@article { author = {}, title = {Targeting the Worksite for Cervical and Mammary Cancer Screening?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {1-2}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24151.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24151_5e95c1f32adf10ae1b1e76c05b54522c.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {International Agency for Cancer Research}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {3-4}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24152.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24152_5a65c50d0b26e45cc3f0dcdedc966519.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Present and Future of Medium Term Assays for Carcinogenicity}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {5-6}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24153.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24153_58fa7f848c23c060c2f846ecebc65ce5.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Magnitude of Arsenic Toxicity in Tube-well Drinking Water in Bangladesh and Its Adverse Effects on Human Health Including Cancer: Evidence from a Review of the Literature}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {7-14}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Only after a decade from 1993, arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh has been reported as the ‍biggest arsenic catastrophe in the world. It is a burning public health issue in this country. More than 50 percent of ‍the total population is estimated at risk of contamination. Already thousands of people have been affected by the ‍disease arsenicosis. Many more may be on the way to manifest lesions in future. We conducted a review of previous ‍studies and published articles including MEDLINE database on this issue. We found that 59 districts out of 64 have ‍been already affected by arsenic in underground drinking water, where this particular source of drinking water is ‍the main source for 97 percent of the rural people. The water is unfortunately now a great threat for the human ‍being due to high level of arsenic. Continuous arsenic exposure can lead people to develop arsenicosis, which in turn ‍elevates the risk of cancer. Skin lesions are the most common manifestations in arsenicosis patients. Relatively poor ‍rural people and other socio-economically disadvantaged groups are more affected by this exposure. Until now ‍cancer patients have been relatively limited in Bangladesh. One of the reasons may be that several years are needed ‍to show cancer manifestations from the beginning of arsenic exposure. But it is suspected that after some years a ‍large number of patients will appear with cancer in different sites for arsenic exposure in drinking water. Various ‍studies have been conducted in arsenic affected countries - notably in Argentina, Chile, China, Japan, and Taiwan - ‍to find the potential of arsenic exposure to cause development of cancer. Among the arsenic related cancers, liver, ‍lung, skin, bladder and kidney cancers are reported to be prevalent in these countries. Unfortunately no scientific ‍study has been yet conducted in Bangladesh to find the relationship between arsenic exposure and cancers in different ‍sites of the body. So our aim is to conduct an ecological as well as a case-control study in the country in the future. ‍}, keywords = {Arsenic poisoning &#8211,Arsenicosis - melanosis &#8211,keratosis &#8211,hyperkeratosis - leukomelanosis- skin cancer &#8211,lung cancer &#8211,bladder cancer &#8211,Case-control study}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24154.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24154_93223914addbb8e557e533c5e19741e8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cervical Cancer Prevention and Early Detection; The Role of Nurse and Midwives}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {15-21}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Worldwide 31% of cancers in women are in the breast or uterine cervix. Cancer of the uterine cervix is one of the ‍leading causes of cancer death among women. The estimated new cancer cervix cases per year is 500.000 of which ‍79% occur in the developing countries, where it is consistently the leading cancer and there are in excess of 233.000 ‍deaths from the disease. The major risk factors for cervical cancer include early age at first intercourse, multiple ‍sexual partners, low socioeconomic status, HSV, HPV infection, cigarette smoking and extended use of oral ‍contraceptives. Well organized and applied public education and mass screening programmes can substantially ‍reduce the mortality from cervical cancer and the incidence of invasive disease in the population. Women who are ‍health conscious are more likely to have used screening services (mammogram, pap-smear test) and performed ‍breast-self examination and genital hygiene. There are both opportunities and burdens for nurses and midwives ‍working in primary health care settings. This is a prime example of a role of public education in cancer prevention ‍with reference to population-based cancer screening programs. ‍}, keywords = {cervical cancer,epidemiology (incidence-mortality-survival),Prevention,early detection,Public education,health care providers (nurses-midwives)}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24155.