@article { author = {}, title = {Prevention of Life-style Related Diseases in Sri Lanka}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {367-370}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {In addition to sponsoring yearly international cancer research conferences in Sapporo, Japan, the Sapporo CancerSeminar Foundation has long been involved in projects in Sri Lanka to improve the health of its people. Together withstaff of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency office in Colombo, Dr Hiroshi Kobayashi of the Foundationhas been sponsoring a number of activities focusing on schools in the south of the country. In August of this year, tocommemorate 10 years of activity, a Symposium was organized and sponsored by the Sapporo Cancer SeminarFoundation, in collaboration with JICA Sri Lanka and Sapporo, to bring together a number of scientists working inJapan with counterparts in Sri Lanka in the Colombo Hilton Hotel to discuss various aspects of life-style relateddiseases in Asia and how they may be prevented. Other sponsors were the National Cancer Control Program, Colombo,the Rotary Club of Colombo, and the Foundation for Health Promotion, Colombo.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24758.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24758_42ef7098a289fdd6fc41a8c09fffea29.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Aetiology of Cancer in Asia}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {371-380}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Cancer has become the leading cause of death in many Asian countries. There is an increasing trend inbreast, prostate and colon cancers, which are considered as typical of economically developed countries. Althoughbreast and prostate cancer rates are still lower than in western countries, they are particularly rapidly increasing.In this paper, we review recently published literature to identify important etiologic factors affecting the cancerrisk in Asian populations. Infectious agents such as Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B and C viruses, , and humanpapillomavirus were shown to be associated with elevated risks of stomach, liver and cervical cancer, respectively.Tobacco smoking was shown to be significantly associated with higher lung cancer risk and moderately increasedall cancer risk. Excessive alcohol drinking appeared to increase the risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese andbreast cancer in the Korean population. Betel nut chewing was associated with higher risk of oral and esophagealcancer. In terms of diet, various studies have demonstrated that high caloric and fat intake was associated withbreast cancer risk, salted food intake with stomach cancer, aflatoxin B1 with liver cancer, and low fruits andvegetables intake with breast and lung cancer. Environmental exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution,arsenic, radon, asbestos and second hand smoke was shown to increase the lung cancer risk. Reproductivefactors such as late age at first childbirth, early menarche, late menopause, oral contraceptive intake, and shortduration of lifetime lactation were shown to be associated with breast and/or colorectal cancer. Cancer hasclearly become an emerging health threat in Asia and cancer control programs should be actively implementedand evaluated in this region. Various strategies for cancer control have been developed in some Asian countries,including the set-up of national cancer registries, cancer screening programs, education programs for healthbehavior change, eradication of Helicobacter pylori and vaccination for hepatitis B and C viruses, and humanpapilloma virus high risk forms. However, more attention should also be paid to low- and medium-resourceAsian countries where cancer incidence rates are high, but neither intensive research on cancer for planningeffective cancer control programs, nor easy implementation of such programs are available, due to limitedfinancial resources.}, keywords = {Asia,cancer,etiology,risk factors}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24759.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24759_dc15620e4e444fb2692d3c89e4d95757.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Role of Tobacco in the Development of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an Eastern Indian Population}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {381-386}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) accounts for about 30-40% of all cancer types in Indiaand the subcontinent in general. HNSCCs are primarily not hereditary, but rather a disease of older and middleaged adults. Many etiological factors like tobacco, alcohol and HPV infection are known to play importantroles. Eastern India, particularly Kolkata, has a population heavily exposed to various types of smoked andsmokeless tobacco, with only limited exposure to alcoholic beverages. Since there have been no previousepidemiological studies on tobacco as the main risk factor for head and neck carcinogenesis in Kolkata, we herecarried out a hospital based case control study in the city and its adjoin regions. Data from 110 patients diagnosedwith HNSCC and a similar number of matched control samples were analyzed using chi-square (χ2) test. Survivalstatus of the patients was also analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. A tobacco habit was significantlycorrelated with the incidence of HNSCC and persons with current addiction had a 2.17 fold increased risk ofcancer development. Dose-response relationships were seen for the frequency (p=0.01) and duration (p=0.02) oftobacco exposure with the risk. No significant difference in impact was found with smoked as opposed to smokelesstobacco in the development of the disease. Among HNSCC patients, significant poor survival in cases withtobacco habit than in those with no addiction and in cases with >10 years of addiction than in those with ≤ 10years of addiction. Our data suggest that tobacco in both smoked and smokeless forms is the most importantrisk factor for both development and prognosis of HNSCCs and may be a major source of field cancerization onthe head and neck epithelium in the eastern Indian population.}, keywords = {Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,Epidemiology,Tobacco,Eastern India}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24760.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24760_38e4e8d0e79159307c22c0974d2044f6.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Why Do Men Refuse Prostate Cancer Screening? Demographic Analysis in Turkey}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {387-390}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, with a high incidence rates in Turkey. However,the early detection and diagnosis rates are considerably lower among Turkish men as compared with theircounterparts in Western countries. This fact reflects a lack of awareness and fear of prostate cancer as well aslow prevention activities. To reduce the disparities in prostate cancer survival , there is a great need to increasemen’s participation in screening programs. The present study was performed to assess why men do not seekscreening or participate in screening programs, focusing on the demographics of men refusing a free screeningprogram for prostate cancer.}, keywords = {prostate,cancer,Screening,refusal}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24761.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24761_106ce9ccb1ceefc5299b443389800ed6.