@article { author = {}, title = {Should we Sound the Alarm? Dysplasia and Colitis-associated Colorectal Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1881-1886}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies and the most dreadful long-term complication in patients with ulcerative colitis. The incidence rate of colorectal cancer ranks second among the malignancies all over the world, and the number is still rising. Amid the many risk factors for colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis is becoming increasingly prominent. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis patients is estimated to be as high as 40%. There is now a consensus that patients with long-lasting ulcerative colitis (﹥10 years) carries an increased risk of dysplasia and cancer. Taking into account evidence from the current studies, the longer ulcerative colitis lasts, the higher risk of colitis- associated colorectal cancer occurs. Unlike sporadic colorectal cancer, colitis-associated colorectal cancer usually derives from focal or multifocal dysplastic mucosa in areas of inflammation through an inflammation-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. The prognosis of colorectal cancer is poorer in patients with ulcerative colitis than those without. Therefore the presence of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis patients is a critical indication of cancer that we should watch out for. Thus, early detection and resection of precursor lesions, mainly dysplasia, to terminate the cancerous progression is of great importance. To date, chemoprophylaxis, colonoscopy surveillance and proctocolectomy have been encouraged to prevent and manage dysplastic lesions in ulcerative colitis. This article attempts to give an overview of current research of dysplasia and prevention/management of dysplasia and colitis-associated colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis.}, keywords = {colorectal cancer,Ulcerative colitis,dysplasia,Surveillance}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25805.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25805_dced0130f3823786204cc154df40231f.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Fertility Sparing Treatments in Young Patients with Gynecological Cancers: Iranian Experience and Literature Review}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1887-1892}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {With increase in the marriage age some women experience gynecological cancers before giving birth. Thus fertility sparing in these patients is an important point and much work has been done on conservative management. We here report our experience on fertility sparing with cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancers and include a review of the literature. With cervical cancer, radical trachelectomy with para-aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy can be performed in patients with early stage IA1-IB cancers, because they have low recurrence rates. The complications are fewer than with radical hysterectomy. For endometrial cancer, the accepted treatment is total abdominal hysterectomy+ bilateral salpango-oopherectomy (TAH+BSO), but in young patients with early stage 1 lesions, we can suggest use of hormonal therapy in place of radical surgery if we evaluate with MRI and the result is early stage disease without the other site involvement and the grade of tumor is well differentiated. GNRH analog, oral medroxyprogestrone acetate (MPA), 100-800 mg/day , megestrol acetate 40-160 mg/day and combination of tamoxifen and a progestin have been applied, but we must remember, they should underwent repeated curettage for investigating medical outcome after 3 months. With normal pathology we follow medical therapy for 3 months and can evaluate for infertility treatment. The best option for patients who treated by medical therapy is TAH+BSO after normal term pregnancy. With ovarian cancer, there is much experience on fertility sparing surgery and in Iran conservative surgical management in young patients with stage I (grade 1,2) of epithelial ovarian tumor and sex cord-stromal tumor and patients with borderline and germ cell ovarian tumors is being successfully performed.}, keywords = {gynecological cancers,fertility sparing,Complications,Recurrence,outcome}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25806.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25806_ecdfce1d90c83815e6c44280821684c4.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Codon 72 and G13964C Intron 6 Polymorphisms of TP53 in Relation to Development and Progression of Breast Cancer in India}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1893-1898}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The p53 protein is at the center of cell regulatory pathways influencing transcription and activity of several replication and transcription factors. In exon 4 of the gene TP53, a codon 72 polymorphism causing an Arg/Pro substitution has been reported in breast and other cancers. This substitution is in the putative SH3 binding domain of p53 protein, influencing binding capacity and thereby functional properties. In the present investigation of a relatively large series of cases in India, the frequency of the homozygous arginine genotype (33.2%) was significantly higher in the breast cancer group as compared to controls (19.6%), χ2 =11.791 (P=0.003). Patients with premenopausal breast cancer had a more elevated frequency (41.1%) than postmenopausal cases (25.4%) although the genotype frequency distribution did not show significant variation with respect to hormonal receptor status. Elevation was greatest in patients in advanced stages of cancer. The hetrozygote frequency (Arg/Pro) was also found to be increased in overweight and obese women with breast cancer. TP53 codon 72 polymorphism might predispose individual for the development of breast cancer as well as to bad prognosis. Intronic variants may affect gene regulation through aberrant splicing or through disruption of critical DNA - protein interaction. While no significant association was observed with relation to CC genotype as well as C allele of G13964C intron polymorphism with breast cancer, the C allele frequency showed association with respect to other risk confounding factors which might play role in progression of breast cancer.}, keywords = {TP53 codon 72,TP53 intron 6 (G13964C)- polymorphisms,breast cancer,receptor status}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25807.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25807_aee3f6289a0a2fe01f8c92e66914619b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {MDM2 309T>G Polymorphism and Risk of Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Head and Neck: a Meta-analysis}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1899-1903}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Purpose: Several studies have reported influence of the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) 309T>G polymorphism on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) susceptibility. However, the results remain controversial and ambiguous. We therefore carried out a meta-analysis to explore more precisely the association between MDM2 309T>G variants and the risk of HNSCC. Methods: Studies on the association between MDM2 309T>G polymorphism and HNSCC were searched in the PubMed database. All relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria were eligible for the analysis. Four genetic models and generalized odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were used for the assessment. Results: A total of seven articles with 1,629 cases and 2,472 controls were included in our meta-analysis. Overall, significant associations between the MDM2 SNP309T>G and HNSCC risk for TG vs. TT model and the dominant model (TG+GG vs. TT) were observed (OR=0.82, 95%CI=0.70-0.96 and OR=0.83, 95%CI=0.71-0.96, respectively). On subgroup meta-analysis by ethnicity, a negative association was shown in the Caucasian subgroup (for GG vs. TT: OR=0.661, 95%CI=0.455-0.960; for TG vs. TT: OR=0.653, 95%CI=0.496-0.859; for the dominant model GG+TG vs. TT: OR= 0.657, 95%CI=0.463-0.931). However, in the Asian population no significant association was found. Subgroup analysis by the source of controls also yielded non-significant results. None of the results were materially altered in any genetic model after studies which did not fulfill Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were excluded. Conclusion: The present meta-analysis suggested that the MDM2 SNP309 G allele probably acts as an important HNSCC protective factor in Caucasians, but no association exists in Asians.}, keywords = {MDM2 SNP309T>G,Polymorphism,head and neck squamous cell carcinomas,Meta-analysis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25808.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25808_f004c73996cfe505150d0549475dacb2.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Role of Hypercholesterolemia in Prostate Cancer - Case Control Study from Manipal Teaching Hospital Pokhara, Nepal}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1905-1907}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: The objective of this study was to appraise the role of hypercholesterolemia in prostate cancer among residents of Pokhara valley, Nepal. Materials and Methods: A hospital based retrospective study was carried out using data retrieved from the register maintained in the Department of Biochemistry of the Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal between 1st January, 2009, and 31st December, 2010. Descriptive statistics and testing of hypothesis were used for the analysis using EPI INFO and SPSS 16 software. Results: Of the 1,200 subjects, 600 were cancer patients and 600 were controls. In the 600 cases, the mean age was 69.4 ± SD10.21 years, with a preponderance in age group distribution between 65-69 years. The mean value of prostate specific antigen in cases (14.5 ± SD12.3 ng/ml) was markedly raised as compared to controls (1 ± SD 0.52ng/ml) (p= 0.0001). The mean value of total cholesterol levels (237.9 ± 31.2 mg/dl) was also increased along with raised PSA levels in cases when compared with controls (184 ± 33.8 mg/dl) (p= 0.0001). The percentage of cases with HDL normal limits (40 to 60mg/dl) was 72% which did not show much variation when compared to 79% in controls. However, the percentage of cases with LDL borderline high (150-190mg/dl ) was 30% and markedly increased when compared to the 5% in controls. Conclusion: The identification of cholesterol as a vital module in signal transduction events in prostate cancer cells has not only bestowed us with new mechanistic insights but has also opened up new avenues for prostate cancer chemotherapeutic intervention.}, keywords = {hypercholesterolemia,Prostate Cancer,lipid prolife,Nepal}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25809.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25809_676d8b299f5f9fd5ab09f97ded148768.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Kanagawa, Japan’s Tobacco Control Legislation: a Breakthrough?