@article { author = {}, title = {Comments on the Future of the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (and Control) and the Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention (and Control)}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {533-534}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {In this follow-up I include one more letter and have made an attempt to make a list of concrete measures thatthe APOCP/UICC-ARO could undertake to ensure the future success of the APJCP in assisting the cancerresearchers of the Asian-Pacific.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24959.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24959_7a0b6ea13b270133ccbaecd5ee96d583.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Interactions between Reactive Oxygen Species and Cancer: the Roles of Natural Dietary Antioxidants and their Molecular Mechanisms of Action}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {535-544}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural products inevitably generated along with cellular metabolism.Due to their extreme reactivity, they can damage DNA, proteins and lipids. Dietary antioxidants have beenshown to take part in cellular reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions in which they can act as either antioxidants(election donors) or pro-oxidants (election acceptors) depending on the physiological environment and generaloxidative state. Organisms have developed efficient machinery and mechanisms to keep the production of ROSunder tight control, these same mechanisms have also been found to regulate other intracellular processes. p53is a sequence-specific transcription factor and critical tumour suppressor gene that is most frequently mutatedin human cancer. Cancer, one of the leading causes of death worldwide, can now be ameliorated, blocked orreversed with ubiquitous polyphenolic and organosulphur compounds present in natural dietary antioxidants.}, keywords = {reactive oxygen species,DNA damage,cancer,antioxidant phytochemicals}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24960.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24960_b1cba0c47fcba2fba09bb4b68356a128.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Effects of Reproductive Factors on Risk of Breast Cancer: A Literature Review}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {545-550}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Breast cancer is the leading women’s cancer worldwide. However, there are geographical considerabledifferences with high rates of disease in North America and North Europe and relatively low rates in Africa andAsia. This article reviews the effects of reproductive factors on risk of breast cancer : early menarche, nulliparityor late age at first birth, late menopause, as well as hormonal factors. Knowing risk factors of breast cancercould significantly contribute to an improved prevention of this cancer. Furthermore, this review aimed tohighlight potentially controversial conditions in the Asian countries compared to other parts of the world whichcould in the future improve early prevention of breast cancer in Asian women.}, keywords = {breast cancer,reproductive factors,risk factors,Hormones}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24961.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24961_fadfd166c8c5841e5d526d94163100ee.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Staging of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma with Radical Prostatectomy Specimens in Pakistan}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {551-554}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objectives: Data for pathological staging of radical prostatectomy specimens reported in the Section ofHistopathology of a large tertiary care hospital in Pakistan were compared with sextant biopsy findings todetermine whether clinically localized disease is actually localized pathologically. Design: A study was conductedof radical prostatectomy specimens reported in the Section of Histopathology from Jan 2001 to July 2008, withcases staged according to the pathologic TNM staging system. Other variables such as amount of tumor inprostatectomy specimens and lobes affected were also determined. Results: Out of 65 cases, 83.3% were clinicalstage TIc. 29.2% were pT3a, 24.6% were pT3b and 3.1% were pT4. Therefore, in the majority of cases, diseasewas not localized to the prostate and perineurial invasion was seen in all. Comparison with biopsy results showedGleason’s grade to be altered in 20% cases. Conclusions:The large majority of prostatic carcinomas in Pakistanare advanced cancers with pathologic stage more advanced than evident on clinical staging. On average,tumors involved 35-40% of the prostate with a particular preponderance in posterior lobes.}, keywords = {Prostate Cancer,radical prostatectomy,pathological staging}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24962.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24962_97d0e80d3a52427a0d9647aa61327bd1.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Survival of Ovarian Cancer in Iran: 2000-2004}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {555-558}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the 5-year survival of ovarian cancer in Iran between 2000and 2004, according to age and histology. Methods: Cancer registry of Iran, 2000-2004, was used coveringnearly 80% of all ovarian cancers and 100% of all pathologically diagnosed ovarian cancers. Results: Of 1,246new ovarian cancer cases, 451 were available for further follow-up which revealed 169 deaths and 282 live cases.The 5-year survival was 61%; 85% for germ cell tumors and 59% for epithelial tumors. Survival of serous,mucinous, endometrioid and clear cell histologic subtypes of epithelial tumors was 41%, 62%, 76% and 78%,respectively. Young patients with epithelial tumors (below 45) displayed significantly better 5-year survivalrates (63% versus 53%). Conclusion: we found that ovarian cancer had a better survival rate in Iran in comparisonto other regions. We also reviewed all probable confounding factors or real causes. In this study, age and histologyaffected survival.}, keywords = {Ovarian Cancer,survival,Iran,histology,age at diagnosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24963.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24963_d70ed8c1d7e81dbed70146fcb6ac2086.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Representativeness of Population-Based Cancer Registration in China - Comparison of Urban and Rural Areas}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {559-564}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: Chinese cancer registration data provide information on the national cancer burden but howrepresentative they are of the real situation is uncertain. Mortality data from cancer registration and the thirdnational death survey were therefore compared to determine the accuracy of estimates in China. Methods: Thedata were from the Cancer Registration Annual Report, 2004, China and the third National Death Survey,2004-205. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate site-specific cancer mortality rate ratios betweenthe two. Results: The estimated cancer mortality for all sites from national cancer registration was representativefor China, especially in urban areas, but mortality was over-estimated for rural areas, with large differences insome cancer site-specific mortalities. Conclusion: Although cancer registration data are representative at thecountry level and for urban areas, they may not reflect real cancer burden in rural areas, particularly with somecancer types. Setting up new cancer registries in non-high risk areas in rural areas should be enhanced infurther cancer surveillance plans.}, keywords = {cancer registry,mortality,Negative binomial regression,Poisson regression,China}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24964.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24964_ba1a9fcd11c4b8e76de634f92ae21943.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {A Case-control Study of Roles of Diet in Colorectal Carcinoma in a South Indian Population}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {565-568}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: The worldwide incidence of colorectal cancer has increased rapidly in the past few decadesand dietary habits have been implicated in the cause. Though the Indian diet varies substantially from westerndiet, there has not been detailed studies on any association. Materials and Methods: This is hospital based casecontrol study enrolling 108 cases and 324 controls, all hailing from the Malabar region of Kerala, India. Thesubjects were interviewed using food frequency questionnaires for commonly consumed dietary items in theregion. Results: A strong association was found between colorectal cancer and tapioca (OR=2.7 p=0.001), beef(OR=4.25, p=0.000) and pungent spices (OR=9.62, p=0.018). Fruits and vegetables a showed strong inverseassociation (OR= 0.15 p=0.002). Fish consumption on a daily basis showed a 25% reduction in risk on univariateanalysis. Heavy consumption of sugar (OR=2.80) and tobacco use (OR=8.79) showed significant high risk.Conclusions: There is strong evidence from our study that intake of beef, refined carbohydrates and tobaccocan promote colorectal cancer. Our study has also thrown light on some of the other commonly consumed items,like tapioca and spices which have positive associations. These are commonly consumed in Malabar region ofKerala. A cohort study is now needed to confirm our findings.