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Effect of Genetic Predisposition on the Risk of Gallbladder Cancer in Hungary}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {391-396}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {A CYP1A1 polymorphism has been associated with an increased risk for gallbladder cancer (GBC) in Japanesewomen. However, genetic risk factors for GBC in Hungary, where the population has a relatively high GBCincidence, has not been well studied. We therefore tested associations between CYP1A1 T3801C, CYP1A1Ile462Val, GSTM1deletion, and TP53 Arg72Pro and GBC in Hungary. Genomic DNA was extracted fromperipheral blood of 100 controls (52 men and 48 women) and from the tissue embedded in paraffin of 43 cases (6men and 37 women). The case-control analysis was limited to females due to a small number of males. Of 37female cases, 21 (56.8%) were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, and the remaining 16 (43.2%) were classified asnon-adenocarcinoma. The odds ratios (ORs) for the Ile/Val genotype and the Val allele were 8.9 (95% CI: 2.9-27.4) and 4.4 (95% CI: 1.7-11.1), respectively. The occurrence of the combined variant genotypes of CYP1A1Ile462Val and GSTM1 (37.8% vs. 8.3%) or CYP1A1 Ile462Val and TP53 Arg72Pro (24.3% vs. 0%) wassignificantly higher in the cases than in the controls. The Ile/Val genotype was significantly associated with anincreased risk of adenocarcinoma (OR 9.2; 95% CI: 2.6-32.6) and non-adenocarcinoma (OR 8.4; 95% CI: 2.2-32.4). Additionally, the Arg/Pro genotype increased risk of non-adenocarcinoma (OR 3.8; 95% CI: 1.2-12.8).The Val allele may contribute to the development of GBC not only in Japanese but also in Hungarian women.Our results provide a rationale for further studies of genetic variation on the risk of GBC in Hungary.}, keywords = {gallbladder cancer,Single nucleotide polymorphism,CYP1A1-GSTM1-TP53-genetic susceptibility}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24762.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24762_278721f8246a9171bb5ee57bf8cb5029.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Exploring Trends in Laryngeal Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Survival: Implications for Research and Cancer Control}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {397-402}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {South Australian registry data were used to investigate trends in laryngeal cancer age-standardised incidence,mortality and disease-specific survival from 1977 to 2005. Incidence rates decreased by 32% from 1980-84 to2000-05, affecting both sexes and ages under 70 years. There were concurrent reductions in mortality, althoughstatistical significance was not achieved with the numbers of deaths examined (p>0.05). More than other cancers,laryngeal cancers presented in: the 50-79 year age range; males, particularly those born in Southern Europe;UK/Irish migrants; and residents of lower socio-economic areas. Compared with other cancers, laryngeal cancerswere less common in more recent diagnostic periods. The ratio of glottis to other laryngeal cancers was higher inmales, older patients, and those born in Southern Europe, UK/Ireland and Western Europe. A secular increasein this ratio was evident. The five-year survival from laryngeal cancer was 68%, with poorer outcomes applyingfor older patients, non-metropolitan residents, patients with cancers of laryngeal sub-sites other than glottis,and potentially patients born in Southern Europe. Secular changes in survival were not observed. Reductionsin incidence are attributed to decreases in tobacco smoking in males and reductions in per capital alcoholconsumption since the 1970s. The higher ratio of glottis to other laryngeal cancer sub-sites in males may indicatea greater contribution made by tobacco, as opposed to alcohol, in males. The lower survival observed in nonmetropolitanpatients may reflect poorer access to radiation oncology and other specialist services, althoughdelays in diagnosis for other reasons may have contributed.}, keywords = {laryngeal cancer,Incidence,mortality,survival,glottis,other sub-sites,Trends}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24763.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24763_738d1bd63be91ffc0514593e03d83287.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Clinicopathologic Variables and Survival Comparison of Patients with Synchronous Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers versus Primary Endometrial Cancer with Ovarian Metastasis}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {403-408}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objectives: To determine the clinicopathologic variables and survival in the patients with synchronousendometrial and ovarian cancer (synchronous group) compared to the patients with primary endometrial cancerwith ovarian metastasis (metastatic group). Methods: The medical records of 423 endometrial cancer patientswho received primary surgery were reviewed. Fourteen patients were diagnosed as synchronous group while 49patients were diagnosed as metastatic group. Results: The median age in synchronous group was significantlyyounger than metastatic group (47 versus 56 years). More nulliparous and premenopausal patients weredemonstrated in synchronous group. Synchronous group had significantly higher incidence of low grade tumorand lower incidence of deep myometrial invasion. All patients in synchronous group presented in stage Iendometrial cancer. Moreover, most patients (85.7%) presented in early stage ovarian cancer and only 14.3% inadvanced stage ovarian cancer. Synchronous group had better disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival(OS) than metastatic group. Estimated 5 years DFS was 64.2% versus 41.5%, (P = 0.17) and 5 years OS was92.8% versus 48.5% (P = 0.036). Conclusion: The patients in synchronous group were younger, more nulliparousand better prognosis than the patients in metastatic group.}, keywords = {Clinicopathologic variables,Endometrial cancer,synchronous cancers}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24764.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24764_c7d90b8c3f7eab4fc8ac41595a1ae330.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Immediate Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy - Why do Women Choose this Option?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {409-412}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: Mastectomy is an essential but disfiguring operation in cancer treatment. The negative impacton body image can however be prevented by immediate reconstruction. Aim: The aim of this study was todetermine the reasons why patients choose to have or not to have immediate breast reconstruction. Methodology:This is a cross sectional descriptive study of breast cancer patients post-mastectomy who had and had notundergone immediate breast reconstruction. The patients were asked a series of questions to ascertain the reasonswhy they chose or did not choose immediate breast reconstruction. Results: 136 patients in total were interviewedof which 23 had undergone immediate breast reconstruction. 36.8% of the patients had been offeredreconstruction. In the non-reconstructed group, the main reason for not having reconstruction were fear ofadditional surgery. In the group that had reconstruction done, the main reason was to feel whole again. Low onthe list were reasons such as trying to improve marital or sexual relations. Conclusion: Only a third of patientsundergoing mastectomy were offered immediate reconstruction. In public hospitals in developing countries,limited operating time and availability of plastic surgery services are major barriers to more women beingoffered the option.}, keywords = {Immediate breast reconstruction,mastectomy,breast cancer}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24765.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24765_02ab2e4e173d2551a1e37ae64bd40630.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Sex and Seasonal Variations of Plasma Retinol, a-Tocopherol, and Carotenoid Concentrations in Japanese Dietitians}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {413-416}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Aim: To clarify sex and seasonal variations of plasma antioxidant concentrations among middle-aged Japanese.Subjects and Methods: We investigated sex and seasonal variations of plasma antioxidant concentrations,including retinol, α-tocopherol, and carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene,β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and lycopene),in 55 middle-aged dietitians (46 women and 9 men) in Aichi Prefecture, Central Japan, who took no supplementsfrom autumn 1996 to summer 1997. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used tomeasure plasma antioxidant concentrations in overnight-fasting blood samples. Results: Plasma levels of α-tocopherol, α-/β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lutein were significantly influenced by sex, being significantlyhigher for women than men in each corresponding season; retinol and lycopene, however, showed no suchdifference. For women, winter values of α-tocopherol, α-/β-carotene, lutein and lycopene were significantlylower than corresponding summer values, and had reached their annual lowest. Retinol failed to show anysignificant seasonal variation, whereas the winter value of β-cryptoxanthin had reached its annual highest. Formen, β-cryptoxanthin exhibited significant seasonal changes and was also highest in winter. Winter values of α-tocopherol, α-/β-carotene and lycopene were lower compared with other seasons, but not statistically significant,probably due to the small sample size. Conclusions: The findings indicate that sex and seasonal variations ofplasma antioxidant concentrations should be taken into account in nutritional epidemiologic studies.}, keywords = {sex,season,Variation,plasma antioxidants,retinol,α-Tocopherol,Carotenoids}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24766.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24766_26738bdf92c44a2a8803feb24e16e1bc.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Statistical Comparison of Survival Models for Analysis of Cancer Data}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {417-420}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: The Cox Proportional Hazard model is the most popular technique to analysis the effects ofcovariates on survival time but under certain circumstances parametric models may offer advantages overCox’s model. In this study we use Cox regression and alternative parametric models such as: Weibull, Exponentialand Lognormal models to evaluate prognostic factors affecting survival of patients with stomach cancer.Comparisons were made to find the best model. Methods: To determine independent prognostic factors reducingsurvival time for stomach cancer, we compared parametric and semi-parametric methods applied to patientswho registered in one cancer registry center located in southern Iran using the Akaike Information Criterion.Results: Of a total of 442 patients, 266 (60.2%) died. The results of data analysis using Cox and parametricmodels were approximately similar. Patients with ages 60-75 and >75 years at diagnosis had an increased riskfor death followed by those with poor differentiated grade and presence of distant metastasis (P<0.05). Conclusion:Although the Hazard Ratio in Cox model and parametric ones are approximately similar, according to AkaikeInformation Criterion, the Weibull and Exponential models are the most favorable for survival analysis.}, keywords = {stomach cancer,Prognosis,Cox regression,Parametric models,AIC}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24767.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24767_ca81e3801127940198fccdcd9a2d2768.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Uterine Sarcoma: Clinicopathological Characteristics, Treatment and Outcome in Iran}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {421-426}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: Uterine sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous tumors with histopathological diversity characterizedby rapid clinical progression and a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical andhistopathological characteristics together with treatment and outcome of Iranian patients with uterine sarcomas.Materials and methods: Records of 57 patients with histologically verified uterine sarcoma treated at the Valie-Asr Hospital were reviewed (1999-2004). Results:The lesions were 19 leomyosarcoma (LMSs), 17 malignantmixed Mullerian tumors (MMMT), 16 endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESSs), 3 unspecified sarcomas, 2rabdomyosarcomas. Median age at diagnosis was 50 (17-81) years. Clinical stages (based on FIGO) were 30with stage I disease, 9 with stage II, 12 with stage III and 6 with stage IV. Only one patientdid not undergosurgery and most cases with LMS and ESS were treated with simple total hysterectomy (STH). Forty patients(out of 57) received adjuvant radiotherapy. The median follow-up period was 19 (2-96) months and mediandisease free period was 16 (1-86) months. The overall survival rates after 1, 2, and 5 years were 71%, 58% and52%, respectively. Survival was related to histological type of ESS (p=0.0018), grade I (p=0.0032) and earlystage (p=0.045) significantly, but was not linked to postoperative irradiation. However, local recurrence ratewas significantly improved after adjuvant radiotherapy. Twenty-one patients had relapse, 16 in the pelvic and 5in extrapelvic sites. Conclusion: Based on the findings in this series, prognosis is dependent on histopathologicalsubtype, grade and tumor stage. Adjuvant radiotherapy decreases local recurrence rate, but without significantimpact on survival.}, keywords = {Uterine sarcoma,Iranian patients,survival,Chemotherapy,radiotherapy}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24768.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24768_7f94ba7ab75f2a5130cc8b0239edff4f.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Development of a Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire for Dietary Studies - Focus on Vitamin C Intake}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {427-432}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The present work aimed to provide a basis for examination of intake of selected food items determined witha semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) and planned-food selection (PFS). From Februaryto July of 2003, ninety one cancer patients and 90 matched (sex and age ± 5 years) non-cancer patients weredirectly interviewed by trained interviewers using the designed questionnaire at the inpatient-department ofViet Duc hospital, Ha Noi City, Viet Nam. Study subjects consumed more SQFFQ-food items than PFS-fooditems, so that the latter method might not accurately reflect dietary habits regarding estimation of nutrientintake, especially vitamins. Because these are beneficial factors acting against cancer development at manysites, the absence of food items selected by SQFFQ may result in a poor database regarding possible confoundingfactors. For futher clarification we then focused on vitamin C contributions of Vietnamese food and analyzeddata of the National Nutritional Household Survey in 2000: 7,686 households throughout the country (vitaminC intake status) and 158 households with 741 persons of the population of Hanoi city (individual food itemscontributing to vitamin C). Direct interview using a validated questionnaire with an album of current Vietnamesefood items-recipes and weighing checks was conducted to obtain information regarding all types of food intakeover the last 24-hours. Contribution analysis using the Nutritive Composition Table of Vietnamese Foods, revision2000, and stepwise regression analysis was applied. Average intake adjusted by ages of vitamin C per person perday was estimated. In total, the study subjects were found to currently consume 184 food items. Average intakeof vitamin C was 72.5 mg per person per day at the national level: 57.9% from leafy vegetables, 33.4% fromfresh fruits, and 6.4% from non-leafy vegetables. For vitamin C contribution, the highest 25 food items contributedto a cumulative 95.3% of vitamin C intake with a cumulative R2=0.99.}, keywords = {Dietary influence,semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire,Vitamin C,Sources,Viet Nam}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24790.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24790_14768aef5d401573fb9256ae417dfe80.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Trends in the Incidence of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in India}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {433-436}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is the 11th most common cause of cancer incidence. It is most frequent in highincome countries, with rates more than twice those of middle - to low – income countries. It is usually fatal, witha 5 year survival rate of less than 35 percent. It is not a single cancer, but rather a wide group of cancers(including entities such as Burkitt’s lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma), each with a districtgeographical distribution, development path, age profile and prognosis. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is increasingin incidence world wide. On this background, in this paper an attempt has been made to study the trends inNon-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in various Indian populations in both sexes.}, keywords = {Trends,non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,Incidence,India}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24791.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24791_09a132e841b1149c476aba6cdc8bcae8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Clinical Evaluation of 5-Fluorouracil from Transdermal Patches on EAC and DLA Cell-induced Tumors in Mice}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {437-440}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was formulate and clinically evaluate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) transdermal patches.Cytotoxicity was measured by exposing cell suspensions to increasing concentrations of drug from 10-100 μg/mland performing viable cell counts by the trypan blue exclusion method. Results confirmed 100 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml of 5-FU to be cytotoxic to EAC and DLA cells. In mice, increase in the life span (ILS) by 87.1% with amaximum survival time of 30.5 ±1.87 days was found with EAC cell-induced tumors, with an ILS of 88.1% anda maximum survival time of 39.5 ± 1.87 days for DLA cell-induced lesions with 5-FU transdermal patches. Theresults were statistically significant (p<0.01) compared to untreated controls. Pharmacokinetic studies in rabbitsshowed a t1/2 of 29 ± 6 min, a Cmax (ng/ml) of 978.23, an AUC0-∞ (ng/ml/h) of 1213.73 ±14 and a Tmax (h) of0.5. 5-FU from transdermal patches exhibited a half-life of 95 ± 0.5 min, a Cmax (ng/ml) of 863.25, an AUC0-∞(ng/ml/h) of 1567 ± 36 and a Tmax (h) of 1.5. Velcro protection jackets proved suitable in this study to stop micelicking, scratching and rubbing applied patches.}, keywords = {5-fluorouracil,transdermal patch delivery,Cytotoxicity,pharmacokinetics}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24792.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24792_43ee89d6e187a30031dfb697a0c536f2.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Underlying Histopathology of HIV-infected Women with Squamous Cell Abnormalities on Cervical Cytology}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {441-444}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {This study was undertaken to evaluate the underlying histopathology of HIV-infected women who hadabnormal cervical cytology. HIV-infected women with abnormal cervical cytology undergoing colposcopy atChiang Mai University Hospital between January 2001 and February 2008 were reviewed. The cohorts werematched and compared with an HIV-negative group. During the study period, 65 HIV-infected women withabnormal cervical cytology were available for review. The abnormal cervical smears were atypical squamouscell (9), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (22), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (27), andsquamous cell carcinoma (7). When stratified by severity of abnormal cytology, HIV-infected women had ahigher risk of having cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II or higher, whether the cervical smear showed lowgrade(P=0.01) or high-grade abnormality (P=0.04) compared with the HIV negative group. After adjustmentby age, parity, and menopausal status, HIV-infected women had 2.56 times the risk of having CIN II or higher(69.2% of HIV-infected women compared with 47.7% of HIV negative women; 95% CI=1.21-5.40, P=0.01). Inconclusion, HIV-infected women with abnormal Pap smears are a population subset with higher risk of significantcervical lesions, irrespective of severity of abnormal cervical smears.}, keywords = {cervical cytology,Human Immunodeficiency Virus,histopathology,risk factors}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24793.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24793_3b374ec8e83d003654961ad8d63bfce5.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Does the Pre-operative Value of Serum CA15-3 Correlate with Survival in Breast Cancer?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {445-448}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: CA15-3 is a well-known tumour marker for breast cancer. Currently it is not recommendedfor screening or diagnosis of breast cancer and its main application is in monitoring response to treatment inwomen with metastatic breast cancer The aim of this study was to correlate serum CA15-3 at presentation withthe stage of disease and overall survival in women with breast cancer in the University Malaya Medical Centre.Methods: This is a retrospective study of 437 women who had CA15-3 levels determined at initial presentationof breast cancer to UMMC between Jan 1999 and Oct 2003. Results: Of those patients who were adequatelystaged, CA15-3 was found to be elevated (defined as >51 U/ml) in 0% of Stage 1, 7.9% of Stage 2, 36.7% of Stage3 and 68.6% of Stage 4 cases. In a subset of 331 patients with survival data, patients with normal CA15-3 hada 85% five year overall survival rate compared to 38% in their counterparts with elevation of the tumor marker.The level of elevation was also significantly related to survival; patients with values more than 200 U/ml exhibitedonly a 28% five year survival. The association of elevated CA15-3 at initial presentation with poor outcome wasmaintained over univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusion: Estimation of CA15-3 at presentation ofbreast cancer is important as it is an independent prognostic indicator and may prompt the physician to investigatefor metastases if elevated.}, keywords = {CA15-3,breast cancer,survival,Prognostic marker}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24794.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24794_f89455e811a0662653ef61f663fe33e5.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Changes in Functional Status and Physical and Psychological Symptoms in Women Receiving Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {449-452}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Aims: This study was planned to determine whether there were changes in breast cancer women’s functionalstatus and presence of physical and psychological symptoms before and after chemotherapy. Methods: Theresearch sample comprised 101 women with breast cancer receiving oncology services at university hospitals(Pamukkale and Ege Universities) in two cities in western Turkey (Izmir and Denizli) who volunteered toparticipate in the study. The Patient and Medical Information Questionnaire, Symptoms List, and the Inventoryof Functional Status-Cancer (IFS-CA) were used for data collection to determine the functional status . Results:According to the IFS-CA in the examination of the women’s functional status the after chemotherapy scoreswere lower and significantly different for household and family activities (p<0.0001), social and communityactivities (p<0.0001), personal care activities (p<0.0001) and occupational activities (p<0.003). Similarly therewas also a statistically significant increase in presence of physical and psychological symptoms after chemotherapy,particularly affected the personal care activities subscale of the functional status inventory. Conclusions: It wasdetermined that the worsening of the functional status of breast cancer women was associated with chemotherapyand more physical and psychological discomforts were experienced.}, keywords = {breast cancer,functional status,Chemotherapy,symptom list}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24795.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24795_019bffb8fc06226ac429f34c59ab8d75.