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1909-1916}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Kanagawa Prefecture became the first subnational government in Japan to implement an ordinance for the prevention of exposure to secondhand-smoke in public facilities. The ordinance aims to protect people from the negative health impacts of secondhand smoke; however, it has wide exemptions especially for hospitality and leisure business establishments. In addition, designated smoking areas are allowed in all public facilities, in contravention of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Nevertheless, its rapid enactment benefited from the political leadership of the governor as well as intensive communication between the government and a wide range of stakeholders in Kanagawa and beyond. The smoke-free efforts of Kanagawa could facilitate smoke-free action by other subnational and national governments for healthier environments.}, keywords = {Ordinance,health policy,secondhand smoke,tobacco control,municipality,Japan}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25810.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25810_3e284055282d67ae3a140b2e566e37ae.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Knowledge of and Attitudes toward Breast Self-Examination in Iranian Women: A Multi-Center Study}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1917-1924}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: In Iran, breast cancer is the second most common malignancy among women and diagnosed in advanced stages almost a decade earlier than women living in western countries. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge and attitudes toward breast self-examination (BSE) among Iranian women. Methods: In a cross-sectional multi-center study, 3,060 women aged between 25 and 54 years attending between July and October 2009 to 11 general health care centers located in 11 cities of Iran, were interviewed to assess their knowledge and attitudes toward BSE. Results: Of the total, the data of 3030 were found eligible for analyses. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of participants was 40 (14) years; 2687 (88.7%) were married; 1496 (49.4%) women performed BSE, 290 of whom (19.4% of performers and 9.6% of all studied women) did it using a correct method and at an appropriate time. More than three-quarters of performers (n=1141) learned about BSE from a health care provider; 248 (16.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.7% to 18.5%) had abnormal findings, 11 (0.7% , 95% CI: 0.3% to 1.2%) of which were malignant. Of 1534 (50.6%) non-performers, 474 (30.9%) did not know how to do BSE; the remaining women did not do BSE for fear of being found positive for cancer or did not care about it. Being a health care provider, married, educated, and knowing of a person with breast cancer was associated with performing BSE. Conclusions: The level of BSE practice and knowledge among Iranian women is unsatisfactory. We should emphasize appropriate education of women.}, keywords = {Breast Neoplasms,BSE,mammography,health knowledge,attitudes,Practice,Iran}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25811.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25811_52f020ff32ef7364c477815b8e6a3237.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Curcumin Induces Apoptosis Involving bax/bcl-2 in Human Hepatoma SMMC-7721 Cells}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1925-1929}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Curcumin is a major active component of Curcuma aromatica salisb, which has been shown to inhibit proliferation of a wide variety of tumor cells. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of curcumin inducing apoptosis in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells were examined. We find that curcumin inhibits the growth of SMMC-7721 cells significantly in a concentration-depenent manner, with typical apoptotic morphological changes of cellular nuclei. Annexin-V/PI double staining detected by flow cytometry and expression of the relative apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3) revealed a strong apoptosis-inducing competent of curcumin in SMMC-7721 cells. Curcumin increased the expression of bax protein while decreasing that of bc1-2 protein significantly. The results suggest that curcumin induction of apoptosis involves modulation of bax/bcl-2 in SMMC-7721 cells and provide a molecular basis for the development of naturally compounds as novel anticancer agents for human hepatomas.}, keywords = {curcumin,human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells,Apoptosis,Bcl-2,Bax}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25812.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25812_9adf720ccef576f9bbbc1b2d39384e57.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Dietary and Lifestyle Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer in Jordan: a Case-control Study}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1931-1936}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objectives: We evaluated dietary pattern and lifestyle characteristics of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in Jordan. Design: The case-control study included 220 recently diagnosed CRC cases and 220 age and gender matched healthy subjects as a control group. Results: The participating CRC cases had lower dietary intake of fibre, folate, vitamin B12, β-carotene, vitamin C and selenium as compared to controls (P<0.05). The frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables was also lower among CRC cases, while the frequency of consumption of red meat and saturated fat was higher and positively associated with CRC risk. Furthermore, family history for CRC played a positive role and the majority of CRC cases and controls had a low physical activity level. Conclusions: A sedentary lifestyle and a diet low in fruits and vegetables, and high in animal red meat and saturated fat, appeared associated with CRC among the studied Jordanian subjects. This is consistent with the reported CRC studies in developed nations indicating global causal effects for this tumour type.}, keywords = {colorectal cancer,Diet,Lifestyle,Case-control,Jordan}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25813.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25813_c9a2526cee3a72857c24bd13b5579866.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Effect of Body Mass Index on Serum Prostate-specific Antigen Levels among Patients Presenting with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1937-1940}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {associated with lower serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. We aimed to investigate whether a similar effect also occurs in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) to a urological unit and its potential implications. Methods: A retrospective review was carried out at our centre between 2005 and 2009. The serum PSA and BMI of the patients were retrieved from a prospectively collected database. The BMI was divided into normal (<23kg/m2), overweight (23-27kg/m2), and obese (>27kg/m2) categories according to WHO recommendation for analysis of the association with PSA level. Results: A total of 1,612 patients with a mean age of 64.6 were included. The mean PSA levels for the normal, overweight, and obese patients were 4.84, 4.54, and 3.95 ng/ml, respectively, with a significant negative correlation (Spearman’s coefficient= -0.05, p=0.03). A significant negative association between PSA and BMI among the normal, overweight, and obese groups was also demonstrated by analysis of variance (p=0.01). After adjusting for age differences, there was a significant difference between PSA level for obese patients with a BMI>27 (3.95ng/ml) and non-obese patients with a BMI<27 (4.67ng/ml) with analysis of covariance (p=0.02). Conclusion: In symptomatic male patients, a higher BMI was significantly associated with lower PSA levels. BMI should be considered in the interpretation of serum PSA levels in overweight and obese patients presenting with LUTS.}, keywords = {Body mass index,lower urinary tract symptoms,Obesity,Prostate Cancer,PSA}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25814.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25814_bed3e49d0bfaec52e230584e9b34c570.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Lack of Association of the Cyclooxygenase 8473 T>C Polymorphism with Lung Cancer: Evidence from 9841 Subjects}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1941-1945}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: Epidemiological studies on the association between T8473C polymorphism of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) and lung cancer risk have provided ambiguous data. To derive a more precise estimation of the association, we conducted a meta-analysis. Methods: Systemic searches of the PubMed and MEDLINE databases were performed, with the last report up to May 2011. The meta-analysis was conducted with a fixed/random effect model. Results: A total of 7 studies including 4,373 lung cancer patients and 5,468 controls were covered. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. No obvious associations were found for all genetic models when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis (for C vs. T: OR = 0.948, 95% CI = 0.709-1.268; for TC vs. TT: OR = 0.970, 95% CI = 0.823-1.143; for CC vs. TT: OR = 1.141, 95% CI = 0.666-1.956; for CC/TC vs. TT: OR = 1.102, 95% CI = 0.818-1.251; for CC vs. TT/TC: OR = 1.090, 95% CI = 0.716-1.660). In the subgroup analyses by ethnicity (Asian and Caucasian) and source of controls (population based and hospital based), also no significant associations were found for all genetic models. Conclusions: Taken together, this meta-analysis suggests that the COX 2 T8473C polymorphism is not associated with lung cancer risk}, keywords = {COX 2,Polymorphism,Lung cancer,Meta-analysis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25815.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25815_5140fd68a3811055736cc8fa2f68c488.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Radiological, Bronchoscopic and Histopathologic Characteristics of Patients with Primary Lung Cancer in Turkey (2006-2009)}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1947-1952}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiological, bronchoscopic and histopathological features of patients with primary lung cancer. Materials and Methods: 485 patients who were hospitalized in our clinic between July 2006 and December 2009 and diagnosed with lung cancer (LC) were evaluated. Results: The final diagnoses, established using various methods, were small cell LC for 62 patients, NSCLC of undetermined cell type for 191, epidermoid carcinoma for 148 patients, adenocarcinoma for 81 patients, and large cell LC for 3 patients. The mass was identified to be centrally located in 283 cases (58.3%) and peripherally in 202 cases (41.7%), and was found in the right lung in 51.5% of cases and mostly in the upper lobes bilaterally on radiological examination. The rate of hilar fullness, consolidation and atelectasis were higher in SCLC and epidermoid carcinoma with radiological examination. Diagnostic FOB (fiberoptic bronchoscopy) was performed in 466 of 485 patients. Endobronchial pathology was not obtained 140 patients. Endobronchial mass lesion, mucosal-submucosal lesions and signs of external pressure were observed in 152, 186 and 140 patients, respectively. Diagnostic material was obtained in 274 of 466 FOB examinations. A total of 211 patients underwent TTNA (transthoracic needle aspiration) and diagnosis was established in 204 cases. Pleural biopsy and/or fluid cytology were/was positive (+) for malignancy in 25 of the 47 cases with pleurisy. One patient, who could not be diagnosed by any of FOB or TTNA was diagnosed by pleural biopsy. Diagnostic results were obtained by thoracotomy in six patients who could not be diagnosed by other methods. 