}, keywords = {colorectal cancer,risk factors,red meat,smoking,Prevention,Vegetables,Tea}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24965.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24965_08f5dec16a1a90c781d58c0713b4c676.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cervical Cancer Screening: Patients Understanding in Major Hospitals in Malaysia}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {569-574}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {We studied women with cervical cancer to determine whether they had had a Pap smear within the 3 yearspreceding cancer development and their understanding of screening for this cancer. The study had 2 parts;Pathology Data and Survey Data. For pathology data, all cases of cervical cancer diagnosed in 2000-2006 wereretrieved from eight hospitals and Pap smear history was obtained from clinical records. For the Survey data;patients who were still undergoing treatment in some of these hospitals and three others were administeredstructured questionnaires to determine their awareness about screening. The results showed 1431 cases ofcervical cancer in women aged 25-85 were diagnosed in these hopsitals. Most had not had a Pap smear within 3years before cancer development. The percentage of patients who had had Pap smear ranged from 0-12%.Questionnaires were returned by 221 patients; 56.3% had none or only primary education and 61.1% had ahousehold income of RM1000 or less. Level of education and the household income were strongly associated(p<0.05) with knowledge and having had a Pap test. The main reasons cited for not having had a Pap smearwere “Never heard about it” (36.2%), “Shy” (10.4%), “Afraid to do it” (13.1%), “Think the test is not important”(8.1%) and “No encouragement from family” (4.5%). A large majority (95.9%) of the patients did not know theoptimal interval. In conclusion, a large number of cervical cancer patients had not had a Pap smear within 3years preceding cancer development and most had inadequate knowledge about this screening test.}, keywords = {cervical cancer,Pap smear,knowledge on cervical cancer screening,Malaysia}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24966.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24966_5a6b59831f64017e3e85bb75f9491a82.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {DNA Copy-number Loss on 1p36.1 Harboring RUNX3 with Promoter Hypermethylation and Associated Loss of RUNX3 Expression in Liver Fluke-associated Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {575-582}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is a candidate tumor suppressor gene, localized on 1p36, involvedin TGF-ß-Smads signaling. To assess its role in liver fluke-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC),the promoter methylation status was investigated in 53 ICCs by methylation-specific PCR, with determinationof loss of 1p36.1 by microarray comparative genomic hybridization and RUNX3 protein expression byimmunohistochemistry. Loss at 1p36.1 was found 41.5% of ICCs (22/53). In addition, DNA hypermethylation ofthe RUNX3 promoter was found in 49.1% (26/53) of cancers and 57.1% (4/7) of ICC cell lines. The protein washighly expressed in normal bile ducts but mostly decreased in ICCs, 67.9% (n=36) being negative forimmunohistochemical staining. Promoter hypermethylation of RUNX3 was associated with reversible decreaseor absence of RUNX3 protein expression (p<0.001), but this was not found to differ with the ICC subtype. Incontrast, loss of 1p36.1 demonstrated a significant link (p=0.020). In conclusion, RUNX3 promoterhypermethylation and loss of 1p36.1 are causal mechanisms for loss of RUNX3 function in liver fluke-associatedICC carcinogenesis.}, keywords = {RUNX3,DNA hypermethylation,chromosome 1p36,microarray comparative genomic hybridization}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24967.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24967_2a6d5f535b49873ef290a809331dc276.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Survival of Colorectal Cancer in Iran}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {583-586}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: Colorectal cancer is the fourth cause of cancer after stomach, bladder, prostate in men and secondcause after breast in women in Iran. It is estimated that 4,000 new cases occur each year with 1,150 deathsannually. The present study aimed to determine survival of colorectal cancers in Iran in a national manner.Methods and Results: The data from national cancer registry department of the Ministry of Health and MedicalEducation (MOH&ME) were used as the main source of incident colorectal cancer information in Iran fromMarch 2000 to March 2005. One and five year survival proportions were 88% and 45% for females versus 86%and 39% for men. The median overall survival for colorectal cancer in Iran was 3.5 years with a 95 % confidenceinterval of 3.2-3.8 years. The worst survival status was found for patients less than 20 and more than 80 yearsold. Conclusion: The overall 5 year survival for colorectal cancer in Iran (41%) is comparable even with somedeveloped countries but it is far from those with advanced health care systems, or community based screeningprograms. Thus at the policy level, application of an appropriate national cancer control program andmanagement guidelines should be under consideration.}, keywords = {colorectal cancer,survival,Iran}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24968.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24968_2595386a98415b9439d3daee53b8599d.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Recurrent Rates with Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia having a Negative Surgical Margin after the Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure in Thailand}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {587-590}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {LEEP conization has become the treatment of choice in patients presenting with high grade intraepitheliallesions (HSILs) especially in cases with negative surgical margins. However, surveillance after such treatmentis necessary due to the potential for recurrence. To evaluate the recurrent rate in patients with negative surgicalmargins after HSIL treatment with LEEP, the medical records of such patients treated between January 2000and June 2007 were reviewed. All of them subsequently underwent Pap smears every 4-6 months to detect therecurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. There were 272 patients in the study period. Of these, 9 (3.3%)developed abnormal Pap smears with a median follow up of 12 months. The abnormal smears featured: atypicalsquamous cells of undetermined significance in 5 cases; atypical squamous cells where high grade squamouscell intraepithelial lesion cannot be excluded in 2 cases; and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in the 2remaining cases. Further investigation with colposcopic directed biopsies were conducted in all who exhibitedan abnormal Pap smear and only 3 of them (1.1%) showed cervical dysplasia at biopsy. In conclusion, thepatients with HSIL who were treated with LEEP and have negative surgical margins have a very low recurrencerate.}, keywords = {LEEP,HSIL,negative surgical margin}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24969.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24969_26d3d2b8af779e5916500c09f8fa2558.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Clinico-pathological Features and Outcomes in Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients Treated with Hydroxyurea}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {591-594}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: To study the clinico-pathological features and major outcomes in patients with chronic myeloidleukemia, chronic phase, treated with hydroxyurea. Methods: This is a single centre study extending from January1997 to June 2003. Data were retrieved from the patients’ records on predetermined performa and analyzed.Patients were primarily diagnosed on the basis of clinical findings, complete blood counts and leukocyte alkalinephosphate (LAP) scores. Bone marrow/trephine and genetic studies were conducted where appropriate. Patientswere primarily treated with capsule hydroxyurea 30-50/ kg/day. Results: One hundred and seventy six patients,104 (59%) male and 72 (41%) females were included in the study. The median age at diagnosis was 39 years(range 11 to 66 years). The median delay in diagnosis was 156 days (range 30 to 360 days). Eighty four patients(47.7%) presented with pain/discomfort in the left hypochondrium. The mean hemoglobin, white blood cellcount and platelet counts were 10.3 g/dl, 141,000/UL and 341,000/UL respectively associated with a low LAPscore. Hyper-leucocytosis was observed in 19 (10.7%) cases. LDH values above 1000 ug/l were observed in 38(21.5%) cases and creatinin above 1.5 ug/l in 21 (12%) cases. All patients tested, were positive for Philadelphiachromosome and bcr-abl transcripts. At the close of the study, disease advancement was observed in 76 (43.2%)cases, of which 35 (20%) transformed to acute leukemia. One hundred and forty three patients (81%) were aliveat the close of the study. One hundred and two (58.4%) patients were in chronic phase, 22 (12.5%) in acceleratedphase and 19 (10.7%) in blast crisis. Disease progression remained the major cause of death and was seen in 29(16.4%) patients. Conclusion: In the study population, CML was observed in a younger age group with significantdelay in definitive diagnosis. Clinico-pathological features and major outcomes, however, appear comparable topublished data.