p. 1459−1460
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1461−1467
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1469−1473
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1475−1478
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1479−1484
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1485−1491
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
40%, 5-year LFU and compared it using another BC data-set with <15%, 5-year LFU to assess the bias in survival due to high LFU. Age at diagnosis of the latter data set was used to illustrate the bias due to a non-PH factor. Log-rank test was employed to assess the bias in p-value and Cox-model was used to assess the bias in hazard-ratio for the non-PH factor. Schoenfeld statistic was used to test the non-PH of age. For the non-PH factor, we employed Renyi statistic for inference and time dependent Cox-model for hazard-ratio. Results: Five-year BC survival was 69% (SE: 1.1%) vs. 90% (SE: 0.7%) for data with low vs. high LFU respectively. Age (<45, 46-54 & >54 years) was a non-PH factor (p-value: 0.036). However, survival by age was significant (log-rank p-value: 0.026), but not significant using Renyi statistic (p=0.067). Hazard ratio (HR) for age using Cox-model was 1.012 (95%CI: 1.004 -1.019) and the same using time-dependent Cox-model was in the other direction (HR: 0.997; 95% CI: 0.997- 0.998). Conclusion: Over-estimated survival was observed for cancer with high LFU. Log-rank statistic and Cox-model provided biased results for non-PH factor. For data with non-PH factors, Renyi statistic and time dependent Cox-model can be used as alternate methods to obtain unbiased inference and estimates.]]>
p. 1493−1497
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1499−1505
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1507−1511
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1513−1518
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1519−1523
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1525−1530
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1531−1536
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1537−1542
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1543−1548
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1549−1553
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
9 x 109/L) had a significantly shorter median overall survival (4.2 months) as compared with those with a WBC ≤ 9 x 109/L at baseline (12.3 months) with a corresponding of HR 2.10 (95% CI: 1.29-3.43). Patients with anemia (Hgb < 110 g/L) had a non-significant (p = 0.097) shorter median overall survival (6.1 months) as compared with their counterparts with Hgb ≥ 110 g/L at baseline (9.4 months). As for thrombocytosis (Plt > 350 x 109/L), there was no statistically significant impact on overall survival. Leukocytosis retained its prognostic significance in a multivariate model where other clinical factors such as age, sex and WHO performance status were taken into consideration (HR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.06-3.13, p = 0.029). Conclusion: Pre-treatment leukocytosis is a strong and independent prognostic marker for shorter overall survival in previously treated stage IIIB or IV NSCLC patients receiving docetaxel or AXL1717. Combined use of pre-treatment leukocytosis assessments together with established prognostic factors such as performance status could be of help when making treatment decisions in this clinical setting.]]>
p. 1555−1560
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
A) CDH1 Gene Promoter Polymorphism and Its Relationship with Survival of Patients with Gastric Cancer in Kurdistan]]>
A) CDH1 genotypes were not?? comparable in H.pylori-infected and H.pylori-uninfected subjects in both case and control groups. These findings suggest that -160 (C>A) CDH1 polymorphism is not related with H.pylori infection susceptibility. In addition we found no significant relationship between the CDH1 -160(C/A) promoter polymorphism with predisposition to gastric cancer.]]>
p. 1561−1565
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
0.05). Conclusion: Stage at diagnosis and the residential location of patients were the most important factors related to secondary metastasis. These results emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, adequate education and awareness for breast cancer screening.]]>
p. 1567−1571
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1573−1579
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1581−1584
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1585−1593
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1595−1601
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1603−1610
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1611−1615
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1617−1621
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1623−1628
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1629−1636
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1637−1643
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1645−1649
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
A Polymorphism in Jordanian Breast and Colorectal Cancer patients]]>
A. Aim: The present study was conducted to screen for the IVS14+1G>A polymorphism in cancer patients receiving 5-FU and a control group. Methods: A total of 40 cancer patients (30 colorectal cancer (CRC) and 10 breast cancer patients) were enrolled in this study. One hundred healthy controls were also tested using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). DNA sequence analysis was carried out to confirm the presence of the IVSI14+1G>A polymorphism. Results: Only one CRC patient showed heterozygous IVS14+1G>A polymorphism in the DPD gene. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated a very low frequency of the IVS14+1G>A polymorphism among Jordanian patients with colorectal and breast cancer.]]>
p. 1651−1654
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1655−1661
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1663−1670
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
1% of tumor cell membranes stained. The association between PD-L1, clinico-pathological characteristics was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, and survival analysis was done with the Cox regression model. Results: Out of 46 samples, 32 (70%) had positive PD-L1 expression in tumor cell membranes. The median level of PD-L1 expression was 1.75% (0-34.7). PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with stage IV disease (OR 3.98, p=0.046) and a high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (OR 5.36, p=0.018). PD-L1 positivity was associated with worse overall survival compared with those with a PD-L1 negative tumor but did not reach a level of significance (7.2 vs. 7.9 months, p=0.32). Conclusion: PD-L1 is widely expressed in CCA but was not predictive for overall survival. PD-L1 positivity was (7.2 and 7.9 months, p=0.32). Significantly associated with stage IV disease and a high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio.]]>
p. 1671−1674
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1675−1679
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1681−1688
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1689−1695
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1697−1701
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1703−1705
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1707−1715
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
2 cm (p=0.036). Kaplan-Meyer analysis showed a significant decrease in both disease-free survival and cancer-specific survival for patients with a high tumor bud count (p=0.027 and 0.031, respectively). On multivariate analysis, histologic grade 3 was the only independent predictor for decreased disease-free survival (p=0.004) and cancer-specific survival (p=0.003). Conclusions: A high tumor budding count based on assessment of routinely-stained sections was found to be associated with decreased disease-free and cancer-specific survival in patients with early-stage cervical adenocarcinomas. However, it was not found to be an independent prognostic predictor in this study.]]>
p. 1717−1722
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6
p. 1723−1727
2476-762X
Vol.18/No.6