137 (28.2%) of 485 patients were considered to be operable. Conclusion: NSCLCs (especially epidermoid) account for the majority of lung cancers in Turkey, gender and smoking influencing the histopathology. TTNA and FOB are diagnostic procedures providing best results, and more than 2/3 of patients are inoperable at diagnosis.}, keywords = {Lung cancer,Radiology,Bronchoscopy,histopathology,Turkey}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25816.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25816_2c9dcec9004dc59b606ee3d55f54fe4b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Hormonal and Reproductive Factors and Risk of Esophageal Cancer in Chinese Postmenopausal Women: a Case-control Study}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1953-1956}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Aim: Since any relationship between hormonal and reproductive factors and risk of esophageal cancer is unclear, we investigated this question in Shandong province of China. Methods: A hospital-based 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted from January 2008 to November 2010, with face to face interviews conducted for 132 cases and 132 controls. All cases recruited in this study were confirmed by endoscopy and histological examination. Controls were first-visit outpatients who visited the same hosptial during the same period and were confirmed to have no malignancy. Conditional logistic regression analysis was employed to calculate risk of potential factors. Results: Esophageal cancer positive women had a higher prevalence of reflux, smoking status, lower BMI and less education than health controls(p<0.05).Women whose age of periods ended above 50 years and breastfed for more than 12 months had lower risk of esophageal cancer, with ORs (95% CI) of 0.42 (0.20-0.89) and 0.46 (0.21-0.98). Sensitivity analysis for the histological types of esophageal cancer showed no great difference between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: In summary, our findings suggest an inverse association between later age of menopause and duration of breastfeeding and risk of esophageal cancer. However, many reproductive and sex hormonal factors did not seem to be associated with esophageal cancer, supporting the need to further evaluate reproductive factors in prospective studies.}, keywords = {Esophageal Cancer,hormonal factors,reproductive factors,Case-control study,China}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25817.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25817_f87eb6f9fa9b644ab500e6e298edb2d0.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Knowledge and Attitude of Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Moderate Risk Patients in West Malaysia}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1957-1960}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Colorectal cancer is the commonest cancer among males and the third commonest cancer among women in Malaysia. However, almost 80% of patients sought treatment for cancer only when they were already in late stage due to lack of awareness. Hence, the objectives of this study were to determine the knowledge and attitude of colorectal cancer screening among moderate risk patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2009 till April 2010 in 44 health clinics with Family Medicine Specialists in West Malaysia. Stratified multistage random sampling was applied and a validated Malay version of the questionnaire with the Cronbach’ alpha of 0.65 to 0.82 was used. Data were entered using SPSS 12.0 and analysed with STATA 8.0. A total of 1,905 (93.8%) patients responded. The mean (SD) knowledge and attitude score among moderate risk patients were 69.5 (6.11)% and 66.5 (7.07)%, whereas, the percentages forgood knowledge and attitude were 4.1% and 3.3% respectively. Less than 1% had undergone colorectal cancer screening and the main reasons were not bothered, busy and embarrassment. The majority of patients who had moderate risk for colorectal cancer had extremely low knowledge and attitude towards colorectal cancer screening. As a result, the majority did not undergo any form of colorectal cancer screening.}, keywords = {Colorectal cancer screening,Knowledge,Attitude,Malaysia}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25818.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25818_504223b096521ac1b0c32b2cef8169be.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cervical Cancer Screening in Korea: Report on the National Cancer Screening Programme in 2008}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1961-1964}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The National Cancer Screening Programme (NCSP) began in 1999. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the results of the NCSP for cervical cancer in 2008 and to present essential evidence associated with the cervical cancer screening programme in Korea. Screening results were obtained from the National Cancer Screening Information System. Participation rates and recall rates were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The target population of the cervical cancer screening programme in 2008 was 4,701,167 Korean women aged 30 and over, 1,208,581 of whom underwent Papanicolaou (Pap) smear tests (25.7% participation rate). The recall rate was 0.41% (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.42). Although efforts to facilitate participation and to reduce disparities in cervical cancer screening among Korean women are needed, the results do provide support for evidence-based strategies for control of cervical cancer in Korea.}, keywords = {Korea,population-based screening,Uterine Cervical Neoplasms}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25819.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25819_7cae17d8b37688a822b926577946e776.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Awareness of Breast Cancer and Screening Procedures Among Malaysian Women}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1965-1967}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in women globally and early detection increases the survival rate of patients. Therefore, this study was done to determine factors which influence the awareness of breast cancer and practice of screening procedures. A cross-sectional study was performed on 125 women aged 19-60 years in urban and rural areas in Malaysia using a validated questionnaire covering knowledge of breast cancer and screening practices. A total of 99.2% respondents knew that breast cancer is the leading cancer with a mean knowledge of 67.3 ± 15.3% for urban and 50.2 ± 14.7% for rural women Mann Whitney U showed rural women had significantly less awareness compared to urban women (p> 0.05). Spearman correlation test showed a significant positive relationship between education and awareness (p> 0.05). Regarding awareness of the screening methods, 92.8%, 50.4% and 47.2% of respondents correctly answered questions on capability of BSE, CBE and mammography, respectively. In conclusion, the study showed awareness of breast cancer and practice of screening procedures increases with higher education and urban living. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an intensive breast cancer awareness campaign and availablity of screening centres prioritized in rural areas.}, keywords = {awareness,breast cancer,early detection,Practice,Women}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25820.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25820_ebd95bcd218fd0fd31f4f109180e2931.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Is There an Influence of Dietary Habits on Breast Density as Seen on Digital Mammograms?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1969-1972}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of dietary habit on breast density, which is an important risk factor for breast cancer. This cross-sectional study was performed on 64 Malaysian women of all races between the age of 35 to 70 years. All subjects underwent mammography and the breast density was analyzed from the images using BI-RADS by two independent radiologists. A validated food-frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate the nutrient intake. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test to evaluate the association of dietary habits to breast density. Based on the results, mutton, pork, vegetables, sweets, snacks, soy bean and eggs intake showed associations with increased breast density (p < 0.05) while grains, meat, beverages, oil and fruits, did not show any association (p > 0.05). As a conclusion, this study showed diet may make changes to the breast density as a risk factor for breast cancer.}, keywords = {Breast density,dietary habit,breast cancer,BI-RADS,Mammogram}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25821.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25821_5352900092f5d48e67e015a89af17945.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Up-regulation of Human Arrest-defective 1 Protein is Correlated with Metastatic Phenotype and Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1973-1977}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Human arrest defective 1 protein (ARD1), as a N-terminal acetyltransferase, has been reported to play a crucial role in tumorigenesis, but the results are somewhat controversial. To explore the clinical and pathological significance of ARD1 in breast tumorigenesis, we analyzed ARD1 status in multiple types of breast disease. Methods: The expression of ARD1 protein was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 356 cases including 82 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC), 159 fibroadenomas, 66 hyperplasia of mammary glands, 19 inflammatory breast disease, 30 breast cysts, and in 29 postoperative treatment patients. We assessed the relationship of ARD1 protein with clinical and pathological characteristics using χ2 test. Results: ARD1 protein was observed at 61.0% (50/82), 54.7% (87/159), 37.9% (25/66), 36.8% (7/19) in IDC, fibroadenoma, hyperplasia, and inflammation, respectively, and less than 30.0% for breast cyst. Thus, high ARD1 expression correlated with breast cancer (relative risk = 1.32, P < 0.005). Moreover, the level of ARD1 protein in carcinoma patients was distinctly related to lymph node metastasis and ER status, with 94.0% (47/50) as copmpared to 6.0% (3/50) in metastatic and non-metastatic (P < 0.001), and 84.0% (42/50) and 16.0% (8/50) for ER + and ER - (P < 0.01), respectively. In addition, the level of ARD1 appeared to have potential for evaluation of prognosis in breast cancer patients after postoperative therapy. Conclusions: These results suggest that ARD1 expression may be as a potential target for exploring the mechanism of breast cancer metastasic to lymph nodes and hormone-responsive regulation.}, keywords = {Arrest defective 1 protein,Estrogen Receptor,breast cancer,Prognosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25822.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25822_066986a6a35b60b7d28c4dc2eab98639.