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Extranodal Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas - A Retrospective Review of Clinico-Pathologic Features and Outcomes in Comparison with Nodal Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {453-458}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: The primary objective of this study was to analyze the anatomic distribution, clinical featuresand outcome of Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients according to the primary site (extranodal vs.nodal) with applicability of International Prognostic Index (IPI). Methodology: A retrospective review (1988 to2004) of 557 cases of DLBC. Results: The median age was 48.7 ± 15.3 years; M:F ratio was 2:1. The distributionaccording to the primary site was: lymph node (N-NHL), 322 cases (58%) of which 145(44%) were stage IV, 76(23%) stage III, 60 (18%) stage II and 47 (15%) stage I. The extra nodal sites (EN-NHL) 235 (42%) casesincluded gastro-intestinal tract (44%), upper aerodigestive tract (19%), bones (8%), spine (5%), and unusualsites less than 3% each as breast, CNS, testis, lungs and skin. The median survival rate was 4.8 years and 6.3years in N-NHL and EN-NHL respectively. In the latter this varied greatly depending on the primary site andstage of disease at presentation. In the univariate analysis factors associated with good prognosis were: age lessthan 60 years, early stage (I-II), extranodal involvement primarily gastric or bone, 0-1 extranodal site, 0-1performance status, lack of B symptoms and normal LDH level. In the multivariate analysis age, performancestatus, stage of disease and level of LDH were the main variables predicting overall survival; no nodal or extranodalsite maintained their prognostic value. Conclusion: Patients with EN-NHL present more frequently with earlystage disease then those with N-NHL; overall survival in both groups largely depended on IPI and not on the siteof origin of the malignancy.}, keywords = {Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) - Extranodal NHL - Nodal NHL - Karachi,Pakistan}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24796.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24796_2a1d2b382ccd3052e27f1fcf483a259e.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {The Cost-Effectiveness of a Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Taiwan}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {459-466}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: A quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV 6/11/16/18) vaccine has recently received regulatoryapproval in Taiwan for the prevention of cervical carcinoma, high-grade cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelialneoplasia 2/3 [CIN 2/3]), low-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 1), high-grade vulvar and vaginal dysplasia, andexternal genital warts. Objective: To examine the potential long-term epidemiologic and economic consequencesof a quadrivalent HPV (6/11/16/18) vaccination program in Taiwan. Methods: A transmission dynamic modelwas used to estimate the long-term epidemiologic and economic consequences of quadrivalent HPV vaccination.Two vaccination strategies were evaluated in conjunction with current cervical cancer screening: 1) vaccinationof 12-year-old girls and 2) vaccination of 12-year-old girls with a temporary 5-year catch-up vaccination offemales aged 12–24 years (catch-up). Results: From an epidemiologic perspective, both vaccination strategiesreduce the overall incidence of HPV 16/18–related cervical cancer relative to no vaccination by 91% duringyear 100 following vaccine introduction. Likewise, both vaccination strategies reduce the incidence of CIN 2/3,CIN 1, and genital warts by ~90%, 86%, and 94%, respectively, at this time point. However, the catch-upprogram consistently achieves greater benefit earlier than the 12-year-old program. The catch-up strategy isboth more effective and efficient than the strategy that vaccinates 12-year-old girls only, with an incrementalcost-effectiveness ratio of New Taiwan dollars (NT$) 410,477 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Conclusions:The results from this model suggest that in Taiwan, prophylactic HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccination of females can 1)substantially reduce genital warts, CIN, and cervical cancer, 2) improve quality of life and survival, and 3) becost-effective when implemented as a vaccination strategy that includes a temporary catch-up program.}, keywords = {cervical cancer,Prevention,quadrivalent HPV vaccine,Cost-Effectiveness,Taiwan}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24797.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24797_c9ea094b20bce8aa35d45a6d8ba85d3f.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Why are Turkish Children at Risk of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Their Homes?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {467-472}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objectives: Children are at greater risk than adults to the effects of inhaling environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) especially in their homes. The aim of this study was to assess parents’ knowledge regarding the risks ofETS to the health of their children and the barriers to reducing children’s ETS exposure. Methods: Qualitativeresearch was performed for 50 households in which children were to exposed ETS were selected randomly fromthe questionnaire respondents for home-based interview. We conducted a total of 53 home-based interviewsand collected information from parents regarding their knowledge of ETS effects, smoking behavior at home,barriers to quitting smoking or reducing ETS exposure, social attitudes toward parents who ban smoking, andthe impact of the smoke-free legislation. Results: Passive smoking was not a well recognized term but parentsrecognized that it causes harmful health effects. Some parents reported that their health care professionals didnot inform them about the dangers of ETS. Parents restricted smoking in their homes, with a range of spatialrestrictions which were frequently modified by family relation factors, the desire to be seen to act in socially andmorally acceptable ways. The meaning of hospitality as social habits and traditions were important underlyingfactors. Conclusion: Knowledge levels, relationships with family and friends and the social and cultural contextin which families live play important roles in the management of smoke exposure in Turkish homes. Despitethese factors, awareness of the risks of ETS and smoke free legislation can provide opportunities to supportpeople attain smoke-free homes}, keywords = {Turkish children,environmental tobacco smoke,passive smoking,interview research}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24798.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24798_854ff2976ab07d499a0ac364f6fa5b1d.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Is Kelantan Joining the Global Cancer Epidemic? - Experience from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia; 1987-2007}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {473-478}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: To determine the trend of cancer cases in one major hospital in Kelantan over a 20 year periodfrom 1987 to 2007 and to speculate the change in trend due to the socio-economic and other health status in thestate. Methodology: All data on clinically diagnosed cancer cases in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia [HUSM]were retrieved from the hospital medical records. The cancers were classified according to ICD10 and scrutinizedto avoid duplicate or more entries. The increment in cancer incidence was calculated based on total numbers ofcancer cases per each 5-6 year period. Results: A total of 12,228 solid cancers were diagnosed during the period.There is an increment of 20.1% for 1991-1996 from 1987-1990 period, 67.4% for 1997-2001 from 1991-1996period and 305.9% for 2002-2007 from the 1997-2001 period. The rise was steep in the last 5-6 years. Afterexcluding referred cases from states outside Kelantan, the increments were 20.1%, 67.4% and 143.6% for theconsecutive 5-6 year periods. The predominant rising trends were seen for cancers of the female organs, digestivetract and endocrine organs. Conclusion: Cancer cases in HUSM are showing a rising trend, associated withincreasing prevalence of smoking, obesity and diabetes in the community served by the hospital. Since HUSMis the only hospital managing cancer in the state of Kelantan, to reduce cancer incidence in the state, life-styleissues need to be addressed.