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24155_a31eec615961a9caa1412d797fece3bf.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Sources of Information on the Burden of Cancer in China}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {23-30}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Three data sources for the information on cancer in China are described in this paper: (i) mortality data from ‍national retrospective surveys (1973-75 and 1990-92); (ii) mortality data obtained through special research projects ‍(CHIS, DSP and mortality survey in 1986-89); and (iii) incidence and mortality data from cancer registries. Different ‍combinations of mortality and incidence data can be used to estimate the pattern or burden of cancer in China. ‍Registration of cancer incidence and mortality in China should be standardized and expanded, in order to enhance ‍availability of accurate data for estimating cancer burden in China.}, keywords = {Neoplasms,Information science,China}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24156.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24156_d1b9400266118de88f959f612cfba3f8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Mutagenicity of the Drinking Water Supply in Bangkok}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {31-38}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Seventeen samples of tap water in Bangkok and 2 neighboring provinces were collected in winter and summer, ‍concentrated and tested for mutagenic activity using the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay. Preliminary results ‍demonstrated that concentrated tap water exhibited clear mutagenicity towards S. typhimurium TA100 and YG1029, ‍but not towards TA98 and YG1024, in the absence of S9 mix, and the addition of S9 mix markedly decreased the ‍mutagenicity to both tester strains. Amberlite XAD-2 resin, but not blue rayon, was able to adsorb mutagens from ‍water at pH 2. Our data clearly demonstrated that all tap water samples prepared by chlorination of Chao Phraya River water ‍were mutagenic to strain TA100 without S9 mix, inducing 3,351 ± 741 and 2,216 ± 770 revertants/l, in winter and ‍summer, respectively. On the other hand, however, tap water samples prepared from ground water were not mutagenic. ‍Furthermore, it was found that boiling for only 5 min and filtration through home purifying system containing ‍activated charcoal and mixed resin units were very effective to abolish the mutagenicity of water. Storage of water ‍also significantly decreased the mutagenicity, however, it took 2-3 weeks to totally abolish it. Additionally, we also ‍found 1 out of 6 brands of commercially available bottled drinking water to be mutagenic, with about 26 % of the ‍average mutagenicity of tap water. ‍The results in the present study clearly demonstrated that chlorinated tap water in Bangkok and neighboring ‍provinces contain direct-acting mutagens causing capable of causing base-pair substitution. Boiling and filtration of ‍tap water through home purifying systems may be the most effective means to abolish the mutagenicity. Some ‍brands of commercial bottled waters may also contain mutagens which may be derived from tap water. ‍}, keywords = {Chlorinated tap water,chlorinated drinking water,chlorination by-products,Salmonella Typhimurium,Mutagenicity,XAD-2 resin,Bangkok}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24157.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24157_6f9f437f94116a2cf508cd5a70c78633.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {What is Important for the Introduction of Cancer Screening in the Workplace?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {39-43}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Although cancer screening has been introduced into physical checkup programs in the workplace, it has not ‍been regulated by the Occupational Health and Safety Law in Japan. In addition, the target age groups and strategy ‍for cancer screening have not been defined. To aid in development of better screening programs, we investigated ‍primary factors considered for introducing cancer screening in workplaces. A mail survey targeted 441 facilities of ‍the Kanto Occupational Health Management Association in June 2002. We received ninety-one responses (20.6%), ‍including 59 facilities of manufacturing companies. The implementations of gastric and colorectal cancer screening ‍were higher than other cancer screenings, exceeding 90% in the responding facilities. Thirty years old or over was ‍the target age in most facilities. The facilities were divided into two groups, A and B, except for two examples whose ‍strategies for cancer screening were not well-documented in their response. There were 35 facilities in group A and ‍54 in group B. In group A, cancer screening was conducted using strategies for all of which effectiveness has been ‍established. On the other hand, in group B, cancer screening was conducted using strategies whose effectiveness ‍were at least partially unestablished. We chose five items to evaluate important factors for introducing a cancer ‍screening program into the workplace: prevalence, screening strategy, effectiveness, efficacy and needs of workers. ‍The most important was the same in both groups, effectiveness. However, there was a tendency for neglect of this ‍aspect in actual conducted plans. Appropriate cancer screening should be carefully coordinated in accordance with ‍the guidelines of the Task Force for Cancer Screening in Japan in the workplace. ‍}, keywords = {cancer,Screening,Effectiveness,Workplace,Guidelines}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24158.