@article { author = {}, title = {How Our Practice of Histopathology, Especially Tumour Pathology has Changed in the Last Two Decades: Reflections from a Major Referral Center in Pakistan}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3829-3849}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Continued advances in the field of histo pathology (and cyto pathology) over the past two decades have resultedin dramatic changes in the manner in which these disciplines are now practiced. This is especially true in thesetting of a large university hospital where the role of pathologists as clinicians (diagnosticians), undergraduateand postgraduate educators, and researchers has evolved considerably. The world around us has changedsignificantly during this period bringing about a considerable change in our lifestyles and the way we live. This isthe world of the internet and the world-wide web, the world of Google and Wikipedia, of Youtube and Facebookwhere anyone can obtain any information one desires at the push of a button. The practice of histo (and cyto)pathology has also evolved in line with these changes. For those practicing this discipline in a poor, developingcountry these changes have been breathtaking. This is an attempt to document these changes as experiencedby histo (and cyto) pathologists practicing in the biggest center for Histopathology in Pakistan, a developingcountry in South Asia with a large (180 million) and ever growing population. The Section of Histopathology,Department of Pathology and Microbiology at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) in Karachi, Pakistan’slargest city has since its inception in the mid-1980s transformed the way histopathology is practiced in Pakistanby incorporating modern methods and rescuing histopathology in Pakistan from the primitive and outdatedgroove in which it was stuck for decades. It set histopathology in Pakistan firmly on the path of modernity andchange which are essential for better patient management and care through accurate and complete diagnosisand more recently prognostic and predictive information as well.}, keywords = {histopathology,cytopathology,molecular pathology,cancer}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29164.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29164_528d1d6efe78c0e172593821aba76d37.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Role of Cytokines in Genesis, Progression and Prognosis of Cervical Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3851-3864}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Cytokine research is currently at the forefront in cancer research. Deciphering the functions of these multiplesmall molecules, discovered within the cell and in intercellular spaces, with their abundance and pleotrophism,was initially a great challenge. Advances in analytical chemistry and molecular biology have made it possible tounravel the pathophysiological functions of these polypeptides/proteins which are called interleukins, chemokines,monokines, lymphokines and growth factors. With more than 5 million women contracting cervical cancerevery year this cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity the world over, particularly in the developingcountries. In more than 95% of cases it is associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection which ispersistent, particularly in those with a defective immune system. Although preventable, the mere magnitudeof prevalence of HPV in the world population makes it a dominating current health hazard. The discoveryof cytokine dysregulation in cervical cancer has spurted investigation into the possibility of using them asbiomarkers in the early diagnosis of cases at high risk of developing cancer. Their critical role in carcinogenesisand progression of cervical cancer is now being revealed to a great extent. From diagnostics to prognosis, andnow with a possible role in therapeutics and prevention of cervical cancer, the cytokines are being evaluated inall anticancer approaches. This review endeavours to capture the essence of the astonishing journey of cytokineresearch in cervical neoplasia.}, keywords = {cytokine,cervical cancer,carcinogenesis,progression,Prognosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29165.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29165_8d5f7948f30782eb08df47867e1dcc93.