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {VEGFA +936C/T and -634G/C Polymorphisms and Gastric Cancer Risk: a Meta-analysis}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1979-1983}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Aim: To estimate the association of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) +936C/T and -634G/C polymorphisms and gastric cancer (GC) risk, a meta-analysis was performed. A total of nine studies were identified with 2,281 GC cases and 2,820 controls. This meta-analysis indicated significant associations between the VEGFA -634G/C polymorphism and GC risk were found for GC versus GG (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.03-1.42) and GG+CC versus GC (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.68-0.90) overall, for GC versus GG (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.19-2.35) and GC+CC versus GG (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.13-2.10) among Europeans, and for GG+CC versus GC (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70-0.96) among Asians. No association were observed between GC risk and the variant genotypes of VEGFA +936C/T in different genetic models. In summary, the results suggest that the VEGFA -634G/C polymorphism may contribute to GC susceptibility.}, keywords = {Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor,Polymorphism,Gastric cancer,Meta-analysis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25823.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25823_fa2b80904ffdf889d89663219053980d.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Incidence Trends in Invasive Uterine Cervix Cancer and Carcinoma in Situ in Incheon, South Korea}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1985-1988}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: This study examined trends of invasive and carcinoma in situ(CIS) in terms of the incidence and mortality of uterine cervix cancer in Incheon over a twelve year period. Methods: Uterine cervical cancer data were retrieved from the Incheon Cancer Registry(ICR) and Korea Central Cancer Registry(KCCR) from 1997 to 2008. The time trend in age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) of invasive uterine cervix cancer and CIS were calculated and compared with the nation-wide cancer registry data for each year. Mortality/incidence (M/I) ratios according to age and the incidence of pathological subtype in Incheon each year were also examined, along with an international comparison. Results: A total of 3,096 cases of invasive cervical cancer and 2,079 cases of carcinoma in situ were analyzed from 1997 to 2008. The time trend incidence of the total ASR in uterine cervical cancer decreased from 25.7 in 1997 to 13.4 in 2008, but incidence of CIS increased from 7.6 to 15.8 in same period. In invasive cancers, the age-specific incidence rates were highest in those in their sixties and patients in their forties showed highest incidence of CIS. The mortality rate in ICR was 3.7 from 1998 to 2002. Compared to the other countries which have high risk factors for cervix cancer, the peak incidence zone was different in Incheon. Conclusion: The ICR showed a decrease in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer that was similar to the nation-wide data. An early increase zone is a characteristic pattern in the age specific incidence curve. Early screening and a vaccination program should be activated for prevention of young age cervical cancer.}, keywords = {Cervix uteri - carcinoma in situ - incidence - epidemiology - age dependence - Incheon,Korea}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25824.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25824_90bdd306a6fdcc2b62f9cd4c4c44fd9d.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Comparative Anticancer Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) - an Indian Spice - Against Cancer Cell Lines of Various Anatomical Origin}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1989-1993}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Spices, active ingredients of Indian cooking, may play important roles in prevention and treatment of various cancers. The objective of the present study is to compare the in vitro anticancer activities of three different extracts of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L), a commonly used spice and food flavouring agent, against different kinds of cancer cell lines of various anatomical derivations. Water, ethanol and oil extracts were screened for anti proliferative activity against HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF-7 (ER + ve) and MDA-MB-231 (ER – ve) breast cancer, DU-145 prostate cancer and TE-13 esophageal cancer cell lines, along with normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Inhibition of cell proliferation was assessed using MTT assay as a vital stain. In the examined five cancer cell lines, the extracts showed different patterns of cell growth inhibition activity, with the oil extract having maximal cytotoxic activity. Morphological analysis and DAPI staining showed cytotoxicity to be a result of cell disruption with subsequent membrane rupture. Maximum cell death and apoptotic cell demise occurred in TE-13 cells within 24 hours by clove oil at 300μl/ml with 80% cell death whereas DU-145 cells showed minimal cell death. At the same time, no significant cytotoxicity was found in human PBMC’s at the same dose.}, keywords = {Clove,Eugenol,GLC,Cytotoxicity,DAPI,Apoptosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25825.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25825_f7096c81b6b936a8819b266ee20d3fe8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Folate-functionalized Polymeric Micelles based on Biodegradable PEG-PDLLA as a Hepatic Carcinoma-targeting Delivery System}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1995-1999}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs is a highly desirable strategy to improve therapeutic outcome because of the combination of enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity. In this study, the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was accommodated in the cores of polymeric micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEGs) and poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) with a targeting ligand (folate) attached to the distal ends of the PEG (Folate-PEG-PDLLA). In vitro tumor cell targeting efficacy was evaluated upon observing cellular uptake of these micelles by human hepatic carcinoma cells (Bel 7402 cells) overexpressing surface receptors for folate. In control release tests, DOX behavior of controlled release in folate receptor-mediated micellar folate-PEG-PDLLA-DOX-micelles was obvious, with pH sensitivity. Bel 7402 cells showed micelles to have low toxicity and suggested potential therapeustic application as a multifunctional platform for tumor management.}, keywords = {Folate targeting,Polymeric Micelles,hepatic carcinoma}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25826.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25826_0a17d0de747711988ea7104e528113da.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Trends in Rectal Cancer Incidence - Indian Scenario}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2001-2006}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The objective was to analyse time trends of rectal cancer for the Indian population by gender, year of diagnosis, and age. Published data for Indian registries were obtained from “Cancer Incidence in Five Continents” and /or individual Indian registries for different time periods. Mean annual percentage change (MAPC) in incidence rates for seven Indian registries was computed using relative difference between two time periods (earliest and latest) and estimation of annual percentage change (EAPC) was computed for three registries by log-linear regression model using SAS version 8.1. The age standardized incidence rate (ASR) of rectal cancer during 2004-2006 ranged from 0.0 to 5.0 per 100,000 population with a male preponderance in most Indian registries. Among males, excepting for the Southern cities, all other registries revealed a decreasing trend/no change in the MAPC both in crude incidence rate (CR) and ASR. However, in females, an increase in MAPC in CR was noted in several registries. Statistically significant increase in EAPC in CR was observed in all the three registries ranging from 1.45% to 3.99% in males while in females the increase was 1.13% in Mumbai and 1.76% in Bangalore. Further studies are required to understand these changing trends and factors that operate in the aetiology of rectal cancer in the Indian scenario. Higher incidence in males indicates the need for greater attention to understand the causes of gender disparities.}, keywords = {rectal cancer,Indian scenario,Trend,estimated annual percentage change}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25827.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25827_debfdf54b4907e2c1fd7e676a14de4c2.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Knowledge of Colorectal Cancer among Patients Presenting with Rectal Bleeding and its Association with Delay in Seeking Medical Advice}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2007-2011}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Knowledge is believed to be a driving factor for patients’ early presentation for healthcare. This study was conducted to assess knowledge of colorectal cancer among subjects presenting with rectal bleeding and to determine its association with late presentation. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 80 patients with rectal bleeding, aged 40 and above, was conducted between December 2008 and June 2009 in the endoscopy unit, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. The research instruments used in this study was a self-administered questionnaire including data on duration of rectal bleeding, first medical consultation and knowledge of colorectal cancer. Results: Sixty percent of subjects with rectal bleeding delayed seeking medical advice. Subjects were more aware of symptoms of non-colorectal cancers compared to symptoms of colorectal cancer. The majority of subjects (63.8%) correctly identified rectal bleeding as a symptom but were not aware of the best screening method to detect colorectal cancer. Half of the subjects knew increasing age and genetic background to be risk factors for colorectal carcinoma. However, knowledge of colorectal cancer was not found to be significantly associated with delay in seeking help. Conclusion: Findings indicate poor awareness of colorectal cancer among the subjects. Although public education of colorectal cancer is important for early presentation on rectal bleeding, further studies are advocated to evaluate other factors influencing patients’ help seeking behavior other than knowledge.}, keywords = {rectal bleeding,delay in seeking help,Knowledge,colorectal cancer,Malaysia}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25828.