}, keywords = {Chronic myeloid leukemia - chronic phase - hydroxyurea - outcome - Karachi,Pakistan}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24970.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24970_55de2d611874e81cb66acfd7ec71cf7c.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Effects of Tamoxifen on the Cervix and Uterus in Women with Breast Cancer: Experience with Iranian Patients and a Literature Review}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {595-598}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: Invasive breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Due to the declining mortalityrate that is partly attributable to the use of screening mammography and effective adjuvant therapy, morewomen survive their breast cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tamoxifen on the genitaltract with particular attention to the uterus and cervix. Methods: We investigated the relationship betweentamoxifen and cervical or uterine cancer in Iran, reviewing all the studies performed by the Vali-Asr GynecologyOncology Clinic in Tehran. In addition, the available data on Medline from 1980 until 2009 were reviewed.Results: A total of 182 articles showed associations with gynecologic malignancies. Although as many as 121refered to links between the drug and endometrial abnormalities (polyps or cancers), 55 articles studied therelationship with changes of pap smears, four of which indicated isolated cervical metastasis followed tamoxifenuse in patients with breast cancer. Conclusion: In spite of the significant relationship between tamoxifen andendometrial cancers, cervix is rarely involved in breast cancer patients. However, vaginal bleeding or abnormalvaginal discharge has been reported in all cases before the diagnosis was made. To rule out genital tract malignancy,it is necessary, therefore, to have an annual pelvic exam, pap smear and early endometrial with endocervicalcurettage for tamoxifen users following a breast cancer in those with abnormal uterine bleeding or persistentvaginal discharge.}, keywords = {Tamoxifen,breast cancer,Pap smear,cervical cancer,Uterine cancer}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24971.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24971_edaf9e1646154fbd96448c373c144e6a.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Do We Need to Maximise the Breast Cancer Screening Awareness?: Experience with an Endogamous Society with High Fertility}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {599-604}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: In the State of Qatar, breast cancer has become the most common form of cancer amongwomen. The aim of this study was to explore knowledge, attitude and practice about breast cancer and toidentify potential barriers to screening procedures among women. Methods: This multistage sampling crosssectional survey in primary health care centers and the outpatient department of the Women’s Hospital in theState of Qatar targeted a representative sample of 1,200 Qatari women aged between 30 to 55 years of ageduring the period from December 2008 to April 2009. A total 1,002 subjects (83.5%) consented to participation.Face to face interviews were conducted with a designed questionnaire covering knowledge about breast cancer,attitudes and practices of breast cancer screening. Socio-demographic variables were included. Results: Themajority of Qatari women demonstrated an adequate knowledge about breast cancer, with a significant relationto education status. Almost three quarters were aware that breast cancer is the most common cancer in women.A good proportion knew that nipple retraction (81.2%) and discharge of blood (74.6%) are warning signs. Ofthe studied Qatari women, 24.9% identified breast self examination, 23.3% clinical breast examination (CBE)and 22.5% mammography as methods for detection of breast cancer. The frequently reported barriers amongthe Qatari women were asking any doctor/nurse how to perform breast self examination (57.3%), embarrassmentabout CBE (53.3%) and fear of mammography results (54.9%). Univariate and multivariate logistic regressionanalysis showed that family history, level of education, living in an urban area and having medical check-upswhen healthy were significant predictors for CBE and mammography. Conclusion: The study findings revealedthat although Qatari women had adequate general knowledge about breast cancer, the screening rates for BSE,CBE and mammography were low, these being performed most frequently by young Qatari women with ahigher level of education.}, keywords = {breast cancer,Screening,awareness,Qatar females}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24972.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24972_906ac08f3a61ddb8a4bcb388cd14f5ac.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Effects of Peer Education, Social Support and Self Esteem on Breast Self Examination Performance and Knowledge Level}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {605-608}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: To estimate associations among peer education, social support and self esteem and their influenceson performance of breast self-examination (BSE). Method: Seven volunteer peer educators were given the BSEtraining programme and in turn educated 65 women students in the university. BSE knowledge evaluationforms developed by Maurer were applied for evaluation. Other data were collected with questionnaries for theCoopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and Scale of Perceived Social Support over three months. Results: Knowledgelevel points of students and the BSE practice ratio were increased by peer support. There was a positiverelationship between average BSE knowledge points and social support and self-esteem. Conclusion: The resultsshowed positive relationships among BSE knowledge, social support and self esteem, these affecting the BSEperformance level.}, keywords = {Breast self examination,awareness,peer education,Social Support,Self esteem,Turkish students}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24973.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24973_c6478506c12a4e2ee89529bdc7722d21.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Tamoxifen Use in Indian Women - Adverse Effects Revisited}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {609-612}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Tamoxifen is generally considered a safe drug for Indian womenwith breast cancer. Indian women seem to tolerate tamoxifen therapy better than western women, but thereare no data regarding safety and local adverse effect profiles in typical Indian populations. Methods and Results:A total of 3,000 case records of patients who had received tamoxifen daily for any period of time, betweenJanuary 1988 and December 2007, were identified for study. Hot flashes were reported by 800 (26%), mildvaginal dryness by 450 (15%) and vaginal discharge by 300 (10%), with vaginal bleeding experienced by 40(1.3%) patients. A total of 1,100 (36.6%) asymptomatic patients had a thickened endometrium(defined as >8mmin thickness) on ultrasonography. Endometrial curettage was performed in all of these. None of the patientsdeveloped endometrial carcinoma. Fatty infiltration of liver was found in 1,440 (48%) patients with a meantime interval for development of 7 months (range 6-30 months). Conclusions: Fatty infiltration of liver is foundin almost half of the Eastern Indian women who receive tamoxifen. Increased endometrial thickness, whichremains asymptomatic, was documented in more than one third of patients on ultrasound examination. Tamoxifenseems to have a negligible potential for causation of uterine malignancies in eastern Indian women. Rates ofhysterectomies in Indian patients on tamoxifen are substantially lower than those of western patients on tamoxifen.}, keywords = {Indian breast cancer patients,Tamoxifen,Adverse effects}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24974.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24974_be4049102f9c9278d136f2153ed7ab16.