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Targeting Cancer with Nano-Bullets: Curcumin, EGCG, Resveratrol and Quercetin on Flying Carpets}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3865-3871}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {It is becoming progressively more understandable that different phytochemicals isolated from edible plantsinterfere with specific stages of carcinogenesis. Cancer cells have evolved hallmark mechanisms to escape fromdeath. Concordant with this approach, there is a disruption of spatiotemproal behaviour of signaling cascadesin cancer cells, which can escape from apoptosis because of downregulation of tumor suppressor genes and overexpressionof oncogenes. Genomic instability, intra-tumor heterogeneity, cellular plasticity and metastasizingpotential of cancer cells all are related to molecular alterations. Data obtained through in vitro studies hasconvincingly revealed that curcumin, EGCG, resveratrol and quercetin are promising anticancer agents. Theirefficacy has been tested in tumor xenografted mice and considerable experimental findings have stimulatedresearchers to further improve the bioavailability of these nutraceuticals. We partition this review into differentsections with emphasis on how bioavailability of curcumin, EGCG, resveratrol and quercetin has improved usingdifferent nanotechnology approaches.}, keywords = {Resveratrol,Nanotechnology,EGCG,Apoptosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29166.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29166_021017e1353ef06b3487fb2829fd3fe8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Do Not Let to Be Late: Overview of Reasons for Melanoma Delayed Diagnosis}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3873-3877}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Melanoma of the skin is a malignant tumor, which incidence is still increasing. It was estimated that in theUnited States one person died from this cause every hour. The major risk factor of this disease is exposure toultraviolet radiation, especially associated with the occurrence of sunburns. Patients diagnosed with distantmetastases have median survival of 6-9 months. The aim of this paper was to identify the causes of delayeddiagnosis of melanoma as diagnosis at an early stage seems to be the key to improve the survival rates. For thispurpose, a search of medical databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Cancer Registers was conductedand an analysis of the literature from the years 1979-2013 was conducted.}, keywords = {Melanoma of the skin is a malignant tumor,which incidence is still increasing. It was estimated that in the}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29167.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29167_65598647811f887ffb13a3057e43e3a4.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Hepatic Steatosis: Prevalence and Host/Viral Risk Factors in Iranian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3879-3884}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: In chronic hepatitis B (CHB), the presence of hepatic steatosis (HS) seems to be associated withknown host and viral factors which may influence the long-term prognosis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), probablyleading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Different from chronic hepatitis C (CHC), factorsassociated with HS in CHB are not clearly explored. Materials and Methods: 160 CHB patients were divided intotwo groups depending on the results of liver biopsy. Group I consisted of 71 patients with confirmed steatosis.Group II comprised 89 patients without steatosis. The groups were compared in terms of basal characteristics,body mass index (BMI), liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipids, hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg), viral load, and histological findings. Results: In terms of host factors, male gender, older age,BMI, high serum FBS and lipid levels were associated with HS. On the other hand, ALT levels, the HAI scoresof necroinflammation and stage of fibrosis did not associate with HS. On multivariate analysis, parameters ofsex, BMI, cholesterol and FBS levels were independently associated with HS. Regarding viral factors, HBeAgnegativity was significantly associated with HS (81.7%, p value 0.006), but not HBV DNA level (p value 0.520).Conclusions: HS in CHB appears to be unrelated to the status of HBV replication. However, fibrosis progressionin CHB is related to variable host factors. HS may be enhanced through these factors in HBV chronic patients.}, keywords = {HBV,steatosis,host factors,fibrosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29168.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29168_6954d8ec9cee43d8b28acb6b5a5388cf.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Determining Nursing Student Knowledge, Behavior and Beliefs for Breast Cancer and Breast Self-examination Receiving Courses with Two Different Approaches}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3885-3890}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: This study aimed to determine nursing student knowledge, behavior and beliefs for breast cancerand breast self-examination receiving courses with a traditional lecturing method (TLM) and the Six ThinkingHats method (STHM). Materials and Methods: The population of the study included a total of 69 second yearnursing students, 34 of whom received courses with traditional lecturing and 35 of whom received training withthe STHM, an active learning approach. The data of the study were collected pre-training and 15 days and 3months post-training. The