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25828_293abb693029fbde328bd918bdaa48e8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Trends and Morphology of Central Nervous System Malignancies in Karachi}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2013-2017}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: This study was conducted to assess the patterns of primary central nervous system (CNS) malignancies in Karachi South (KS), a moderate risk population in Asia. Materials and Methods: Data for 321 registered cases were reviewed and analyzed in two periods 1995-1997 (111 cases, 75 (67.6%) male (M); 36 (32.4%) female (F)) and 1998-2002 (210 cases, 124 (59.1%) M; 86 (40.9%) F). Results: Age standardized incidence rate per 100,000, crude incidence rate and relative frequency in 1995-1997 were 3.5, 2.8 and 3.5% (M) and 1.8, 1.6 and 1.7% (F). Corresponding figures for 1998-2002 were 3.3, 2.7 and 2.7% (M) and 3.3, 2.7 and 2.1% (F). Mean age of male and female patients during 1995-1997 was 33.3 years (SD± 20.4) and 30.7 years (SD±19.6). Mean ages for 1998-2002 were 33.2 years (SD±19.5) and 28.7 years (SD±18.5) for males and females respectively. In males, 199 malignancies were reported, 106 (86.9%) cases in the brain, 10 (5.5%) in meninges and 12 (6.0%) in the spinal cord; 122 cases were observed in females, 177 (89%) cases in the brain, 8 (6.6%) each in the meninges and spinal cord. The most common morphology was astrocytoma (72 (36.2%) (M); 40 (32.7%) (F)). Mean age of low grade astrocytoma was 27.8 years (M) and 27.0 years (F); anaplastic astrocytomas, 40.5 years (M), 34.1 years (F) and glioblastoma, 45.7 years (M) and 38.3 years (F). Youngest cases were registered for cerebellum and brain stem. Conclusion: The incidence of CNS malignancies is stable in males and gradually increasing in females. Astrocytoma is the commonest morphology; they affect a younger age group and show an age gradient in proportion to tumor grade. The mean age varied by sub-site and histology. Focus should be directed towards the understanding the biological nature and risk factors prevalent in this population.}, keywords = {Brain and spinal cord cancers - Karachi,Pakistan - trends - morphology}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25829.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25829_8f2f0134c115038c6d75c86917e2f50c.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Folate Intake, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphisms, and Risk of Esophageal Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2019-2023}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Aim: Genetic and environmental factors may play roles in the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer and susceptibility may be modified by functional polymorphisms in folate metabolic genes, such as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). We here evaluated associations of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and folate intake with esophageal cancer. Methods: A matched hospital-based case-control study with 155 esophageal cancer and 310 non-cancer controls was conducted in a Chinese population with gene-environment interactions evaluated between the MTHFR C667T polymorphism and drinking and smoking, as well as folate intake. Results: Individuals carrying MTHFR 667CT [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23-2.62] and TT [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 3.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.46-8.74] had significantly increased esophageal cancer risk compared with those with MTHFR 667CC genotype. Folate intake was seen to have non-significant preventive effect. In former, moderate and heavy drinkers, a high esophageal cancer risk was observed for those with an MTHFR 677T allele genotype [ORs: 5.0(1.29-18.88), 3.70(1.83-7.66) and 5.77(2.11-15.72), respectively]. Significant interaction was found for moderate-heavy drinking and the MTHFR 677T allele genotype for esophageal cancer risk (p<0.05). Significant increased risk was also found in moderate and heavy smokers with the two genotypes [ORs: 3.58(1.64-7.80) and 4.51(1.15-17.78), respectively]. High folate intake and MTHFR 677TT was associated with a non-significant tendency for decreased esophageal cancer risk. Conclusion: Our finding supports the hypothesis that MTHFR C667T polymorphisms play a role in pathogenesis of esophageal cancer in the Chinese population.}, keywords = {Esophageal cancer risk,folate intake,methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25830.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25830_066b3708e08b705fb8df7f0e8c7578f9.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Constipation and Colorectal Cancer Risk: The Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2025-2030}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Constipation has been suspected to be linked to colorectal cancer risk, but epidemiological evidence is inconclusive. We described the prevalence of constipation and related lifestyle factors in a community and examined the relation of constipation and other bowel habits to colorectal cancer risk. The prevalence study was based on 833 community controls in the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study, and 212 cases of Dukes’ stage A were used in a study on bowel habits and colorectal cancer risk. Bowel habits were assessed by in-person interview. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of colorectal cancer were estimated with adjustment for dietary and nondietary factors. Constipation was reported by 10.3% of men and 27.7% of women. Individuals with less frequent bowel movements had a lower intake of total energy and were physically less active. The multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) of colorectal cancer were 1.51 (1.02-2.25) for self-reported constipation, 1.60 (1.05-2.44) for functional constipation, and 1.24 (0.81-1.90) for infrequent bowel movements (<1 stool/day). Self-reported constipation was fairly common in Japanese adults. Constipation was associated with a moderately increased risk of colorectal cancer.}, keywords = {Bowel habits,Constipation,colorectal cancer,Japanese}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25831.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25831_9849f0896871ab5abae322831f6d2f99.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Therapeutic Effects of Combination of Paeoniflorin and Albiflorin from Paeonia Radix on Radiation and Chemotherapy-induced Myelosuppression in Mice and Rabbits}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2031-2037}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of the combination of paeoniflorin and albiflorin (CPA) extracted from Paeonia radix on radiation and chemotherapy induced myelosuppression in two animal models: mice and rabbits. Mice were exposed to X-ray radiation (400 Roentgen), and both mice and rabbits were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (100.0 mg/kg) and cytarabine chloride (92.7 mg/kg), respectively, for 3 days to induce myelosuppression. CPA was subsequently administrated intravenously at low (15.0 mg/kg for mice, 6.00 mg/kg for rabbits), intermediate (30.0 mg/kg for mice, 12.0 mg/kg for rabbits) and high (60.0 mg/kg for mice, 24.0 mg/kg for rabbits) doses, as well as orally (60.0 mg/kg for mice, 24.0 mg/kg for rabbits) for 7 days. Shenqi tablets were used as positive controls (oral administration of 936.0 mg/kg for mice, 336.0 mg/kg for rabbits). The administration of CPA significantly ameliorated myelosuppression in all cases. For the X-ray irradiated mice and the chemotherapy treated mice and rabbits, high dosages of CPA resulted in the recovery of, respectively, 94.4%, 95.3% and 97.7% of hemoglobin content; 67.7%, 92.0% and 94.3% of platelet numbers; 26.8%, 137.1% and 107.3% of white blood cell counts; as well as a reversal in the reduction of peripheral differential white blood cell counts. There was also a recovery of 50.9%, 146.1% and 92.3%, respectively, in the animals’ relative spleen weight. Additionally, a recovery of 35.7% and 87.2% in the number of bone marrow nucleated cells was observed in the radio- and chemotherapy treated mice, respectively. Bone marrow white blood cell counts also resumed to normal levels. These results substantiate the marked therapeutic effects of CPA to ameliorate myelosuppression induced by radio and chemotherapy.}, keywords = {Paeoniflorin,albiflorin,myelosuppression,hematopoietic,thrombocytopoietic,leukocytotic}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25832.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25832_5cca6ca635879e83a367891fb9284354.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Up-regulation of GTSE1 Lacks a Relationship with Clinical Data in Lung Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2039-2043}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Lung cancer is one of the most common cancer types that lead to death in cancer patients across the world. Clarification of differentially expressed genes is essential for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. According to the public cDNA microarray database, we found that GTSE1 is overexpressed dramatically in lung cancer patients’ tissues. To further verify the microarray data, quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining were undertaken to test GTSE1 expression both at mRNA and protein levels. GTSE1 is up-regulated in lung cancer tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissues, especially in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The expression profile of GTSE1 was investigated, and the clinical significance and the association between GTSE1 and the overall survival were assessed in 246 lung cancer patients. No statistically significant correlation, however, was observed between GTSE1, the clinical features and survival. Thus, GTSE1 may not be a prognostic marker in lung cancers.}, keywords = {GTSE1,Lung cancer,immunohistochemical staining}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25833.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25833_864179b980b38e447c029f6886080f52.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Practice Towards Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Among Malaysian Women: a Survey of the General Population}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2045-2049}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the practice of HPV vaccine among Malaysian women in the general population. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 233 women during the Academic Year 2010/2011. Written consent was obtained from the participants and written information about the study was given enclosed with the questionnaire form. The questionnaire consisted of Socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about HPV and practice of HPV vaccine. The protocol of this study was approved by the ethics committee of Management and Science University (MSU). Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13. T-test and ANOVA test were used to explore the relation between socio-demographic characteristics and the practice of HPV vaccine. Results: A total number of 233 women participated in this study. Majority of the participants were from the age group 17-30 years old, Malay, single and having tertiary education (67.8%, 62.7, 62.2, 86.3%; respectively). As for the knowledge of participants, the majority of them heard about HPV (82.4%), knew that the multiple sex partners increase the risk of HPV (71.7%). Regarding the practice of HPV vaccine among respondents, slightly more than have of them have been vaccinated (51.5%). Regarding the factors that influenced the practice of HPV vaccine among general population; age, marital status and family monthly income were significantly influence the practice of HPV vaccine (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.001; respectively). Conclusion: Slightly more than have of the participants have been vaccinated. Age, marital status and income significantly influence the practice of HPV vaccine. Therefore promotion of HPV vaccine and include HPV vaccine in the national vaccination program is very important as a primary prevention from cervical cancer among women.}, keywords = {Practice,HPV,Vaccine,Malaysian Women}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25834.