the future to identify the osteosarcoma patients who might benefit from chemotherapy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5883
5886
https://journal.waocp.org/article_26704_60377114b0042ba9848922d0c93fa113.pdf
Essential Oil of Tridax procumbens L Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses Angiogenesis and Lung Metastasis of the B16F-10 Cell Line in C57BL/6 Mice
text
article
2012
eng
Background: To determine the effect of essential oil obtained from a traditionally used medicinal plantTridax procumbens L, on lung metastasis developed by B16F-10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. Materialsand Methods: Parameters studied were toxicity, lung tumor nodule count, histopathological features, tumordirected capillary vessel formation, apoptosis and expression levels of P53 and caspase-3 proteins. Results: In vitrothe MTT assay showed cytotoxicity was found to be high as 70.2% of cancer cell death within 24hrs for 50μg.In vivo oil treatment significantly inhibited tumor nodule formation by 71.7% when compared with untreatedmice. Formation of tumor directed new blood vessels was also found to be inhibited to about 39.5%. TUNELassays also demonstrated a significant increase in the number of apoptotic positive cells after the treatment. P53and caspase-3 expression was also found to be greater in the essential oil treated group than the normal andcancer group. Conclusions: The present investigation showed significant effects of the essential oil of Tridaxprocumbens L in preventing lung metastasis by B16F-10 cell line in C57BL/6 mice. Its specific preventive effecton tumor directed angiogenesis and inducing effect on apoptosis warrant further studies at the molecular levelto validate the significance of Tridax procumbens L for anticancer therapy.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5887
5895
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27133_976620c0e9fd4f9cf451df4fbe0b4435.pdf
Relationship Between Expression of Gastrokine 1 and Clinicopathological Characteristics in Gastric Cancer Patients
text
article
2012
eng
The aim of the study was to clarify the role of gastrokine 1 in the process of formation and development of gastric cancer. The expression of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer and corresponding non-cancerous gastric tissues of 52 gastric cancer patients was assessed with the real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. We also analyzed the relationship between the expression level and clinicopathological characteristics. Gastrokine 1 gene and protein expression in gastric cancer tissues was in both cases significantly lower than in corresponding non-cancerous gastric tissues (both P<0.01), but no significant relationship was found with clinicopathological parameters including tumor location, depth of invasion, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, stage, gender, age and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) level in peripheral blood preoperation of patients (P>0.05, respectively). Furthermore, gastrokine 1 gene expression was markedly lower in gastric cancer tissues of Helicobacter pylori (HP)-positive patients than negative ones (P<0.05). The result of the study showed that gastrokine 1 might play a significant role in the process of formation and development of gastric cancer as an anti-oncogene. Its effect might be weakened by HP infection.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5897
5901
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27134_db53c28c6a84d815c7f749b8379701d6.pdf
Synergistic Effects of Exemestane and Aspirin on MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells
text
article
2012
eng
Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of exemestane and aspirin on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Methods: Antiproliferative effects of exemestane and aspirin, alone and in combination, on growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were assessed using the MTT assay. Synergistic interaction between the two drugs was evaluated in vitro using the combination index (CI) method. The cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blotting was used to investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2 and Bcl-2. Results: MTT assays indicated that combination treatment obviously decreased the viability of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells compared to individual drug treatment (CI<1). In addition, the combination of exemestane and aspirin exhibited a synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation, significantly arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and produced a stronger inhibitory effect on COX-1 and Bcl-2 expression than control or individual drug treatment. Conclusion: These results indicate that the combination of exemestane and aspirin might become a useful method to the treatment of hormonedependent breast cancer. The combination of the two inhibitors significantly increased the response as compared to single agent treatment, suggesting that combination treatment could become a highly effective approach for breast cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5903
5908
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27135_9d3605835183e5657414fa84f7515c4d.pdf
Associations Between Infiltrating Lymphocyte Subsets and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
text
article
2012
eng
Aims: We aimed to analyze the phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and non-tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (NILs) in HCC and non-tumor tissues, and evaluate relationships between changes in these cells and the prognosis of HCC. Methods: Lymphocytes were isolated from HCC and corresponding non-tumor tissues and tested by flow cytometry. For comparison, clinical parameters were analyzed. Results: Compared with the non-tumor tissue, tumor tissue had a lower intensity of NK, NKT andCD8+T cell infiltration. TILs had higher intensity of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+regulatory T cell (Treg cells) infiltration compared with that in NILs. The prevalence of Treg cells was associated with fewer CD8 + T lymphocytes in the HCC immune microenvironment. The frequencies of NK cells and CD8+T cells in TILs of HCC patients with metastasis less than 12 months were lower than those without metastasis. However, the frequency of Treg cells was higher than those without metastasis. Conclusion: These results suggest that the frequencies of CD8+T, NK and NKT cells as well as Treg cells in the tumor tissue of HCC are significantly associated with patient survival, and could be applied as predictive indicators for HCC prognosis.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5909
5913
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27136_e5e0effbf3e59ab92e546396909cad11.pdf
What is the Mechanism of Progression with Trastuzumab Treatment - Escape or Resistance?
text
article
2012
eng
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2 overexpression, observed in 20-25 percent of invasive breast cancers, is well known to be associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis, with resistance to certain chemotherapeutic agents. The majority of patients with metastatic breast cancer who initially respond to trastuzumab, demonstrate disease progression within 1 year of treatment initiation. Furthermore, lack of response in some patients and relapse during the course of therapy, continue to challenge researchers and clinicians. A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of trastuzumab action is required so that new therapies directed at HER2 can be developed. We present here findings for mechanisms, both of Trastuzumab action and clinical resistance or escape.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
1513-7368
13
v.
11
no.
2012
5915
5916
https://journal.waocp.org/article_27137_7006ed59a3c7bf2d543d7dba38428b72.pdf