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Preoperative Prognostic Factors and Effects of Adjuvant Therapy on Outcomes of Early Stage Cervical Cancer in Iran}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {613-618}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and histopathological characteristics andthe pretreatment that might predict prognosis and to evaluate the impact of postoperative adjuvant therapy onthe outcomes of patients with early stage cervical carcinoma. Methods: A total of 203 patients with stage IB andstage II cervical cancers treated with radical hysterectomy and systematic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomywere reviewed at the Vali-Asr University Hospital from 1995 to 2002. The median follow-up period was 42months. Results: The depth of cervical stromal invasion, clinical stage, histology of pure adenocarcinoma andlymph node (LN) status were important histopathological prognostic factors of cervical carcinoma. Patients’prognosis could be stratified into three groups (low, intermediate and high risk), with five-year relapse freesurvival (RFS) rates of 93.5%, 80.6% and 64.7%, respectively (p=0.002), and overall survival (OS) was 95.3%,83.1% and 67.2% (p=0.001). Among the patients with pelvic lymph node metastases who were free of parametrialextension, those who received postoperative chemo-radiotherapy had significantly better RFS (p=0.021) and OS(p=0.030) than those who received no adjuvant therapy. Also of the patients without pelvic LN metastases but ata high risk of recurrence, the individuals who received adjuvant radiotherapy had a significantly more favorableRFS (p=0.038 ) and a marginally improved OS (p=0.064). Conclusion: Depth of cervical stromal invasion, clinicalstage and histology are independent predictors of outcome on multivariate analysis using a Cox regressionmodel. RFS is significantly improved with radiotherapy in patients who are without pelvic lymph node metastasesbut who are in a high risk group for recurrence.}, keywords = {cervical cancer,Prognosis,pretreatment variables,Radical hysterectomy,adjuvant therapy,survival}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24975.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24975_73b9715c31c1656a1724993cda0863da.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Effect of Riboflavin-fortified Salt Nutrition Intervention on Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a High Incidence Area, China}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {619-622}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Riboflavin-fortified salt is now supplied in the diet for residents who live in high incidenceareas for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China. Patients and Methods: All residents from 21 townshipsin Cixian, Hebei province were divided into an intervention group (9 townships, 11,382 people) who took upriboflavin-fortified salt and a control group (12 townships, 10,711 people) who were free from riboflavin-fortifiedsalt. Some 1,300 of the control group and 950 of the intervention group were randomly selected to undergoendoscopy examination using iodine dying with multi-point biopsy and histopathology examination. Amongthem 155 of the intervention group and 120 of the control group were tested for the blood riboflavin level withrefernce to the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC). Esophageal squamous cellcarcinoma incidence data were further obtained from the Cixian Cancer Registry. Results: The results ofendoscopy suggested the mucosal status of the intervention group to be better than that of the control group. Itshowed 82.1% of the mucosal status of control group to be normal, 14.8% to have dysplasia, and 3.1% precanceror cancer, respectively, as compared to 84.8%, 13.6% and 1.6%, respectively, for the intervention group.The mean EGRAC values for the intervention and control groups were 1.452 and 1.606, respectively (P<0.01);compared with normal mucous membrane of esophagus, the lack of riboflavin increased the risk of esophagealsquamous cell carcinoma (OR=3.921, 95%CI =1.853~11.936), but the risk of dysplasia did not increase (OR=3.421,95%CI=0.912-10.159); after intervention, the six years average esophageal squamous cell carcinoma incidenceof the intervention group (112.46/100,000) was lower than in the control group (142.11/100,000), although therewas no statistical significance (u=1.858, P>0.05). Conclusion: It proved practical and effective to improve thestatus of riboflavin and esophageal mucosa by taking up riboflavin-fortified salt.}, keywords = {Esophageal SCC,riboflavin-fortified salt,intervention,high incidence area}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24976.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24976_7c27c46f4eaabcb1326f82b42d795002.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology from Breast Masses in Thailand}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {623-626}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and diagnostic performance of fine needle aspiration FNA cytology indiagnoses of breast masses. Methods: Women who had FNA diagnoses for breast masses and underwentsubsequent histopathologic evaluation during January 2003-December 2006 were accessed from the archive ofthe Anatomical Pathology Department of our institution. Cytologic diagnoses were classified as unsatisfactory,benign, atypical probably benign, suspicious probably malignant, and malignant, and were compared to thehistopathologic diagnoses obtained from core needle biopsy, excisional biopsy, or mastectomy to give an assessmentof the diagnostic performance of FNA. Results: A series of 190 breast masses were identified during the studyperiod. The FNA cytological diagnosis was unsatisfactory due to inadequate specimens in eight cases (4.2%).The diagnoses in the remaining 182 cases were: benign lesions in 98 (53.9%); suspicious for malignancy in 31(17.0%); and malignant in 53 (29.1%). From the subsequent histopathologic diagnoses, 6/98 cases of benigncytology turned out to be malignant lesions (false negatives); 22/31 cases of suspicious cytology were trulymalignant while the other nine were benign; and only 1/53 with malignant cytology was benign (false positive),the lesion being a fibroadenoma . The overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, andnegative predictive value were 91.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.6%-94.8%), 92.5% (95% CI, 88.7%-96.3%), 90.2% (95% CI, 85.9%-94.5%), 88.1% (95% CI, 83.4%-92.8%) and 93.9% (95% CI, 90.4%-97.4%),respectively. Conclusions: FNA cytology is highly accurate for diagnosis of breast masses. However, the clinicianshould correlate FNA cytological results with physical examination and imaging findings to prevent false negativeand false positive events and to obtain optimal management for their patients.}, keywords = {Breast masses - fine needle aspiration - diagnostic accuracy,Cytology,histopathology}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24977.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24977_9957262d4e90acf28cd384b3cfb76059.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Factors Affecting Oral Cancer Awareness in a High-risk Population in India}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {627-630}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objectives: To evaluate the awareness of oral cancer, its risk factors and to estimate the prevalence of riskfactors in a high-risk semi-urban population in India. Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was carried outby house-to-house interview on a single day by 120 health volunteers. The data were analyzed using SPSS 11.0software for links between prevalence of risk factors and oral cancer awareness, as well as other confoundingvariables. Results: A total of 1885 persons participated in the survey. Of the surveyed population, 86% hadheard about oral cancer and 32% knew someone with oral cancer. Sixty-two percent of the subjects correctlyidentified the causes; this included 77% of the subjects who identifying smoking, 64% alcohol and 79% panchewing as a cause of oral cancer. More than 42% believed that poor oral health could lead to oral cancer and53% thought that oral cancer is an incurable disease. Forty percent of males and 14% females had one or morehigh-risk habits. It was observed that the awareness was proportional to the education level (p<0.001) andinversely proportional to the prevalence of risk factor habits (p<0.001) . Eighty-two percent of the smokers,75% of the tobacco chewers and 66% of those who consumed alcohol were aware that their habits could lead tooral cancer. Conclusions: Overall, the awareness of oral cancer in this high-risk population was satisfactory,though certain gaps exist, pointing to a need for targeted health education and risk factor cessation counseling.}, keywords = {oral cancer,knowledge and awareness,Practice,risk factors,Health Education,Tobacco}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24978.