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25834_68e94b0509696a1f497e5d216c5804b6.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {The Lady with Raised Prostate Specific Antigen: Do We Need To Worry?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2051-2053}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is generally considered a biological marker of prostate cancer although raised values may also be observed in benign prostatic diseases. PSA can be secreted in females from skeine’s periurethral gland but at low levels. This case - control study aimed at the evaluation of relation of PSA with different diseases in women. Method: A total of 297 patients were included, 107 with breast cancer, 90 with benign breast disease (BBD) and 100 controls (patients attending our surgery department for non-breast diseases). PSA was measured in the serum of all and a statistical analysis was conducted. Result: An association of raised PSA with breast diseases was observed. Total PSA was more sensitive for benign breast diseases, whereas breast cancer showed a predilection towards increase in free PSA. PSA decreased after surgery. Conclusion: PSA can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of breast cancer in women, therefore helping secondary prevention of breast cancer.}, keywords = {Prostate specific antigen,Women,breast cancer}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25835.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25835_c0009bd02e8c5fd7b1f152a871103c1b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cancer Nursing Research Output and Topics in the First Decade of the 21st Century: Results of a Bibliometric and Co-word Cluster Analysis}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2055-2058}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: Many countries carry a high cancer burden and comprehensive cancer nursing is becoming increasingly complicated and difficult. Summarizing the recent research focus on cancer nursing may provide a snapshot of this field for those nurses or nurse educators who are in need of a quick overview of the research and its utilization. Methods: Candidate publications from January 1st 2001 to March 31st 2011 were collected by searching PubMed with the MeSH word ‘oncologic nursing’ and without language restriction. Bibliometric techniques used in this study included a statistical analysis of publication counts by authors, countries and journals and a co-word cluster analysis of highly-frequent MeSH words. Results: A total of 2933 publications about cancer nursing from 246 journals were indexed in PubMed, with Oncology Nursing Forum identified as the top contributing journal in the field. The United States, the United Kingdom and Canada were the largest three producer countries about cancer nursing. A total of 34 highly-frequent MeSH words for more than 100 times’ occurrences in the papers about oncologic nursing were extracted for cluster analysis. These words were classified into 3 aspects: (1) nursing practice; (2) nursing evaluation and education; (3) nursing-related social support. Conclusions: Stable growth has occurred in the research field of cancer nursing. The limited amount of the publications from developing countries indicates that the field is still under-developed. Emerging topics of nurse-patient relations and social support provide some hints of the need to provide more target training for the nurses and nurse students in the field of cancer nursing.}, keywords = {oncologic nursing &#8211,bibliometrics &#8211,Cluster analysis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25836.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25836_c54ed7f1fce0ac01601282ec4e99f6e8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy with Imatinib for Locally Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in Eastern Indian Patients}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2059-2064}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Imatinib mesylate is able to at least modify the course of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). Neoadjuvant use for locally advanced lesions is evolving as a new treatment paradigm in this hitherto universally fatal disease. Methods and Results: The study patients with locally advanced GIST received neoadjuvant and adjuvant imatinib mesylate. Response was noted as per the RECIST protocol and overall progression free survival was reported. Of 19 patients (mean age 38.5 years, range 26 yrs to 64 yrs) studied, 13 achieved partial response (PR) and 6 a stationary disease (SD) on preoperative imatinib. Histopathological evaluation and grading of responses revealed only moderate and low grade pathological response after imatinib. R0 resection was possible in 13/19 and R1 in 6/19. Imatinib was well tolerated and adverse reactions were minimal. Post operative complications of surgery were not out of the ordinary for a surgical series featuring extensive abdominal surgery. Conclusion: Preoperative imatinib in locally advanced GIST seems to be a reasonable option for locally advanced GIST patients and enough downstaging to allow a resection with microscopically negative margins can be expected in a fairly good proportion of patients.}, keywords = {GIST,neoadjuvant imatinib,locally advanced,recurrent}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25837.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25837_3193bca2d91733f660bc58dec73cb2da.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and ALDH2 and ADH1B Polymorphisms in Chinese Females}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2065-2068}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Aim: Alcohol dehydrogenase-IB (ADH1B) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) are the key enzymes for elimination of ethanol and acetaldehyde, the latter being an established animal carcinogen produced after drinking. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the contribution of ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms to the risk of esophageal squamous cell (ESCC) in Chinese females. Methods: A total of 81 pathologically-proven female ESCC cases and 162 female controls were recruited from the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Armed Police Forces of PRC in China. ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-CTPP. Results: Compared with those with ADH1B*2/*2, individuals with ADH2*1/*2 and ADH2*1/*1 had 1.47 and 2.36-fold, respectively, increased risk of developing ESCC (95%CI=0.84-2.58, 95%CI=1.14-5.79) after adjusting for alcohol consumption and other covariates. Significantly increased risk was also noted among subjects with ALDH2*1/*2 (adjusted OR=3.24, 95%CI=1.45-5.36), when compared to those with ALDH2*1/*1. Risk was greater in heavy drinking females carrying ADH1B *1/*1 or ALDH2*1/*2 genotypes compared to those with ADH1B*2 and ALDH2*1/*1. Moreover, we found a significant trend of ESCC risk with alcoholic consumption in women with ALDH2*1/*2. Conclusion: Chinese women with ADH1B *1/*1 or ALDH2*1/*2 have elevated risk of ESCC similarly to men. Women with inactive ADH1B and ALDH2 should reduce drinking and increase their intake of vegetable and fruit to prevent development of esophageal cancer.}, keywords = {ADH1B,ALDH2,gene polymorphisms,Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25838.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25838_130b4f30526c08bc5e25f0fb651029b9.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cytotoxic Potential of Indian Spices (Extracts) Against Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma Cells}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2069-2073}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Diet is one of the important factors in cancer etiology and prevention. The Indian diet is particularly interesting in its many unique dietary constituents, including spices like chili pepper, cloves, black pepper and black cumin, that have promise as chemopreventive agents. The objective of the present study was to compare the in vitro anticancer activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts against the TE-13 (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) cell line. All extracts showed cytotoxic activity but aqueous extracts were found to be more potent than alcoholic extracts. Morphological analysis, DAPI staining and DNA fragmentation assays showed maximum cell death and apoptotic cell demise (88% ) to occur within 24 hours with an aqueous extract of chili pepper at 300μl/ml.}, keywords = {spices,esophageal cancer cells,TE-13,cytotoxity,DAPI,Apoptosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25839.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25839_baa0ea38f07b6b7c25e284f777e00132.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Knockdown of S100A4 Decreases Tumorigenesis and Metastasis in Osteosarcoma Cells by Repression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2075-2080}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Osteosarcoma (OS), the most frequent bone tumor in children and adolescents, is highly malignant. Metastases are the major cause of death, and patients with relapse have a poor prognosis. Given the associations of S100A4 with OS and tumor metastasis, we explored its potential roles in OS metastasis. Among 32 OS (16 metastatic and 16 non- metastatic) specimens examined, we found a significant increase of S100A4 mRNA in metastatic tissues, and more importantly, expression of S100A4 and MMP-9 to be strongly correlated in patients who had lymph node or distant metastasis. We observed that siRNA mediated suppression of the S100A4 gene significantly reduced the proliferative and invasive capability of highly invasive OS cells, with a reduced rate of tumor growth and metastasis under in vivo conditions. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) proved highly responsive to S100A4 gene suppression, demonstrating significant reduction in proteolytic activity, while overexpression of S100A4 increased the expression and proteolytic activity of MMP-9. Links of S100A4 with cell motility were confirmed by depletion which resulted in reduced cell migration. Moreover, loss of cell metastatic potential was completely rescued by overexpression of MMP-9. Collectively, our findings indicate that S100A4 contributes to OS metastasis by stimulating MMP-9 expression, suggesting potential as a novel diagnostic biomarker for OS progression as well as a therapeutic target.}, keywords = {osteosarcoma,Metastasis,S100A4,MMP-9 expression,Cell migration}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25840.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25840_cf86e2c170bbe5743df8747547aa7294.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Genetic Alteration in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Detected by Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2081-2085}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Oral cancer ranks as one of the top ten cancers in Thailand. Molecular carcinogenesis of this disease remains unknown. The purpose of this report was to identify the genetic alteration profile in Thai oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients using arbitrarily primed PCR and to determine the association between genetic alterations and clinico-pathological characteristics. Band alteration profiles in the 33 OSCC tissues were compared with corresponding normal tissues amplified from 60 arbitrary primers using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) were identified with 12 primers. Among these, 45 band patterns presented the alteration ranged from 36% to 88%. Primer AD15 at 750 base pairs (AD15-750bp) was found to have both the highest band alteration (88%) and the highest band loss (37%). The highest DNA band amplification was found in primer AX11-1300bp (52%). Primer AX-11 at 1300 base pairs at the altered frequency of 52% was significantly associated with smoking (p=0.007), and primer N20 at 800 base pairs showed association with low grade tumors (p=0.030). Our results indicate that AP-PCR is a useful technique for detecting genetic alteration in oral squamous cell carcinomas and to provide various genetic alternative data.