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24158_56d787eea7dd6b9397c57669a58de229.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {No Inhibition of Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis in Rats with Intravesical Instillation of -Galactosylceramide}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {45-50}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Many epidemiological studies have examined the associations of nutrients and foods with risk of stomach cancer. ‍Few studies have addressed the dietary patterns that reflect various components of food consumption and their ‍interactions. We identified major four dietary patterns; “vegetable and fruit”, “Western breakfast”, “meat”, and ‍“rice/snack” with principal component analysis using food consumption questionnaire in a prospective study of ‍5,765 middle-aged male workers in Tokyo. After 10 years of follow-up between September 1988 and August 1998, 84 ‍incident cases of stomach cancer were documented. Using proportional hazards regression to estimate risk ratios, ‍we found no clear association between each of dietary pattern and stomach cancer risk. After adjustment for age ‍and other potential confounding factors and after exclusion of the cases diagnosed in first follow-up year, the risk ‍ratio(RR) associated with high tertile compared to low tertile was 0.78(95%CI 0.42-1.44) for “vegetable and fruit” ‍pattern and 0.71(95%CI 0.40-1.24) for “Western breakfast” pattern. The V-shaped associations between dietary ‍patterns and stomach cancer risk were appeared in the “meat”(RR=1.00, 0.55, and 1.10) and the “rice/snack”(RR=1.00, ‍0.52, and 1.19) patterns, while the linear trend of these associations was statistically on borderline. The roll of overall ‍dietary patterns in predicting stomach cancer risk requires further investigation. ‍}, keywords = {stomach cancer,cohort study,Dietary Pattern,Principal component analysis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24159.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24159_1bb7494d078fe182841a2e6d674341cb.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {An Epidemiological Assessment of Increasing Incidence and Trends in Breast Cancer in Mumbai and Other Sites in India, During the Last Two Decades}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {51-56}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {A great deal is known on the epidemiology of breast cancer. In this paper an attempt has been made to discuss the ‍epidemiology and trends in incidence of breast cancer in various populations of India with special reference to the ‍data available at Mumbai Cancer Registry. For discussing descriptive epidemiology of breast cancer the data collected ‍for most recent year, 1999, by Mumbai Cancer Registry has been utilized. For studying time trends in breast cancer ‍the data collected for the Mumbai Cancer Registry for the years 1982-99 and for Bangalore and Chennai 1982-96 ‍and for Barshi, Bhopal and Delhi for the years 1988-96 has been employed. A linear regression model based on the ‍logarithms of the various incidence rates, a method frequently used for studying time trends, was applied to the ‍entire dataset. ‍Age specific incidence rates for breast cancer for most of the urban population in India were found to show steep ‍increase till menopause years, after which the curves plateau. Most of the registries data indicate that Christians in ‍India have the greatest risk of breast risk and Muslims have the lowest rate. In all the populations breast cancer was ‍found to be less prevalent at the lower education level and the incidence increased with the education level. The ‍trends for increase in breast cancer incidence over time for most of the populations in India were found to be statistically ‍significant.}, keywords = {Epidemiology,etiology,breast cancer,Incidence,Trends,risk factors}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24160.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24160_85e3681da1511c91c76ab074391c02c5.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cancer Screening Literature in the Period 2000-2002 : Pointers to Future Research Avenues}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {57-60}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {In order to determine which areas of cancer screening are currently receiving greatest emphasis in different ‍parts of the world a Medline search of the literature for the period 2000-2002 was performed, concentrating ‍attention on research into all aspects of efforts for early detection of tumours, with especial attention to ‍methodology, motivation (including awareness of utility in the general populace and in minority groups), and ‍intervention (professional training and general education). Focus on the skin, lung, cervix, breast, ovary + ‍endometrium, oral