}, keywords = {Cancer trend,diabetes link,obesity link,smoking link,goitre link}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24799.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24799_beeb28fb0854a2ff6a167f5c63499c9f.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {An Indirect Study of Cancer Survival in the Context of Developing Countries}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {479-486}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {With classical approaches, survival refers to the life of a person after diagnosis of disease, and survivalstudies deal with measurement of the same to evaluate overall performance of a group of patients in terms ofquality and quantity of life after diagnosis/treatment. There are numerous difficulties in the conduct of apopulation-based survival study in the context of developing countries, including India. Loss to follow-up is atypical problem encountered, causing biased estimates. In view of this difficulty with the classical approach, theobjective of this study was to propose an indirect methodology for the study of survival. Proposed methodologyis based on life table techniques and uses current data on incidence and mortality from the disease. It involvesthe estimation of person years free of disease (PYFD), person years with disease (PYWD), person years of lifelost (PYLL) and average duration of disease (ADD) and their comparison over a time period. Empiricalapplication was carried out for mouth and lung cancers in males and cancers of breast and cervix in females aswell as for all sites combined together in each sex. Cancer incidence and mortality data by age and sex for theyears 1989, 1993, 1997 and 2001 were obtained from published reports of Mumbai Cancer Registry, India. Allcauses of deaths for these years were obtained from Mumbai Municipal Corporation. Three life tables wereconstructed by applying various attrition factors: (a) risk of death from all causes; (b) risk of incidence and thatof death from other causes; and (c) risk of death from other causes only. The expectation of life from the secondlife table gave PYFD. PYWD and PYLL were calculated by suitable subtractions among three expectations oflife. ADD was calculated by dividing person years lived with disease by number developing the disease. It wasnoted that during 1993-2001, PYFD for all sites increased from 59.4 to 62.1 and from 63.8 to 66 years in malesand females respectively. PYLL was about 0.8 year in males and 1 year in females. Similarly, PYWD was 0.6 and1 year in males and females. ADD for all sites varied from 4 to 4.7 years in both sexes. It was about 6 years formouth cancers and 2 years for lung cancers in males and 4-5 years for breast and cervical cancers in females.Validation of the ADD was carried out by comparison with published data for calculating median duration ofdisease. Given the difficulties in conduct of classical survival studies, the proposed method may provide a usefultool for having a regular audit of prognostic factors in the community.}, keywords = {Indirect survival study,life table technique,average duration of disease,India,major cancers}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24800.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24800_0b619599dc8ec1f6698030124329ce22.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients - A Quantile Regression Analysis}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {487-490}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Quality of life study has an important role in health care especially in chronic diseases, inclinical judgment and in medical resources supplying. Statistical tools like linear regression are widely used toassess the predictors of quality of life. But when the response is not normal the results are misleading. The aimof this study is to determine the predictors of quality of life in breast cancer patients, using quantile regressionmodel and compare to linear regression. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted on 119 breast cancer patientsthat admitted and treated in chemotherapy ward of Namazi hospital in Shiraz. We used QLQ-C30 questionnaireto assessment quality of life in these patients. A quantile regression was employed to assess the assocciatedfactors and the results were compared to linear regression. All analysis carried out using SAS. Results: Themean score for the global health status for breast cancer patients was 64.92±11.42. Linear regression showedthat only grade of tumor, occupational status, menopausal status, financial difficulties and dyspnea werestatistically significant. In spite of linear regression, financial difficulties was not significant in quantile regressionanalysis for and dyspnea was only significant for first quartile. Also emotion functioning and duration of diseasewere statistically predicted QOL's score in third quartile. Conclusion: The results have demonstrated that usingquantile regression leads to better interpretation and richer inference about predictors of breast cancer patient'squality of life.}, keywords = {Quality of Life,Iranian breast cancer,quantile regression,linear regression,QLQ-C30}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24801.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24801_2f5c86c01005858b8b30a6c8ddc9247c.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home in Seoul, Korea}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {491-496}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {There is little information about Korean children’s secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home. This paperexamines the extent and determinants of their SHS exposure at home. A population-based random digit dialtelephone survey was conducted in 2002 with 500 adults in Seoul. We analyzed data for 207 adults with childrenliving in the household. Thirty-one percent of respondents reported children’s SHS exposure at home. Themean weekly dose was 5 cigarettes among exposed children. Multiple logistic regression results showed thatchildren’s odds of SHS exposure at home increased if the respondent or spouse smoked, if the respondent’sparent smoked, if smoking was allowed in the home, and if fewer groups discouraged smoking. Stronger protectivemeasures are urged, such as widespread increase in home smoking bans and discouragement of smoking.}, keywords = {children,environmental tobacco smoke,secondhand smoke,Home,Korea,smoking ban}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24802.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24802_9bf9a3f69afee5730ba5af0fb78e6ea5.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Radiotherapy-related Tiredness in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {497-500}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Tiredness may be caused by the brain injury due to the tumor or the treatment in patients with glioblastomamultiforme (GBM). Some patients describe a sense of tiredness particularly after radiation or oral chemotherapy.To evaluate tiredness level of patients with GBM during preoperative, postoperative and radiotherapy we hereeamined a sample of 38 patients. Data were collected over six months in a neurosurgery clinic. Patients assignedto Group I were given a booklet and information about radiotherapy, oral temozolomide and tiredness. GroupII received only the booklet. The chi-squared test were used to determine differences in tiredness betweenGroup I and Group II, with Spearman’s correlation for post-radiotherapy results (3 and 6 months postoperative).In conclusion, the level of tiredness was assessed to be significantly better in Group I than in Group II. Levels oftiredness in patients with GBM were greatly affected by the radiotherapy and oral chemotherapy (temozolomide).}, keywords = {Glioblastoma Multiforme,radiotherapy,tiredness}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24803.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24803_a8c4b04bf210a2bd4c6d40d5efe7747c.