}, keywords = {genetic alteration,Oral SCC,arbitrarily primed PCR}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25841.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25841_8b5411ba6596e8b367d1fad2007c209d.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Breastfeeding is not Associated with Risk of Developing Childhood Leukemia in the Sultanate of Oman}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2087-2091}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Recent case-control studies on breastfeeding and childhood leukemia risk have indicated that longer duration of breast feeding (> 6 months) is associated with decreased risk of the disease. Objective: To investigate the relationship between duration of breastfeeding and risk of childhood leukemia in Oman. Materials and Methods: In a case control study all recently diagnosed and registered cases of childhood leukemia at the National Registry during (1999- 2009), a total of 70 cases, were recruited. For each case, a gender and age matched control was selected either from the family relatives or from the neighbors of family siblings. Results: Breastfeeding is culturally favored for longer periods of time (up to 24 months) in Oman. Data of this study revealed that 21% of cases and 12 % of their gender and age matched controls were breastfed for an average duration of 6-12 months. In 75% of the cases and 81% of controls the period of breastfeeding was between 12-24 months. Only 4% of the cases and 7% of controls were breastfed for a period more than 24 months. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed between the cases and controls with respect to breastfeeding and the risk of childhood leukemia. Similarly the duration of breast feeding did not have any significant (P > 0.05) effect on the risk of childhood leukemia in Oman. Conclusion: This study indicated that duration of breastfeeding was not associated with risk of childhood leukemia in Oman and there may be some other environmental and genetic factors that might be responsible for the occurrence of this disease and must be explored further}, keywords = {childhood leukemia,negative risk factors,Breastfeeding,Sultanate of Oman}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25842.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25842_b0adcc2a56c8ceab31207832dd3360c5.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Impact of Income and Education on Drug Purchasing Decisions in Hong Kong Chinese Cancer Patients: a Pilot Study}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2093-2096}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: The affordability of diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic interventions is a global concern, particularly in the developing world. To clarify the educational and financial factors that influence purchasing decisions, we conducted a survey of Hong Kong cancer patients across a broad social spectrum. Methods: A questionnaire was designed to assess the effect of costs on purchasing decisions relating to six drug-related variables: efficacy, tolerability, convenience, safety, peer pressure, and uncertainty. Validation of the original 31-part survey resulted in a final set of 22 core questions that was administered to 51 consecutive oncology patients who were characterised in terms of varying household income and educational level. Results: Most respondents (87.6%) were Hong Kong-born or mainland Chinese. There was a strong correlation between household income and education. Demand for drug tolerability and safety was high and cost-inelastic across all educational and income groups. An unexpected finding was that patients from low-income/education households were keen to purchase costly medications (whether Western, or Chinese herbs) of reputed high efficacy, whereas patients from middle-income/-education backgrounds were more influenced by considerations of unreimbursed cost. Only the most affluent and well-educated patients valued overall survival above disease-free survival when making drug purchasing decisions; this cohort was also the least influenced by peer pressure, and the most willing to pay extra for drugs offering more convenience alone. Conclusion: Low-income/education Asian patients had paradoxically high expectations of costly drug interventions. Although larger studies addressing this issue are needed to confirm these conclusions, public education initiatives aimed at protecting low-income/education patients from exploitation or disappointment may be desirable.}, keywords = {Cost-efficacy,decision analysis,psycho-oncology,cancer patients}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25843.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25843_3d8f8e0b666171926cf330a3c7f2ab7c.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {VEGF-C Antisense Oligoxydeonucleotide Suppression of Invasive Ability of the A-549 Lung Carcinoma Cell Line}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2097-2099}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), a member of the VEGF family, has been reported to promote angiogenesis and tumor cell growth. In this study, we analyzed inhibitory action of a VEGF-C antisense oligoxydeonucleotide (ASODN) on a lung carcinoma cell line A-549 and its invasive ability in vitro. Methods: Liposomes, liposome-mediated sense oligoxydeonucleotide (SODN) and ASODN were transfected into A-549 cells, with a blank control group. The expression of VEGF-C was examined by western blotting and invasive ability of cells was detected at four levels. Results: Lower expression of VEGF-C and lower invasive ability to recombinate basal membranes were apparent in the ASOND group (P<0.01). However, there were no significant differences among the other three groups (P>0.05). In the invasion assay, the number of transmembrane cells was significantly reduced in the ASODN group after 48 hours (58.6±9.2 P<0.01), but there was no variation amongcontrol, LIP and SOND groups (132.5±15.6, 129.7±16.1, 118.2±12.5, P>0.05). Conclusions: VEGF-C ASODN can downregulate the expression of VEGF-C in cell lines and can obviously inhibit invasive ability in vitro.}, keywords = {Vascular endothelial growth factor C,antisense oligoxydeonucleotide,lung carcinoma,In vitro}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25844.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25844_9eb24dffe7cdf1cf20e71996711dd1ab.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Simplified MSI Marker Panel for Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2101-2104}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Colorectal cancers (CRCs) tumors are diagnosed by microsatellite instability (MSI) due to accumulation of insertion/deletion mutations in tandem repeats of short DNA motifs (1–6 bp) called microsatellites. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is not only a hallmark marker for screening of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), but also a prognostic and predictive marker for sporadic colorectal cancer. Our objective was to determine and study of five mononucleotide microsatellite markers status among Iranian patients with HNPCC and sporadic colorectal cancer. Material and Methods: In the current investigation 80 sporadic CRC and 80 HNPCC patients were evaluated for MSI. The pentaplex panel including 5 quasimonomorphic mononucleotide repeats (NR-21, BAT-26, BAT-25, NR-27 and NR-24) was used. Results: Our findings showed that the NR-21 was the most frequent instable marker among the other markers. 53% and 25.6% specimens had instability in sporadic CRC and HNPCC, respectively. Furthermore, the frequencies of instability BAT-25 was determined in 20% sporadic CRC and 23% HNPCC samples. Interestingly our results demonstrated that the frequency of instability NR-24 was similar 20% sporadic CRC and 20.5% HNPCC. Moreover, percentage of NR-27 in HNPCC was 19.2 and 0% in sporadic CRC. Finally, BAT-26 was instable in 21.8% HNPCC patients while we could find 6.6% instability for BAT-26 in sporadic cases. Conclusion: It seems that among 5 mononucleotides markers NR-21 was the most useful marker for diagnosis HNPCC and sporadic cancer. Following NR-21, BAT-25 and NR-24 are the most reliable markers. Therefore using a triplex panel including 3 aforementioned MSI markers should be more promising markers for identifying MSI status in both patients with HNPCC and/or sporadic colorectal cancer.}, keywords = {HNPCC,mononucleotide markers,MSI,sporadic colorectal cancer}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25845.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25845_0ef96393e17c6b13c52002a58405403a.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Esophageal Cancer Mortality Trends in Rural and Urban China Between 1987 and 2009}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2105-2110}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Esophageal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors in China. This study aimed to examine the temporal trend of esophageal cancer mortality rates during the period 1987-2009 in both rural and urban settings and to detect the effects of year of death and year of birth on the trends using joinpoint regression analysis and an age-period-cohort model. Age-standardized mortality rates were calculated by the direct method using the world population of 1960, and joinpoint regression was performed to obtain the annual percentage change (APC) in mortality rate. Poisson regression models were fitted to evaluate the period and cohort effects after adjusting for age. During the period 1987-2009, age-standardized mortality rates showed an overall significant decrease for rural females (APC=-2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.3%, -1.2%), urban males (APC=-1.8, 95% CI: -2.6%, -1.0%) and urban females (APC=-3.7, 95% CI: -4.9%, -2.4%), but the decrease was not statistically significant for rural males (APC=-0.9, 95% CI: -2.0%, 0.3%). After adjusting for age and with the birth cohort of 1900-1904 or period 1987-1991 as reference, the relative risk of successive cohorts decreased steadily and that of more recent periods kept relatively stable. The decreasing birth cohort effect in the recent generations could correspond to increased adoption of healthy dietary habits and life-styles in the population.}, keywords = {China,Esophageal Cancer,mortality,Poisson regression,Trends}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25846.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25846_eb56dd1e8242bfe91618e69f7bbfa76f.