data collection tools were a questionnaire form questioning socio-demographic features,and breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE) knowledge and the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale.The tests used in data analysis were chi-square, independent samples t-test and paired t-test. Results: The meanknowledge score following traditional lecturing method increased from 9.32±1.82 to 14.41±1.94 (P<0.001) andit increased from 9.20±2.33 to 14.73±2.91 after training with the Six Thinking Hats Method (P<0.001). It wasdetermined that there was a significant increase in pre and post-training perceptions of perceived confidencein both groups. There was a statistically significant difference between pre-training, and 15 days and 3 monthspost-training frequency of BSE in the students trained according to STHM (p<0.05). On the other hand, therewas a statistically significant difference between pre-training and 3 months post-training frequency of BSE in thestudents trained according to TLM. Conclusions: In both training groups, the knowledge of breast cancer andBSE, and the perception of confidence increased similarly. In order to raise nursing student awareness in breastcancer, either of the traditional lecturing method or the Six Thinking Hats Method can be chosen according tothe suitability of the teaching material and resources.}, keywords = {Nursing students knowledge,behaviors and beliefs,breast cancer,Breast self-examination}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29169.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29169_8452f7a4cdb9f722ef0ef546ba3742fe.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Good Outcomes of Patients with Stage IB Endometrial Cancer with Surgery Alone}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3891-3893}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Most patients with endometrial cancer have stage I disease. Adjuvant therapy in stage IB(formerly IC) endometrial cancer is controversial, treatment options including observation or brachytherapy/radiotherapy in grade 1-3 patients with or without chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to assessthe outcomes of our patients with stage IB endometrioid endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: Sixtytwo patients with stage IB endometrial cancer and endometrioid histology were retrospectively evaluated. Allpatients were initially treated surgically by the same surgeon with comprehensive staging, i.e. total abdominalhysterectomy, bilateral salphingooopherectomy, bilateral pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection andomentectomy. Adjuvant radiotherapy was discussed with patients and utilized by those who accepted. Adjuvantchemotherapy was not given to any of the patients. Results: Median age was 62 (range, 42-95). Ninety percentof the patients had grade 1-2 disease. Thirteen patients (21%) received intra vaginal brachytherapy (IVBT) andone received whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT). Median follow-up time was 46 months (range, 9-77 months).Three patients experienced recurrence (4.8%), two of them died on follow-up and one was still alive at last visit.Two patients with recurrence had FIGO grade 2 tumors and one had a grade 3 tumor. Two patients (3.2%)died without evidence of recurrent disease. Relapse free survival at 5 years was 94.4% and overall survival was93.1%. Conclusions: Patients with stage IB disease in our study demonstrated relatively low recurrence rates although the majority of them received no adjuvant treatment. Surgery alone may be sufficient for most patients with this stage of endometrial cancer.}, keywords = {Endometrial cancer,stage IB,Surgery,Chemotherapy,radiotherapy}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29170.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29170_766f937249c3bb43efe53c464dcbeec0.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Expression of C4.4A is a Potential Independent Prognostic Factor for Patients with Gastric Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3895-3899}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {C4.4A, a metastasis-associated gene, encodes a glycolipid-anchored membrane protein which is overexpressedin several human malignancies. However, there are few data available on C4.4A expression and its relationshipwith progression in gastric cancer. Our study was designed to explore the expression of C4.4A in gastric cancerand to correlate it with clinical outcome. C4.4A expression was studied by quantitative real-time RT-PCR andimmunohistochemistry for assessment of correlations with clinicopathological factors. C4.4A mRNA expressionwas significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer as compared with noncancerous tissue (p<0.05)., being observedin 107 (88.4%) of the 121 gastric cancer cases by immunohistochemistry. We found that the expression of C4.4AmRNA was correlated with size of the tumor, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis andTNM stage. Moreover, patients with overexpression of C4.4A has a significantly worse survival (p<0.05). Furthermultivariable analysis indicated that the expression of C4.4A was an independent prognostic indicator for gastriccancer (p<0.05). In conclusion, overexpression of C4.4A correlates with metastatic potential of gastric cancerand C4.4A could be a novel independent prognostic marker for predicting outcome.