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24978_04a69713ae625da5356f3bd8de19701b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Targeting Health Disparity in Breast Cancer: Insights into Women’s Knowledge of their Cancer Profile in Malaysia}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {631-636}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: Poor health literacy is positively associated with poorer quality of health decision-making andhealth outcomes in women facing a cancer diagnosis. In developing countries, poor access to complete andaccurate information continues to pose a challenge for women. This paper describes the knowledge of Malaysianwomen with regard to breast cancer and how participation in a self-management program can improve thesituation. Methods: Secondary analysis of data collected during a clinical trial on women newly diagnosed withbreast cancer (n=147) was performed to examine baseline knowledge of breast cancer profile. Knowledge levelsof women in the experimental (n=69) group attending a self-management program were compared to a controlgroup (n=78) to determine change in the level of knowledge over time. Results: At baseline, a high percentageof women were unaware of their breast cancer profile. Not a single woman had knowledge of all six basiccharacteristics; 83% did not know their HER2 status, type of breast cancer (68%), grade of cancer cell (64%),hormonal receptor status (55%), size of breast cancer (18%) and/or their stage of breast cancer (13%). At postintervention, there was significantly better knowledge within the experimental group. Conclusion: Malaysianwomen in this cohort study demonstrated very low levels of knowledge of their cancer profile. Clinical implicationsfor countering treatment-decision difficulties include the need for a shift in the way information and servicesare delivered to allow women to take a more active role in their own care. Multi-modal efforts including basicinformation dissemination to increase women’s knowledge can contribute to narrowing of the gap in healthdisparity.}, keywords = {breast cancer,Knowledge level,treatment decision making,health disparity}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24979.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24979_75009d763f0700673f1986a53058b295.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Positive Margin Prevalence and Risk Factors with Cervical Specimens Obtained from Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedures and Cold Knife Conization}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {637-640}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objectives: To determine the prevalence and predictive factors of residual disease in the specimens fromcold knife conization (CKC) or the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and complication rates ofthese procedures. Design: Descriptive analytical study in Srinangarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand, of atotal of 463 patients with abnormal Pap smears who underwent LEEP or CKC during 2002-2007. Methods: Themedical records of 463 women were retrospectively reviewed to ascertain the prevalence, associated factors ofpositive surgical margin, and complications of LEEP and CKC. The patients’ characteristics and pathologicparameters were collected and analyzed. Univariate analysis was based with the chi-square test and the Student’st-test. Multiple logistic regression models were employed to investigate factors associated with cone margininvolvement. Results: Of the 463 patients, 124 cases had a positive cone margin (26.8%). 53 patients hadcomplications (11.4%), such as bleeding (25) and infection (28). The margin involvement was significantlyassociated with type of conization, purpose of conization, skill of surgeon, and histological diagnosis. Conclusion:The prevalence of a positive cone margin is rather high. Physicians who perform conization should take intoaccount risk factors in management of cases with abnormal cytological screening for cervical cancer.}, keywords = {cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,cold knife conization,LEEP,positive margin}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24980.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24980_f4f93478c292d7c81c7d3708097aea62.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Filgrastim and Antibiotics Treatment Reduces Neutropenia Severity in Solid Cancer Patients}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {641-644}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: Neutropenia has a detrimental effect on cancer patients’ quality of life, also possibly resultingin a reduction in the chemotherapy dose which could lead to an increment in the size of a cancer. The maindanger associated with neutropenia is the risk of bacterial, fungal or viral infection which may lead to patientdeath. Treatment including granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSF, filgrastim) so as to increase thebody immunity is given to neutropenic patients with no infection i.e., absence of fever. However, when infectionis present, antibiotics such as ceftazidime, imipenem and vancomycin need to be used. Objective: The aim ofthis study was to find the association between neutropenia severity and treatment with filgrastim (Neupogen®)alone or in combination with antibiotics in solid cancer patients. Methods: This is an observational retrospectivestudy on 117 cases suffering from neutropenia after chemotherapy administration. The patients were admittedto a government hospital for cancer treatment between the years 2003-2006. The types of data collected werecategorical and not normally distributed, covering demography, chemotherapy, severity of neutropenia (classifiedon absolute neutrophil count into mild, moderate and severe) and treatment of neutropenia, either filgrastim(Neupogen®) alone or in combination with antibiotics. Statistical tests used were the Chi-square test, Fisher’sexact test and logistic regression. Results: The majority (69.2%) of the patients were treated with filgrastim (81)alone, only 30.8% receiving the combination. Significant associations between both treatments and neutropeniaseverity. Both Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests showed P= 0.00. Logistic regression showed that filgrastim isthe major treatment for severe neutropenic patients since the result showed an infinity (E) and P= 0.00 forfilgrastim alone more than its combination with antibiotic. Conclusion: The use of filgrastim is highly associatedwith treatment of severe neutropenia in solid cancer patients who received chemotherapy. So filgrastim isconsidered as the drug of choice in the presence of severe neutropenic case.}, keywords = {Filgrastim,Antibiotics,combination chemotherapy,neutropenia severity}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24981.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24981_cb327c058f88fb9d8659200094d2dd1b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Trends in Incidence and Mortality Rates of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of Cervix - Worldwide}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {645-650}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The objective of the present paper is to summarize and quantify the trends in incidence and mortality ratesof cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) worldwide. All indexed publications,which provided information on time trends in incidence or mortality rates of cervix cancer, published duringthe past 12 years were included. The details of studies have been identified through searches on the MEDLINEdatabase. Cytology screening as well as changes in socio-economic profile has led to declines in cervical SCCincidence and mortality rates worldwide. Higher percentage decline in SCC is observed in countries whereorganized screening programmes are available. The results suggested that Pap smear screening has played asignificant role in the reduction in SCC in the US, Canada, New South Wales, and in almost all Europeancountries (except in Ireland) as well as in some of the Asian countries. Increasing incidence and mortality ratesof cervical AC has reported in many countries such as the US, Canada, UK, Iceland, Sweden, England, Spain,Finland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Netherlands particularly among young women. However the increase was mainlyin earlier periods till 1995 and stable or declining trends in cervical AC have been observed in later periods inmany of the above countries such as the US, UK, Canada, Sweden. The increasing risk of AC suggested a majorrole for an increasing prevalence of persistent oncogenic HPV infection and its cofactors, whereas the downturnin period effects in several countries during the 1990s provided evidence that cytology screening is detectingmore preinvasive ACs than in previous decades and suggested that screening might be starting to have a protectiveimpact on AC. The decline in AC incidence might be due to improved specimen collection as well as due toincreased awareness of AC pre-cursors among cytopathologists and clinicians, improvements in laboratorytraining and quality assurance. In conclusion, cytology screening in combination with HPV screening for highriskHPV types may maximize the possibilities of having early cervical lesions detected and treated.}, keywords = {The objective of the present paper is to summarize and quantify the trends in incidence and mortality rates}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24982.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24982_16a547d046cf7e32b65e3096a9f8b3d6.