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Genotype-phenotype Relationship between DNA Repair Gene Genetic Polymorphisms and DNA Repair Capacity}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {501-505}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Genotype-phenotype relationships between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes and DNA repaircapacity were evaluated in a case-control study of breast cancer. Selected DNA repair genes included were thoseinvolved in double-strand break repair (ATM, XRCC2, XRCC4, XRCC6, LIG4, RAD51, RAD52), base excisionrepair (LIG1), nucleotide excision repair (ERCC1), and mismatch repair (hMLH1). The subjects consisted ofhistologically confirmed breast cancer cases (n=132) and controls (n=75) with no present or previous history ofcancer. Seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms of 10 genes (ATM -5144A>T, IVS21+1049T>C, IVS33-55T>C,IVS34+60G>A, and 3393T>G, XRCC2 31479G/A, XRCC4 921G/T, XRCC6 1796G/T, LIG4 1977T/C, RAD51135G/C, 172G/T, RAD52 2259C/T, LIG1 583A/C, ERCC1 8092A/C, 354C/T, hMLH1 5’ region -93G/A, 655A/G)were determined by TaqMan assay (ATM) or MALDI-TOF (all other genes). DNA repair capacity was measuredby a host cell reactivation assay of repair of ultraviolet damage. The DNA repair capacity (%) did not differbetween cases (median 37.2, interquartile range: 23.6-59.6) and controls (median 32.7, interquartile range:26.7-53.2). However, DNA repair capacity significantly differed by the genotypes of ATM and RAD51 genesamong cancer-free controls. Our findings suggest that DNA repair capacity might be influenced by geneticpolymorphisms of DNA damage response genes and DNA repair genes.}, keywords = {DNA Repair,genetic polymorphisms,physiological influence,Breast Neoplasms}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24804.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24804_516af7c480e127f8458455fbb8980d45.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Children in Khon Kaen before and after National Hepatitis B Vaccine Pogram}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {507-510}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the most important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatitis B vaccination has been obligatory in the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Khon Kaensince 1990. Objective: To compare the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children in Khon Kaen provincebefore and after the introduction of national hepatitis B vaccination program. Methods: Cases of liver tumors inchildren under 18, diagnosed during 1985-2007, were retrieved from the population-based cancer registry ofKhon Kaen. Patients were divided into 2 groups, vaccinated and non-vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine regardingthe year of birth before or after 1990. Patients with diagnosis of liver cancer from any basis of diagnosis inpopulation-based registration, except hepatoblastoma, were included. Patients without verified histology wereassumed as having hepatocellular carcinoma if the age at diagnosis was over 10. Age-standardized incidencerates (ASRs) were analyzed and expressed as numbers per 1,000,000 population. Results: Fifteen patients aged13 to 18 years were included to this study. The mean and median ages at diagnosis were 15.7 and 15 yearsrespectively. Four children had a verified histology (age 14 to 18 years, median and mean = 16). The remaining11 patients were diagnosed based on history & physical examination, radiology and death certificate, at theaged of 13 to 18 years. The ASRs for liver cancer in children over 10 years of age of non-vaccinated and vaccinatedchildren were 0.88 and 0.07 per million respectively (p = 0.039). When calculated by including children at orolder the 5 years of age, the ASRs for non-vaccinated and vaccinated cases were 0.97 and 0.24 per millionrespectively (p = 0.007). Conclusions: The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly lower in Thaichildren who receive hepatitis B vaccine at birth.}, keywords = {Hepatocellular carcinoma,Incidence,children,HBV Vaccine}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24805.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24805_45e432ffb6a4989bc2d17baa52b5130b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Agreement Between Birthplace and Self-reported Ethnicity in a Population-based Mammography Service}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {511-514}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Ethnicity is associated with genetic, environmental, lifestyle and social constructs. Difficult todefine using a single variable, but strongly predictive of health outcomes and useful for planning healthcareservices, it is often lacking in administrative databases, necessitating the use of a surrogate measure. A potentialsurrogate for ethnicity is birthplace. Our aim was to measure the agreement between birthplace and ethnicityamong six major ethic groups as recorded at the population-based mammography service for British Columbia,Canada (BC). Methods: We used records from the most-recent visits of women attending the ScreeningMammography Program of British Columbia to cross-tabulate women’s birthplaces and self-reported ethnicities,and separately considered results for the time periods 1990-1999 and 2000-2006. In general, we combined countriesaccording to the system adopted by the United Nations, and defined ethnic groups that correspond to the nationgroups. The analysis considered birthplaces and corresponding ethnicities for South Asia, East/Southeast Asia,North Europe, South Europe, East Europe, West Europe and all other nations combined. We used the kappastatistic to measure the concordance between self-reported ethnicity and birthplace. Results: Except for the“Other” category, the most-common birthplace was East/Southeast Asia and the most-common ethnicity wasEast/Southeast Asian. The agreement between birthplace and self-reported ethnicity was poor overall, asevidenced by kappa scores of 0.22 in both 1990-1999 and 2000-2006. There was substantial agreement betweenethnicity and birthplace for South Asians, excellent agreement for East/Southeast Asians, but poor agreementfor Europeans. Conclusion: Birthplace can be used as a surrogate for ethnicity amongst people with SouthAsian and East/Southeast Asian ethnicity in BC.}, keywords = {ethnicity,birthplace,Agreement,administrative data}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24806.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24806_e5ad684e282ca2ff12937d7c2d80ff69.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Health Promotion Lifestyle and Cancer Screening Behaviors: A Survey among Academician Women}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {515-518}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Breast self examination (BSE), screening mammography and Pap smear screening can significantly reducemortality from breast and cervical cancer. In an effort to understand the factors that influence BSE,mammography, and Pap smear behavior of woman academicians, we here explored the relation between healthpromotion life-style and women’s cancer screening practice. A total of 750 woman academicians working in auniversity were enrolled, 350 of them responding to the survey. The study instruments used were the HealthPromotion Life-Style Profile (HPLP) scale and a questionnaire of demographic data. There was a significantrelationship between age-group, marital status, presence of cancer in the family, history of cervical erosion anddoing BSE, having mammography and a Pap smear. Additionally, both the general mean and nearly all domainsof HPLP were significantly related to BSE, mammography, and Pap smear behavior. This study demonstratedstrong relationships between breast and cervical cancer screening behavior and health promoting lifestyle inthis subgroup of women, making an important contribution to understanding the factors influencing women’shealth behavior.}, keywords = {breast cancer,cervical cancer,mammography,Papanicalou test,Screening,Health promotion}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24807.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24807_699ee80ca63614ba18f86ac2c1d4b4d4.