}, keywords = {C4.4A,Gastric cancer,Prognosis,Metastasis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29171.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29171_99b457f5fe19841b42d643b70afb4228.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {DH332, a Synthetic β-Carboline Alkaloid, Inhibits B Cell Lymphoma Growth by Activation of the Caspase Family}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3901-3906}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-tumor effects and safety of DH332, a new β-carbolinealkaloids derivatives in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The effects of DH332 on human (RAMOS RA.1)and mouse (J558) B lymphoma cell lines were detected using a CCK-8 kit (Cell Counting Kit-8), and apoptosiswas detected by flow cytometry with PI/annexinV staining. Western blotting was used to detected caspase-3 andcaspase-8. Neurotoxic and anti-tumor effects were evaluated in animal experiments. Results: DH332 exerts a lowerneurotoxicity compared with harmine. It also possesses strong antitumor effects against two B cell lymphomacell lines with low IC50s. Moreover, DH332 could inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of RAMOSRA.1 and J558 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that DH332 triggers apoptosis bymainly activating the caspase signaling pathway. In vivo studies of tumor-bearing BALB/c mice showed thatDH332 significantly inhibited growth of J558 xenograft tumors. Conclusions: DH332 exerts effective antitumoractivity in vitro and in vivo, and has the potential to be a promising drug candidate for lymphoma therapy.}, keywords = {Apoptosis,B lymphoma,caspase,Chemotherapy,Harmine}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29172.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29172_73c59365dfd6c521f14a4b18d24fca5e.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Chromosomal Abnormalities in Pakistani Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3907-3909}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Cytogenetic abnormalities have important implications in diagnosis and prognosis of acuteleukemia and are now considered an important part of the diagnostic workup at presentation. Karyotype, ifknown at the time of diagnosis, guides physicians to plan appropriate management strategies for their patients.Aim and Objectives: To determine the cytogenetic profile of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Pakistanichildren in order to have insights regarding behavior of the disease. Materials and Methods: A retrospectiveanalysis of all the cases of ALL (<15years old) diagnosed at Aga Khan University from January 2006 to June2011 was performed. Cytogenetic analysis was made for all cases using the trypsin-Giemsa banding technique.Karyotypes were interpreted using the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN)criteria. Results: A total of 153 patients were diagnosed as ALL during the study period, of which 127 samplessuccessfully yielded metaphase chromosomes. The male to female ratio was 1.8:1. A normal karyotype waspresent in 51.2% (n=65) of the cases whereas 48.8% (n=62) had an abnormal karyotype. Most of the abnormalcases showed hyperdiploidy(13.4%) followed by t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) (7.08%). Conclusions: This study revealeda relative lack of good prognostic cytogenetic aberrations in Pakistani children with ALL.}, keywords = {ALL,cytogenetics,G-banding,metaphase,children,Pakistan}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29173.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29173_f2cdfc81baf766f37174685129e79b49.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Application of Tumor Markers SCC-Ag, CEA, and TPA in Patients with Cervical Precancerous Lesions}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3911-3914}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: To determine the potential clinical utility of tumor markers CEA, TPA, and SCC-Ag for earlydetection of cervical precancerous lesions. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was carried out on120 women (46 patients with histologically confirmed cervical precancerous lesions and 74 healthy controls).The significance of serum selected tumor markers in early detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)were assessed. Results: Of the case group, the rates of CIN I, II, III, was 69.6%, 23.9%, and 6.5%, respectively.According to the manufacturer’s cut-off values of 2ng/ml, 5ng/ml, and 70 U/ml for SCC-Ag, CEA and TPA tests,in that order, SCC-Ag test had a sensitivity of 13%, but CEA and TPA tests could not distinguish between caseand control groups. The diagnostic sensitivities were highest at cut-off values of 0.55 ng/ml for SCC-Ag, 2.6ng/ml for CEA, and 25.5 U/ml for TPA which were 93%, 61%, and 50%, respectively. However, the area under thereceiver operating characteristic curve was the largest for SCC-Ag (0.95 vs. 0.61 and 0.60 for CEA and TPA,respectively). Moreover, there was a highly significant direct correlation between SCC-Ag concentration and thedegree of cervical precancerous lesions (r=0.847, p<0.001). Conclusions: The new cutoff of 0.5 for SCC-Ag testmight be useful as a tumor marker in Iranian patients with CIN and it needs to be more evaluated by studieswith larger populationa.}, keywords = {cervical cancer,CIN- SCC antigen,TPA antigen,Carcinoembryonic Antigen,tumour markers}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29174.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29174_567417603da9dbdc087e918779a14b8f.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Survival and Prognostic Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: an Egyptian Multidisciplinary Clinic Experience}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3915-3920}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a dismal tumor with a high incidence, prevalence and poorprognosis and survival. Management of HCC necessitates multidisciplinary clinics due to the wide heterogeneityin its presentation, different therapeutic options, variable biologic behavior and background presence of chronicliver disease. We studied the different prognostic factors that affected survival of our patients to improve futureHCC management and patient survival. Materials and Methods: This study is performed in a specializedmultidisciplinary clinic for HCC in Kasr El Eini Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt. We retrospectively analyzedthe different patient and tumor characteristics and the primary mode of management applied to our patients.Further analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate statistics. Results: During the period February2009 till February 2013, 290 HCC patients presented to our multidisciplinary clinic. They were predominantlymales and the mean age was 56.5±7.7years. All cases developed HCC on top of cirrhosis that was mainly dueto HCV (71%). Most of our patients were Child-Pugh A (50%) or B (36.9%) and commonly presented withsmall single lesions. Transarterial chemoembolization was the most common line of treatment used (32.4%).The overall survival was 79.9% at 6 months, 54.5% at 1 year and 22.4% at 2 years. Serum bilirubin, site of thetumor and type of treatment were the significant independent prognostic factors for survival. Conclusions: Ourmain prognostic variables are the bilirubin level, the bilobar hepatic affection and the application of specifictreatment (either curative or palliative). Multidisciplinary clinics enhance better HCC management.}, keywords = {Hepatocellular carcinoma,multidisciplinary,Prognosis,survival}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29175.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29175_7b897fda80373b09c85a7711a085e9c8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Association between Ras association domain family 1A Promoter Methylation and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Meta-analysis}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3921-3925}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {RASSF1A has been reported to be a candidate tumor suppressor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC). However, the association between RASSF1A promoter methylation and ESCC remains unclear. Eligiblestudies were identified through searching PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and the China National KnowledgeInfrastucture database. Studies were pooled and odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding confidence intervals(CIs) were calculated. Funnel plots were also performed to evaluate publication bias. Twelve studies involving859 cases and 675 controls were included in this meta-analysis. A significant association was observed betweenRASSF1A methylation and ESCC overall (OR = 11.7, 95% CI: 6.59-20.9, z=8.36, P<0.00001). Subgroup analysisshowed that the OR for heterogeneous tissues was 5.35 (95% CI = 2.95–9.71) while for autologous tissues it was16.0 (8.31-30.96). For patient sample size, the OR for the <50 subgroup was 9.92 (95% CI = 2.88-34.2) and for the50 case group was 13.1 (95% CI = 6.59–25.91). The OR for a relationship between RASSF1A methylation andTNM stages was 0.27 (95% CI=0.10-0.77), whereas there were no significant differences in RASSF1A methylationin relation to gender and differentiation among ESCC cases. This meta-analysis suggests a significant associationbetween RASSF1A methylation and ESCC.}, keywords = {RAS associations domain family 1A,methylation,Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,Meta-analysis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29176.