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {CYP1A1 Polymorphisms and Risk of Lung Cancer in the Ethnic Kashmiri Population}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {651-656}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The CYP1A1 category of enzymes plays a central role in the metabolic activation of major tobaccocarcinogens. Several polymorphisms within the CYP1A1 locus have been identified and have been shownto be associated with lung cancer risk, particularly in Asian populations. Here we focused on the influenceof three polymorphisms on lung cancer in ethnic Kashmiris, genotyping 109 lung cancer cases and 163healthy controls by PCR-RFLP methods. While no polymorphic alleles in CYP1A1m4 (exon 7 thr toasn) site were detected in our population, the allele frequency of CYP1A1m1 (Msp1) and CYP1A1m2(exon 7 ile to val) were 30.1 and 26.6 in controls and 44.5 and 38.9 in cases. The CYP1A1m1 andCYP1A1m2 variants were significantly associated with lung cancer susceptibility (ORs; 2.65, CI 95% =1.562-4.49 and 2.24,CI 95%=1.35-3.73).This risk was prominent in case of SCC compared with AC orother types of lung cancer. Stratified analysis showed a multiplicative interaction between tobaccosmoking and variant CYP1A1m1 genotype on the risk of SCC. The ORs of SCC for non-smokers were2.08 and 3.15 for smokers. When stratified by pack years, effect was stronger in the heaviest smokers(ORs=6.00,95% CI=1.672-21.532).The interaction between tobacco smoking and variant CYP1A1m2genotype followed similar pattern. Our findings thus support the conclusion that CYP1A1m1 and m2polymorphisms are associated with the smoking related lung cancer risk in Kashmiri population.}, keywords = {CYP1A1 polymorphisms,Lung cancer,histology,tobacco smoking}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24983.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24983_0f56d3d563555059f8dc57f4b1f49603.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Problem of Small Numbers in Reporting of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in Indian Cancer Registries}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {657-660}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The present paper examines the problem of small numbers (< 20 cases) associated with many sites of cancersin Indian cancer registries. The cancer incidence data of 14 Population Based Cancer Registries for the periodof 2001-03 and 2004-05 were utilized for the analysis. Nine out of 14 registries had more than 50% of their sitesbeing associated with small numbers while seven registries had 50% of their sites having as low as 5 cases. Sitesassociated with small numbers showed a lot of variation and significant differences in their incidence rateswithin two years duration which are not possible. The percentage age distribution was also found to vary withdifferent periods. The paper has effectively shown the effect of population size on incidence rates. For a registryof population size 300,000, the incidence rate of 6 can very well be unstable. There are many registries in theworld with their population size less than 200,000. Even in the case of registries with high population (≥ 500,000)the practice is to report the cancer incidence by different ethnic groups with populations less than 200,000 andthereby introduce the problem of small numbers in reporting the incidences of various cancer sites. To overcomethis problem, pooling of data over broad age groups or ten years age groups or 3 to 5 years periods is one of animmediate solution.}, keywords = {cancer,AAR,small numbers,least significant incidence rate,data pool,broad age groups}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24984.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24984_b9a5dbf4f6df93d0eac9c35fbae913df.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Lack of Elevated HER2/neu Expression in Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Iran}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {661-664}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Purpose: The role of the HER family in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) is not well-defined. Thisstudy was aimed to assess the frequency of HER2/neu overexpression in oral carcinogenesis. Materials andMethods: Expression of HER2/neu oncoprotein in OSCCs (N=18), oral epithelial dysplasia (N=18) and normaloral mucosa (N= 18) was assessed by immunohistochemistry using a cerbB2 antibody kit. Results: HER2/neuwas almost undetectable in normal oral mucosa and only 1/18 (0/05) of cases was positive. In oral epithelialdysplasia, 2/18 (11.1%) demonstrated staining, as did 3/18 OSCCs. Membrane staining was observed in allcases and there was no significant variation in frequency/intensity between normal oral mucosa / oral epithelialdysplasia and OSCCs (p>0/05). Conclusions: Aberrant expression of HER2/neu apparently does not contributeto carcinogenesis in the oral epithelium. The lack of overexpression in OSCCs indicates that molecular targetingis not feasible for adjuvant treatment.}, keywords = {oral squamous cell carcinoma,dysplasia,HER2/neu immunohistochemistry,negative findings}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24985.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24985_79fc79b0156b06cc24e8a9749732e702.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cervical Cytologic Abnormalities of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 1 Treated with Cryotherapy and Expectant Management during the First Year Follow-Up Period}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {665-668}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Aim: To determine the frequency of cervical cytologic abnormalities in patients who were diagnosed ashaving CIN 1 and had undergone either cryotherapy or expectant management. Methods: A retrospective medicalrecord review of 87 patients with colposcopic cervical biopsy-proven CIN 1, was undertaken including age,parity, menstruation status, cervical cytology reports, colposcopic findings, and cervical cytologic follow-upreports. There were 38 patients (43.7%) treated with cryotherapy and the remainder underwent expectantmanagement. Results: Mean (SD) age of patients treated with cryotherapy was less than that of the patients whohad expectant management (36.2 (9.4) vs 41.1 (9.4) years, respectively, p=0.02). There were no differences in thefrequencies of cervical cytologic abnormalities between the groups at 6- and 12-month-follow-up visits(cryotherapy group vs expectant group: 18.4% vs 18.4% at 6-months and 19.2% vs 16.1% at 12-months).Conclusion: Cryotherapy and expectant management with cytologic surveillance had comparable frequenciesof cytologic abnormalities during a 12-month follow-up period. Expectant management requires adherence tofollow up and high quality cytology and colposcopy testing. Therefore, it should be reserved for these settings.Cryotherapy may be more reasonable in women who are likely to be lost to follow up and high quality cytologycannot be guaranteed.}, keywords = {cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,Cryotherapy,expectant management,colposcopy}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24986.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24986_8300464875cadf958948c639e24eb75a.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Serum Levels of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin- 10 in Turkish Patients with Aggressive Non-Hodgkin ’ s Lymphoma}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {669-674}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {There exists strong evidence that tumor growth can be actively controlled by the host immune system andinterleukins are known to play a significant role in immune response regulation. Inflammatory cytokines playimportant roles in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. This study was conducted to investigate the serum levels ofIL-6 and IL-10 in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (A-NHL) and the relationships withprognostic parameters and therapy. These serum factors were measured in 46 A-NHL patients pathologicallyverified before and after chemotherapy in comparison with 21 healthy controls using enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assays (ELISAs). There were significant differences in the serum IL-10 and IL-6 levels betweenA-NHL patients and controls (p=0,038 and p<0,001, respectively). None of the prognostic parameters analyzedwas significantly correlated with the serum IL-6 concentrations. This was also true for serum IL-10 values,except for LDH and bone marrow involvement. Serum IL-10 levels were elevated in the group of patients withhigh level LDH compared with the group of patients with a normal level (p=0,017). Also, serum IL-10 levelswere significantly different in the presence or absence of bone marrow involvement (p=0,016). In addition, wefound a significant relationship between the serum levels of serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in patients with ANHL(r=0,47, p<0,001). We found that serum IL-10 levels decreased due to chemotherapy effect independent ofthe chemotherapy response (p=0,027). However, serum IL-6 levels were not changed. In conclusion, our datasuggest that higher serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels can be useful for diagnosis of A-NHL. However, our sample sizeis small, and larger scale research is needed in this field to provide new knowledge.}, keywords = {Cytokines IL-6 and IL-10,non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,Turkish patients}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24987.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24987_721e1ef60adc8d8414f12018fc4d0f9e.