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Risk Factors for Breast Cancer among Women in Bhopal Urban Agglomerate: A Case-Control Study}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2111-2115}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females worldwide, and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. The incidence is on the rise in India, and breast cancer is the second most common malignancy in Indian women. Objective: To assess the risk factors for breast cancer patients living in Bhopal. Study Design and Method: This case-control study was conducted in Bhopal urban agglomerate for a period of a year from October 2008 to August 2009. Demographic data and reproductive risk factor related information was collected using a structured questionnaire with analyses by Epi-info and SPSS 16. Results: A history of oral contraceptive pill use (OR=2.77, 95% CI: 1.15-6.65), history of not having breastfeeding (OR=3.49, 95% CI:1.22-9.97), over weight (OR=0.11, 95%CI:0.02-0.49), obese women ( OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.06-0.88) and family history of breast cancer (OR=3.89, 95% CI: 1.01-14.92) were associated significantly with the occurrence of breast cancer on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggests that positive family history of breast cancer and history of using OCP may be the epigenetic factors promoting the occurrence of breast cancer while breastfeeding reduces the possibility of acquiring breast cancer.}, keywords = {breast cancer,Breast feeding,oral contraceptive pills,Reproductive,AORs}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25847.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25847_4991fc5a7f28f43e51ee532f5b2c9b42.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Genetic Variation in the Fat10 Gene is Associated with Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Chinese Population}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2117-2122}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and Objectives: This study examined whether variation in exonic and flanking sequences of the human HLA-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) gene might be associated with susceptibility and clinicopathological development of hapatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: A total of 522 subjects, including 268 healthy controls and 254 patients with HCC, were recruited. Genotyping was accomplished using DNA sequencing. Haplotypes were determined through genotypic and disequilibrium analysis of identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results: Ten SNPs in FAT10 were identified, namely -143 A/G (rs362535), -121 A/G (rs2272991), +3446 C/T, +3476 T/C (rs2076484), +3527 T/C (rs2076485), +3607 T/C (rs2076486), +3620 C/G (rs2076487), +3803 C/G (rs8337), +3809 G/T (rs7757931), +3833 G/C (rs444013). +3446 C/T is a novle polymorphism. The -143 A/G, -121 A/G, +3476 T/C, +3607 T/C, +3620 C/G and +3809 G/T genotypes were associated with a decreased risk for HCC (all P-values <0.05). No SNPs were associated with disease clinicopathology (all P-values > 0.05). Furthermore, under the analysis of haplotype, GGCTCGT and AGCTCGT were related to reduced HCC risk (OR=0.41, 95%CI=0.24, 0.70, P<0.05 and OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.22, 0.983, P<0.05, respectively), while AATTTCG was associated with an increased risk (OR= 1.64, 95% CI=1.24-2.17, P<0.05). 10-million permutation testing also indicated the AATTTCG and GGCTCGT haplotypes to be associated with HCC susceptibility (both P-values <0.05). Patients carrying AATTTCG were in higher tumor and clinical stages (P<0.05), while GGCTCGT appeared protective in this context (P <0.05). Conclusion: This study provides first evidence that FAT10 gene genetic variants may be involved in the susceptibility and clinicopathological development of HCC in the Chinese han population.}, keywords = {FAT10,polymorphisms,Haplotype,Susceptibility,Hepatocellular carcinoma}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25848.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25848_42572b93eb57321c13662f50983e2ab2.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cancer Screening in Korea, 2010: Results from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2123-2128}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {To investigate the participation rates in gastric, liver, colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer screening in Korea, including both organised and opportunistic programmes, a nationwide interview survey using multi-stage random sampling was conducted in 2010. A total of 4,056 cancer-free men aged over 40 years and women aged 30 years participated. Lifetime screening rates ranged from 54.2% (liver cancer) to 79.5% (breast cancer) and rates of screening in accordance with guidelines ranged from 22.9% (liver cancer) to 65.1% (gastric cancer). Upper endoscopy was the preferred method for gastric cancer, whereas the faecal occult blood test was conducted most often for colorectal cancer. The main reason stated for non attendance was ‘no symptoms.’ To increase attendance at cancer-screening programmes, efforts to increase education and accessibility of screening programmes are necessary.}, keywords = {cancer screening,Early Detection of Cancer,Korean national program}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25849.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25849_19178f3ecf4554e07748463df2acddb8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Survey of Factors Associated with Nurses’ Perception of Patient Safety}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2129-2132}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: To describe the nurse’s perception of hospital organization related to cultural issues on the safety of the patient and reporting medical errors. In addition, to identify factors associated with the safety of the patient and the nurse. Methods: A survey conducted during December 2008-Jannuary 2009, with 126 nurses using the Korean version of the AHRQ patient safety survey, a self-report 5-point Likert scale. Stata 10.0 was used for descriptive analysis, ANOVA (Analysis of variance) and logistic regression. Setting: National cancer center in Korea. Results: The means for a working environment related to patient safety was 3.4 (±0.62). The associated factors of duration were at a present hospital, a special area, and direct contact with patients. Among organizational culture factors related to patient safety, the means were 3.81(±0.54) for the boss/manager’s perception of patient safety and 3.37(±0.49) for the cooperation/collaboration between units. The frequent number of errors reported by nurses were 1~2(22.2%) times over the past 12 months. For incidence reporting, the items that the ‘nurses perceived for communication among clinicians as fair’ had a means of 3.23(±0.40) and the ‘overall evaluation of patient safety was a good’ 3.34(±0.73). Conclusions: The nurse’s perception of cooperation and collaboration between units were associated with the direct contact between the patient and the nurse. The frequency of incidence reporting was associated with the duration of working hours at the present hospital and also their work experience. The nurse’s perception of hospital environment, organizational culture, and incidence reporting was above average and mostly associated with organizational culture.}, keywords = {patient safety,Organizational Culture,medical error reporting}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25850.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25850_2347771e680116bb2f22ead87f3a4863.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {CYP1A1 Gene Polymorphisms: Lack of Association with Breast Cancer Susceptibility in the Southern Region (Madurai) of India}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2133-2138}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The cytochrome P 450 1A1 gene encoding a phase I metabolic enzyme appears to be a candidate for breast cancer risk. It is involved in the phase I detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 2-hydroxylation of estrogens and mammary carcinogens into 2-hydroxy catechol metabolites. Several studies have investigated polymorphisms in CYP1A1 and breast cancer risk with inconsistent results. We here carried out a population based case-control study of the CYP MspI (CYP1A1*1/M1) and Ile462Val (CYP1A1*2/M2) polymorphisms in CYP1A1 to clarify their importance in determining breast cancer susceptibility in a South Indian population. A total of 50 cases and 50 controls were genotyped for both polymorphisms. We also investigated putative interactions with exposure to pollution, radiation and intake of tobacco and CYP1A1 genotype and breast cancer risk using a case only study design. The genotype distribution of CYP1A1*1 in cancer patients was 6% for homozygous (CYP1A1 M1 [C/C], 34% for heterozygous CYP1A1 M1 [T/C] and 60% for wild type (CYP1A1 M1 [T/T] (OR: 0.583, CI-95% (0.252-1.348). The genotype distribution of M2 genotypes in patients was 24% of homozygous (CYP1A1 M2 [Val/Val], 4% for heterozygous (CYP1A1 M2 [Ile/Val] and 72% for wild type allele (CYP1A1 M2 [Ile/Ile] [OR: 0.720, CI-95% (0.606-0.856)]. Our results suggest that there is no significant correlation between CYP1A1 M1/ CYP1A1 M2 polymorphism and occurrence of breast cancer in South Indian women.}, keywords = {CYP 1A1,M1 and M2 polymorphisms,breast cancer,South Indian population}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25851.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25851_c29637429d5b8c1c9103a3bf57e783a5.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Therapeutic and Prognostic Implications}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2139-2143}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) lack oestrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor (PR), nor over-express human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that women diagnosed with TNBC manifest a significantly different set of clinic-pathologic features and risk factors when compared to women with other subtypes of breast cancer. They are associated with poor prognosis, as defined by low five-year survival. To date many studies have examined the utility of traditional chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with TNBC and have confirmed the benefits of these agents in both the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. Targeted therapy options involving PARP1 and EGFR inhibition, are currently in different phases of development and will hopefully change the paradigm of how patients with TNBC are treated. The present commentary aims to summarize the latest findings on chemotherapy in the treatment of TNBC in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting and explore the ongoing development of newer targeted agents.}, keywords = {Triple-negative breast cancer,Chemotherapy,Epidemiology,Prognosis,targeted agents}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25852.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25852_c700b8e3863ea9cb42008e229313ce78.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Important Clarifications about Peculiarities of Hookah Smoking and Lung Cancer in Kashmir}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2145-2146}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25854.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25854_5e1a4539a7d5da8d56ac281ba5a75837.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Bevacizumab: a New Potential Therapeutic Option in Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {2147-2148}, year = {2011}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25853.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_25853_c5ebb7eb0dbd329fb00931932369acf5.pdf} }