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Outcome of Interval Debulking in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Patients}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {519-524}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Interval debulking and neoadjuvant chemotherapy have been used in management of advanced epithelialovarian cancer for many years in order to achieve optimal residual disease and reduce surgical morbidity. Thepresent study was conducted to evaluate the outcomes of advanced ovarian cancer patients treated with thesetwo approaches prior to cytoreductive surgery in Chiang Mai University Hospital between January 2001 andDecember 2006. The medical records of 29 patients who met the criteria were retrospectively reviewed. Mosthad stage IIIC serous cystadenocarcinomas. We found that the 5 year progression free survival and overallsurvival were 10% and 22% while the median values were 13 months and 34 months, respectively. Multivariateanalysis showed that a suboptimal residual tumor volume was a statistically significant adverse prognosticfactor for overall survival. In conclusion, interval debulking surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy beforecytoreductive surgery lead to a more favorable outcome with advanced epithelial ovarian cancers.}, keywords = {Interval debulking,Neoadjuvant chemotherapy,advanced epithelial ovarian cancer}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24808.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24808_d6c21617f1455daaef43bdd7f81355df.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Spectrum of Malignancies in Allahabad, North India: A Hospital-based study}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {525-528}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: To study the spectrum of malignancies in the Allahabad region of North India. This was a hospitalbased analysis of malignancies from January 1991 to October 2006. Materials and Methods: The basic informationin the cancer registry included data on personal identification, demographic characteristics, diagnosis, primarysite and morphology of tumours. The basis of diagnosis was histological examination of the biopsy material.Results: Total of 58,031 biopsies were examined, out of which 3,133 (5.4%) were diagnosed as malignancies. Ofthese, 1,893 (60.4%) patients were males and 1,240 (39.6%) were females, yielding a male: female sex ratio of1.5:1. The majority of cases (2,772, 88.5%) were above the age of 30, with predominance at 41-50 years of agegroup (804, 25.6%). Most commonly reported tumours were those of oral cavity (370; 11.8%), oesophagus (267;8.5%), stomach (239, 7.6%), oropharynx (207, 6.6%), cervix (192, 6.1%), breast (190, 6.0%), larynx (101, 3.2%),skin (81, 3.2%), prostate (77, 2.4%) and the urinary bladder (66, 2.1%). Conclusions: It is concluded from thisretrospective study of tumours reported at this hospital over 16 years, that oral and oropharyngeal malignancieswere the commonest malignancies in men, while in females, carcinoma of cervix and breast were the mostfrequent.}, keywords = {Spectrum of malignancies - hospital/pathology-based - Allahabad,North India}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24809.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24809_af69ccc0c5da5db4bc80bb8a3dda408e.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Estimating the Burden of Head and Neck Cancers in the Public Health Sector of Pakistan}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {529-532}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {This study was designed to establish the burden of head and neck cancers (HNCA) in public sector basedcancer centres of Pakistan. Data were obtained from the central body governing all the cancer centres in thecountry. The frequency of treated HNCAs out of the total body cancers treated across Pakistan was found to be14.5%. Highest prevalence rates amongst all cancers were noted in Sind, notably in Karachi and Jamshoro,followed by Multan in Punjab and as much lower frequency in Peshawar in the North West Frontier Province.This variation presumably reflects levels of betel quid consumption but more data are needed to be gathered ina comprehensive way if the findings are to be applicable for improvement of the national cancer control program.}, keywords = {Head and neck cancers,Frequency,Cancer registry data,Pakistan}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24810.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24810_5a2c6fd7f916163f09763f2b1cf5061b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Time Trends in the Incidence of Cancer Cervix in Karachi South, 1995-2002}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {533-536}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: The objective of the study was to determine the trends of cancer cervix in Karachi Southduring an eight (1995-2002) year period. Methodology: Cancer cervix cases recorded at Karachi Cancer Registryduring 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2002 were analyzed. Trends were studied by analyzing the agestandardized incidence rates (ASR)s in 2 time periods, 1995-97 and 1998-2002. Results: Cancer cervix rankedsixth in the 1995-97 period the age standardized incidence rate (ASR) world and crude incidence rate (CIR) per100,000 were 6.81 and 3.22. It reached the fifth ranking in the 1998-2002 period with an ASR and CIR of 7.5and 4.0 per 100,000. Thus between 1995 and 2002, the incidence of cervical cancer registered an approximate10% increase. The mean age of the cancer cases was 53.27 years (SD 11.6; 95% CI 50.58, 55.96; range 32-85years) and 50.68 years (SD 11.7; 95% CI 48.8, 52.5; range 51 years) in period 1 and 2 respectively. Themorphological components of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma remained stable during this period,though a marginally higher component and increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma was observed throughout.A negligible down staging was observed in the 1998-2002 period. Localized malignancy was observed in 30.8%in period 2 as compared to 25.7% in period 1 and the component of carcinoma in situ increased from 0%percent in period 1 to 1.3% in the second period. Despite this two thirds of the cases still presented with aregional or distant spread of disease. Conclusion: Pakistan at present falls into a low risk cancer cervix region.The cause of concern is the steadily increasing incidence especially in the younger birth cohorts, the advanceddisease at presentation; insignificant in-situ cancers and no preventive intervention or awareness practices inplace.}, keywords = {Cancer cervix - time trends - Karachi,Pakistan}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24811.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24811_e6327ae2f2502a3b3c27e11372e66ab0.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Health Informatics & Information System: An Integrated Evidence-Base Tool for Colorectal Cancer Screening}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {537-540}, year = {2008}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Application of health informatics, especially for screening process of colorectal cancer, is a most effectiveand cost efficient method for monitoring, management and prevention of disease. Information systems havecapability for sharing and integration of information among the many stakeholders involved in colorectal cancercontrol (participant, family physician, specialist, hospitals, laboratories, and pharmacist). In this paper, weprovide comprehensive survey applications and functions of health informatics and information systems inpreventing colorectal cancer and management of screening process. Furthermore, we cover different models,infrastructures and standards for reporting and distribution of information at the international level, with dueattention to security and privacy issues. The information furnished in this article was collected from validmedical databases by medical librarians.}, keywords = {Health Informatics,Management,colorectal cancer,Screening}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24812.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24812_6e8df91ff2ee546b1fbee582a08a52c4.pdf} }