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Incidence and Survival of Childhood Cancer Cases Diagnosed between 1998 and 2000 in Hiroshima City, Japan}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {675-680}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {There have been few studies on cancer incidence and survival among children in Japan. Childhood cancercases in Hiroshima City can be ascertained almost perfectly in terms of completeness and validity as both apopulation-based cancer registry and a tissue registry cover the whole area. We report here recent incidenceand survival of childhood cancer in Hiroshima City. Subjects were cancer patients less than 15 years of age inHiroshima City registered in the Hiroshima City Cancer Registry and/or the Hiroshima Prefecture TumorRegistry (tissue registry) between 1998 and 2000. Cancer incidence in Hiroshima City was calculated for 12diagnostic groups according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, and compared with generalincidence in Japan. Five-year survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. There were 63 children whohad a cancer newly diagnosed during 1998-2000, with only one death-certificate-only case (1.6%). Agestandardizedincidence rates (per million) was 144.3 for boys and 93.9 for girls. Leukemia was the most frequent(29%) among the 12 diagnostic groups. There were 13 cancer deaths during this period and five-year survivalwas 79% (95% Confidence Interval: 67%-87%). Childhood cancer incidence was slightly higher than that forall of Japan, but the relative distribution of patients by diagnostic group was compatible with the general pattern.Both of these observations might be due to the high quality of the tumor and tissue registries.}, keywords = {Childhood cancer,cancer registry,Incidence,mortality,survival}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24988.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24988_b768b030975789875153fb5d61e76ab3.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {A Descriptive Retrospective Study of Bladder Cancer at a Hospital in Iran (1973-2003)}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {681-684}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide, and it is the fourth most commoncancer in males in Iran. The objective of this study was to collect, analyze, and discuss epidemiologic features ofbladder cancer using data from our University hospital. Methods: A review of medical records of 603 patientswith histologically confirmed primary malignant bladder tumors who were then referred and treated at theRadiation-Oncology Department during a time period 1973-2003 was performed. The topography and thehistology of cases were coded and classified according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology(ICD -O) and a frequency distribution of bladder tumors by age at diagnosis, gender, histology types, wascalculated. For age and cancer, mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence intervals were presented. T testand Chi-squared test with p<0.05 were used depending on the variable analyzed, using the SPSS statisticalpackage. Results: Of the total, 85.2% were males and 15.0% were females (P<0.0001). The mean age of diagnosiswas not significantly different between the sexes and the frequency of bladder cancer increased with age in bothcases. Overall, two thirds of cases were between 50-74 years of age. For those aged 49 years and below the maleto female ratio were 3.6 while after this age the ratio rose to 6.1. The most common histological diagnosis in bothsexes among patients was transitional cell carcinoma. Conclusion: The frequency distribution and histologictypes of tumors were comparable with reported from other studies.}, keywords = {bladder cancer,histopathology,Clinical Epidemiology}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24989.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24989_4200f8b34d73d55044c9f981c8a812e8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Comparison between Clinical and Surgical Staging for Endometrial Cancer in Thailand}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {685-690}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objectives: To compare preoperative clinico-pathological findings and clinical staging of endometrial cancers(EMC) with postoperative surgico-pathological findings and final surgical staging. Materials and Methods: AllEMC patients who underwent surgical staging between January 1993 and December 2008 were identified fromthe tumor registry of the Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, of our institution.Clinico-pathological data were extracted from the patients’ charts and pathological reports, including clinicalstage assignments before the operation, and compared to the surgico-pathological findings. Results: Two hundredand thirty five EMC patients were included in this study. Mean age was 55.8±9.9 years. All except one hadclinical stage I and II disease. The most common preoperative histopathology of endometrial tissue wasendometrioid adenocarcinoma, with or without squamous differentiation (164 cases or 69.8%), while grade IItumors accounted for 107 cases (46.7%). Cervical involvement was evidenced from endocervical curettage in58/235 cases (24.7%). From the final surgico-pathologic findings, the surgical stages were the same as clinicalstage in 145 patients (61.7%), sixty patients (25.5%) being upstaged and 30 patients (12.8%) downstaged.Histopathology of endometrial cancer from hysterectomy was the same as for the preoperative tissues in 175cases (74.5%), without change in preoperative grading in 155 (67.6%), upgrading in 57 (25%) and downgradingin 17 (7.4%). Conclusion: Clinical staging was comparable to surgical staging in approximately 61.7% and finalsurgical staging change was evident in 38.3%, with postoperative histopathological change in 25.5%. Preoperativeendocervical curettage had false positive and false negative rates of 60.3% and 14.1% respectively. Thus cliniciansshould be aware of these possibilities in preoperative counseling for patients and planning surgical procedures.}, keywords = {Endometrial cancer,clinical staging,surgical staging}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24990.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24990_078bcf6f3006a451529136d976928d60.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Bayesian Estimation of Colorectal Cancer Mortality in the Presence of Misclassification in Iran}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {691-694}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world.Addressing the burden of related mortality is therefore important but according to the Iranian mortality registry,about 20% of death statistics were still recorded in misclassified categories. The aim of this study is to reestimatethe CRC mortality rate for Iranian population, using a Bayesian approach in order to revise thismisclassification. Methods: National Death Statistics Reported by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education(MOH&ME) from 1995 to 2003 were included in this analysis. The Bayesian approach to correct and accountfor misclassification effects in Poisson count regression was employed to estimate the mortality rates by age andsex group. Results: According to the Bayesian re-estimate there were between 30 to 40 percent underreportedmortality records in death due to colorectal cancer and the rate for related mortality had moderately increasedthrough recent years. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a substantial undercount of colorectal cancer mortalityin the Iranian population. Therefore healthcare policy makers who determine research and treatment prioritiesfrom death rates as indicators of public health problems should pay notice to this underreporting.}, keywords = {colorectal cancer,Mortality data,Baynesian estimation,Iran}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24991.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24991_0fe460761f40a914a10481ddeea3a3ee.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Pharmacological Activity of Kaempferia parviflora Extract against Human Bile Duct Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {695-698}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {crude ethanol extract of Kaemperia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker and a purified compound, 5,7,4-trimethoxyflavone (KP.8.10), were evaluated for pharmacological effects on human cholangiocarcinoma celllines (HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1). The cells were incubated with various concentrations of extract for varioustime periods and metabolic activity (MTT assay) was assessed for cell viability. The results showed a dosedependenteffect of both crude ethanol extract and the pure compound. CC50s for the crude extract on HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1 cells were 46.1μg/ml and 62.0μg/ml, respectively. Values for the pure compound could not bedetermined because of solubility problems. Interestingly, K. parviflora ethanol extract and KP.8.10 at lowconcentrations (10-20μg/ml and 2.5-5 μg/ml, respectively) markedly reduced rhHGF-induced invasion byHuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1 cells across matrix-coated transwell plates. Higher concentrations of K. parvifloraethanol extract (60 and 80μg/ml) and KP.8.10 (20 μg /ml) dramatically changed the cellular morphology andcaused death in both cell types. KP.8.10 further exhibited progressive action via caspase-3 mitochondrial enzymeactivation, enhancing cellular toxicity in a time-dose dependent fashion. Therefore, 5,7,4-trimethoxyflavoneappeared to be a bioactive component of K. parviflora extract capable of exerting anti-cancer action. The resultssuggested a benefit of this edible plant in prevention and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.