cavity-oesophagus, gastric, colorectal, kidney + urinary tract and prostate, demonstrated ‍large numbers of journals to be publishing papers in the field, with 10, 33, 130, 53, 24, 21, 6, 81, 12 and 58, ‍respectively, in the period investigated, the grand total being 259. The average numbers of papers/journal ‍ranged from 1.0-2.4 with only 15-35% appearing in journals with wide coverage. With the exception of oral, ‍oesophageal and gastric cancer screening, an approximately 50% contribution in all areas was made by scientists ‍in the US, followed by Europe (31% overall,) Asia (11%) then Australasia, Central and South America and ‍Africa (3%, 2% and 1%, respectively). Clear differences were evident with the organ regarding specific topics ‍receiving attention, most publications concerning the lung, ovary and urological tract dealing with detection ‍methods. With the cervix and colorectum this topic accounted for half of the papers with especial attention to ‍the relative advantages of the PAP smear, HPV testing and direct visual acetic acid (DVA) in the one, and FOBT ‍and endoscopy in the other. Another major focus was found to be minority attitudes to breast, prostate and ‍cervical screening in the US, whereas only few papers were found dealing with practical intervention, targeting ‍professionals or screenees to increase participation in screening programs. The present approach suggested a ‍number of areas requiring more attention, not least being the need for more comprehensive reviews across ‍organs to allow the general reader a better undertanding of the overall picture, and which avenues might best ‍reward exploration in the future. ‍}, keywords = {cancer screening,publications,library penetration,geographical areas,Organs,research themes}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24161.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24161_9ee8049a8654016f621aac70369ea795.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Dietary Patterns and Stomach Cancer among Middle-aged Male Workers in Tokyo}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {61-66}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Many epidemiological studies have examined the associations of nutrients and foods with risk of stomach cancer. ‍Few studies have addressed the dietary patterns that reflect various components of food consumption and their ‍interactions. We identified major four dietary patterns; “vegetable and fruit”, “Western breakfast”, “meat”, and ‍“rice/snack” with principal component analysis using food consumption questionnaire in a prospective study of ‍5,765 middle-aged male workers in Tokyo. After 10 years of follow-up between September 1988 and August 1998, 84 ‍incident cases of stomach cancer were documented. Using proportional hazards regression to estimate risk ratios, ‍we found no clear association between each of dietary pattern and stomach cancer risk. After adjustment for age ‍and other potential confounding factors and after exclusion of the cases diagnosed in first follow-up year, the risk ‍ratio(RR) associated with high tertile compared to low tertile was 0.78(95%CI 0.42-1.44) for “vegetable and fruit” ‍pattern and 0.71(95%CI 0.40-1.24) for “Western breakfast” pattern. The V-shaped associations between dietary ‍patterns and stomach cancer risk were appeared in the “meat”(RR=1.00, 0.55, and 1.10) and the “rice/snack”(RR=1.00, ‍0.52, and 1.19) patterns, while the linear trend of these associations was statistically on borderline. The roll of overall ‍dietary patterns in predicting stomach cancer risk requires further investigation.}, keywords = {stomach cancer,cohort study,Dietary Pattern,Principal component analysis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24162.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24162_08bbcc4f5b671e42db86a893269efaae.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Triplex Polymerase Chain Reaction with Confronting Two-Pair Primers (PCR-CTPP) for NQO1 C609T, GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphisms: the Most Convenient Genotyping Method}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {67-70}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) is a time-saving and inexpensive ‍genotyping method, which is applicable for most single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To date, we have established ‍PCR-CTPP conditions for tens of SNPs, including duplex genotyping. This paper introduces triplex PCR-CTPP to ‍simultaneously genotype three functional polymorphisms of carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes, NQO1 C609T, GSTM1 ‍null, and GSTT1 null, all of which are reported to have a significant association with smoking-related cancers. We ‍applied this method for 241 non-cancer patients to demonstrate the performance. Among the subjects, the genotype ‍frequency of NQO1 C609T was 35.7% for CC, 44.4% for CT and 19.9% for TT. The null type frequencies of GSTM1 ‍and GSTT1 were 53.4% and 44.0%, respectively. Their distributions were similar to those reported for Japanese by ‍other studies. This is the first paper reporting the success of triplex PCR-CTPP. The polymorphisms applied are ‍useful examples, which could be adopted not only for research purposes, but also for risk assessment of individuals ‍exposed to carcinogenic substances, such as smokers. This convenient genotyping approach has advantages for ‍application in cancer prevention, especially in the Asian Pacific region.