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29176_0241b12658f51d0215b655744fb10f55.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels before Initial Treatment are Associated with EGFR Mutations and EML4-ALK Fusion Gene in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3927-3932}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and echinoderm microtubuleassociated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) define specific molecular subsets of lungadenocarcinomas with distinct clinical features. Our purpose was to analyze clinical features and prognosticvalue of EGFR gene mutations and the EML4-ALK fusion gene in lung adenocarcinoma. Patients and Methods:EGFR gene mutations and the EML4-ALK fusion gene were detected in 92 lung adenocarcinoma patients inChina. Tumor marker levels before first treatment were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.Results: EGFR mutations were found in 40.2% (37/92) of lung adenocarcinoma patients, being identified athigh frequencies in never-smokers (48.3% vs. 26.5% in smokers; P=0.040) and in patients with abnormal serumcarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels before the initial treatment (58.3% vs. 28.6%, P=0.004). Multivariateanalysis revealed that a higher serum CEA level before the initial treatment was independently associatedwith EGFR gene mutations (95%CI: 1.476~11.343, P=0.007). We also identified 8 patients who harbored theEML4-ALK fusion gene (8.7%, 8/92). In concordance with previous reports, younger age was a clinical featurefor these (P=0.008). Seven of the positive cases were never smokers, and no coexistence with EGFR mutationwas discovered. In addition, the frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene among patients with a serum CEAconcentration below 5ng/ml seemed to be higher than patients with a concentration over 5ng/ml (P=0.021). Nosignificant difference was observed for time to progression and overall survival between EML4-ALK-positivegroup and EML4-ALK-negative group or between patients with and without an EGFR mutation. Conclusions:The serum CEA level before the initial treatment may be helpful in screening population for EGFR mutationsor EML4-ALK fusion gene presence in lung adenocarcinoma patients.}, keywords = {Carcinoembryonic Antigen,Lung Adenocarcinoma,EGFR mutations,EML4-ALK fusion gene}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29177.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29177_cb62ffc74ed94fd2c76767fc568df76d.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Un-met Supportive Care Needs of Iranian Breast Cancer Patients}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3933-3938}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Assessment of supportive needs is the requirement to plan any supportive care program forcancer patients. There is no evidence about supportive care needs of Iranian breast cancer patients. So, the aimsof present study were to investigate this question and s predictive factors. Materials and Methods: A descriptivecorrelationalstudy was conducted, followed by logistic regression analyses. The Supportive Care Needs Surveywas completed by 136 breast cancer patients residing in Iran following their initial treatment. This assessed needsin five domains: psychological, health system and information, physical and daily living, patient care and support,and sexuality. Results: Patient perceived needs were highest in the health systems and information (71%), andphysical and daily living (68%) domains. Logistic regression modeling revealed that younger participants havemore un-met needs in all domains and those with more children reported fewer un-met needs in patient careand support domains. In addition, married women had more un-met supportive care needs related to sexuality.Conclusions: The high rate of un-met supportive care needs in all domains suggests that supportive care servicesare desperately required for breast cancer patients in Iran. Moreover, services that address informational needsand physical and daily living needs ought to be the priority, with particular attention paid to younger women.Further research is clearly needed to fully understand supportive care needs in this cultural context.}, keywords = {breast cancer,Supportive care,supportive care needs,Iran}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29178.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29178_f064277f654ba3eefb4a261c6128b3d9.