}, keywords = {Anti-proliferation,anti-invasion,Apoptosis,cholangiocarcinoma cell lines,KP.8.10}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24992.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24992_4dce180e08db1117827942ee0cf4f49c.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Management of Elderly Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Turkey}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {699-700}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: Non-small cell lung cancer is a disease that affects the elderly. However, most patients older than70 years are less likely to receive standard therapy than their younger counterparts and the aim of the presentstudy was to determine age-dependent variation in efficacy. Subjects and Methods: Between 2004-2008, 40consecutive patients older than 70 years received treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. All wereevaluated for response and toxicity. Chemotherapy was either with cisplatin or carboplatin and double or singleagents (vinorelbine, gemcitabine). Docetaxel was used as a second line therapy in selected cases. Patients weregrouped according to age: group 1 (70-74 years), group 2 (≥ 75 years). Results: Except for 4 cases, all receivedchemotherapy, and 61 % were given a cisplatin-containing regimen. Second-line therapy was given to 42.5%and grades 3-4 neutropenia was seen in 17 (42.5%). Only one patient died due to neutropenic fever. Nephrotoxicitywas observed in 2 (5%) and one underwent hemodialysis. Overall survival was 10 months, with median survivalperiods for groups 1 and 2 of 13 and 10 months, respectively (p>.05). No differences were found regarding typeof chemotherapy administered or adverse events between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Patients older than 75years appear to deserve the same standard therapy for non-small cell lung cancer as that given to younger cases.}, keywords = {Elderly patients,non-small cell lung cancer,treatment modalities}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24993.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24993_51aeed64cc8a5f18176bef5bdcddf371.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {New Perspective for Integrated Information Management in National Colorectal Cancer Screening in Iran}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {701-706}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Colorectal cancer screening management, especially for those with a genetic predisposition, depends onadequate and standard reporting. Standardized reporting systems for diagnostic and screening tests facilitatequality improvement of programs and clear communication among health care providers. This article presentsa comprehensive picture of the information content of colorectal cancer screening in the national plan of Iran,consisting of demographic and medical findings and other standard reports (colonoscopy, pathology, geneticsand pedigree data). In addition this review presents data flow in screening and data elements in patientperspectives on colorectal cancer screening.}, keywords = {colorectal cancer,Screening,Information Management,Prevention}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24994.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24994_4fe3c9a151e703a72599b9ea1a10e7e0.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Asbestos Exposure and Malignant Mesothelioma in Korea}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {707-710}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Although importation of asbestos to Korea has decreased, there are growing concerns of its hazardous effects.This paper describes the use and occupational exposure to asbestos, and the incidence and mortality of malignantmesotheliomas in Korea. Asbestos raw material imports from other countries peaked between 1990 and 1995,but importation of asbestos-containing and -processed materials has steadily increased until now. Acomprehensive exposure survey was conducted in Korea between 1995 and 2006. The average airborne asbestosconcentration was lower than from other countries and steadily decreased during the study period. The numberof malignant mesothelioma cases in Korea was 48 in 1998, 39 in 1999, 45 in 2000, 38 in 2001, and 46 in 2002.There were 334 deaths due to malignant mesothelioma and an average of 30.4 deaths per year between 1996 and2006. The number of deaths attributed to malignant mesothelioma ranged from 16 cases in 1999 to 57 cases in2006. The magnitude of asbestos-related health problems in Korea has been underestimated due to underdiagnosis,incomplete reports, and shorter duration of exposure. A nationwide surveillance system for asbestosexposure and malignant mesothelioma should therefore be implemented.}, keywords = {Asbestos,OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE,malignant mesothelioma,Korea}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24995.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24995_284faed54b8e7a8a127963b8751914cc.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {How to Estimate Cancer Stem Cell Frequency Correctly}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {711-714}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Cancer stem cell research is a focus for more and more cancer biologists and evidence of involvement incancer devleopment is becoming more abundant. Earlier studies indicated cancer stem cells to be rare asdetermined by the standard xenotransplantation assay using SCID mice in vivo. However, recent studies haveshown that syngeneic transplantation of mouse tumors or modifications to the xenotransplantation assay caneffectively improve the accuracy of detection, with stem cells being more abundant than hitherto thought.Furthermore, to estimate frequency correctly, it is necessary to considerate cancer stem cell subsets with differingcapacities for tumorigenesis.}, keywords = {Cancer stem cells,Tumorigenesis,Frequency,xenotransplantation,syngeneic transplantation}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24996.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24996_8eb290798215e4f3828bd33b10d161b5.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Khaini Chewing Damages Chromosomes 2q, 3p and 21q: Occurrence in a South Asian Population}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {715-716}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Chewing Khaini, damages chromosomes, in the form of loss of heterozygosity (LOH), identified on the longarm of chromosome 2 (2q), the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p) and the long arm of chromosome 21 (21q) oforal cancer cases who had quid chewing habit of more than 10 years duration, and chewed 10-15 times a day.}, keywords = {Chewing Khaini,damages chromosomes,in the form of loss of heterozygosity (LOH),identified on the long}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24997.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24997_651a411d7e913bd95ca96cbce9b072f2.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Influenza Vaccination for Cancer Patients: Tertiary Prevention of Mortality}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {717-718}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Tertiary prevention is an important concept in oncology. The prevention of extensive damage due tosuperimposed conditions is a core approach for cancer prevention at the tertiary level. In this article, the authordiscusses influenza vaccination for cancer patients in this light.}, keywords = {Tertiary cancer prevention,Influenza,Vaccination}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24998.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24998_d6ed1ad866d6f0d64177096f49d5da86.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {An Impending Cancer Crisis in Developing Countries: Are We Ready for the Challenge?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {719-720}, year = {2009}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Cancers affect all communities worldwide. There are, however, marked differences in the prevalence andtypes of cancers among communities. While the total cancer burden remains the highest in affluent societies,less developed economies are closing the gap very rapidly. As developing countries succeed in achieving lifestylessimilar to those in advanced economies, they will also encounter much higher cancer rates, particularly cancersof the breast, colon, prostate and uterus. The increased prevalence and incidence of cancers in developingcountries reflects a wider transition in the global burden of diseases from infectious to a greater frequency ofnon-communicable, chronic illnesses.}, keywords = {Developing world,Cancer burden,transition phase,non-communicable diseases}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24999.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_24999_e9bd524ec556581ee0235e1cd88fbd84.pdf} }