}, keywords = {NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1),glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1),glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1),polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP),polymorphisms}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24163.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24163_c8d390324ee9150a21003911123ac843.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Prevention and Health Education : How Recent Advances in the Science and Art of Health Education have been Applied in Practical Ways within Medical and other Settings for Prevention and Public Health}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {71-74}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The terms health education, patient education, self-care education, school health education, and health promotion ‍are distinguished from each other as follows. Health education is a subset or strategy within each of these but is the ‍primary and dominant strategy in health promotion. Health education occurs through the health care providers in ‍various settings: worksites, medical, community agencies and schools. Nurses and midwives are the most important ‍health care providers to train people for health promotion and cancer prevention. We appreciate the importance of ‍the “Fight against Cancer” movement in the primary health care centre and its health care providers who inform ‍people about cancer and its symptoms, how to find lesions and early stages, and how to avoid hazardous factors. ‍This is as process of continuous information transfer by in-service education. Primary prevention should encompass ‍all actions aimed to reducing the occurrence of cancer. In reviewing recent advances in science and how the art of ‍health education has been applied in practical ways within medical and other settings for prevention and public ‍health, we can point ot the necessity for facilities like an APOCP Training Centre as a venue for scientific courses.}, keywords = {Health education &#8211,cancer prevention &#8211,public health}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24164.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24164_a84459213581f90583d1844aaaf9e5da.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Appropriate Models and an Understanding of Carcinogenic Mechanisms - Requirements for Hazard Risk Assessment}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {75-78}, year = {2003}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {carcinogen risk assessment is essential. One of the responsible international bodies recognized as providing a lead in ‍this endeavour is the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), primarily through the Monographs on ‍the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. However, serious allegations have recently been made that industry ‍now has undue influence on the decisions of the IARC Workshops as to category assignment, especially concerning ‍down-grading of risk. The contention is that too much stress is placed on mechanistic considerations which have not ‍been sufficiently validated. Since avoidance of carcinogens in our environment is clearly of prime importance to ‍cancer prevention, open discussion of how they should be identified is of essential significance to the APOCP. Clearly, ‍decisions should be based solely on scientific evidence and there should be no place for politics or polemic. We have ‍therefore looked, in what we hope is a dispassionate fashion, at the arguments offered in the recent literature, while ‍admitting to a bias towards taking into account all the available knowledge on mechanisms of action of carcinogens ‍and modulating agents. As scientists, generation of an understanding of this area is one of the main reasons why we ‍receive our salaries. To blindly argue that carcinogenicity, for example at high dose in one strain of experimental ‍animal, necessarily implies human risk at normal levels of exposure is obviously untenable. At the same time, ‍precipitous conclusions regarding species-specific mechanisms must naturally be avoided. Both academic and ‍industrial researchers need to apply a balanced judgement and to simply imply that any association with industrial ‍concerns is likely to lead to irresponsible behaviour to the detriment of public health is not tenable. With regard to ‍regulatory decision making, we should be concentrating more attention on mechanisms, rather than less, especially ‍in light of recent findings pointing to hormesis at low doses of carcinogens, which will inevitably generate heated ‍discussion and the charge of bias in favour of industry. The onus is on all members of the scientific community to ‍impartially view all the epidemiological and experimental data which are available in decision-making. ‍}, keywords = {animal models,mechanistic analyses,surrogate markers,hazard risk,Hormesis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24165.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24165_15c7e015b0e5a4f1ab74c15727b683fb.pdf} }