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Rapamycin and PF4 Induce Apoptosis by Upregulating Bax and Down-Regulating Survivin in MNU-Induced Breast Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3939-3944}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: To elucidate the role of rapamycin and PF4 on apoptosis regulation via Bax (pro-apoptosis),Bcl-2 (anti-apoptosis) and survivin activation on the growth in the 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea -induced invasivebreast carcinoma model. Materials and Methods: Thirty five female Sprague Dawley rats at age 21-day old weredivided into 4 groups; Group 1 (control, n=10), Group 2 (PF4, n=5), Group 3 (rapamycin, n=10) and Group 4(rapamycin+PF4, n=10). MNU was administered intraperitionally, dosed at 70mg/kg body weight. The rats weretreated when the tumors reached the size of 14.5±0.5mm and subsequently sacrificed after 5 days. Rapamycinand PF4 were administered as focal intralesional injections at the dose of 20 μg/lesion. The tumor tissue was thensubjected to histopathological examinations for morphological appraisal and immunohistochemical assessmentof the pro-apoptotic marker, Bax and anti-apoptotic markers, Bcl-2 and survivin. Results: The histopathologicalpattern of the untreated control cohort showed that the severity of the malignancy augments with mammary tumorgrowth. Tumors developing in untreated groups were more aggressive whilst those in treated groups demonstrateda transformation to a less aggressive subtype. Combined treatment resulted in a significant reduction of tumorsize without phenotypic changes. Bax, the pro-apoptotic marker, was significantly expressed at higher levels in therapamycin-treated and rapamycin+PF4-treated groups compared to controls (p<0.05). Consequently, survivinwas also significantly downregulated in the rapamycin-treated and rapamycin+PF4-treated group and this wassignificantly different when compared to controls (p). Conclusions: In our rat model, it could be clearly shownthat rapamycin specifically affects Bax and survivin signaling pathways in activation of apoptosis. We concludethat rapamycin plays a critical role in the induction of apoptosis in MNU-induced mammary carcinoma.}, keywords = {breast cancer,Apoptosis,Bax,Bcl-2,Survivin,Rapamycin}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29179.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29179_00d6ba4c79e71aa9495e86ce45293419.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Gastrointestinal Cancer Incidence in East Azerbaijan, Iran: Update on 5 Year Incidence and Trends}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3945-3949}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: A cancer registry program has been established in East Azerbaijan and this has emphasizedthe importance of cancers of gastrointestinal tract in this region. The aim of the present pathology-based cancerregistry report is to renew epidemiologic aspects of gastrointestinal tract cancers and estimate recent trends.Materials and Methods: A survey team reviewed and collected all records of cancer cases from all referral andvalid pathology laboratories of East Azerbaijan province during September 2007-2011. Crude rates, age-specificrates of cancer incidence and annual percent change were calculated. Results: The total newly diagnosed cancercases (n=6,889)comprised 4,341 males (63.0%) and 2,540 females (36.9%). Gastric cancer was the most common GItract cancer with an ASR (per 105) of 23.1 for males and 7.69 for females. The ASRs for esophageal and colorectalcancers were 9.69 and 11.2 in males and 7.35 and 8.93 in females. Trend analysis showed a significant declinefor esophageal cancer and increasing incidence for colorectal cancer in females. Conclusions: The prevalenceof gastric cancer is high in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. This pathology based cancer registry showed anascending trend for colorectal cancer and decreasing trend for esophageal cancer in females during 2007-2011.}, keywords = {Gastrointestinal cancer,cancer registry,Trend,East Azerbaijan}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29180.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29180_3062433f7eb191916ac89cd31ec669e5.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Phase II Study on EANI Combined with Hydrochloride Palonosetron for Prevention of Chemotherapy-induced Nausea and Vomiting Following Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3951-3954}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Objective: To investigate the electronic anti-nausea instrument (EANI) combined with hydrochloridepalonosetron for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting following highly emetogenicchemotherapy. Methods: Patients who received highly emetogenic chemotherapy were randomly assigned toa treatment group (60 patients) treated with EANI combined with hydrochloride palonosetron, and controlgroup (also 60 patients) given only hydrochloride palonosetron. Chemotherapy related nausea and vomitingwere observed and recorded in both groups of patients from the start till the end of chemotherapy. Results:Complete control rates of vomiting in treatment and control group were 40%, and 35%, respectively, withoutany statistical ly significant difference (p> 0.05); however the response rates are 95.0%, 78.3%, respectively, withstatistical difference (p< 0.05). Complete control rates of nausea in treatment and control group were 36.7%,30%, respectively, without statistical difference (p> 0.05); but the response rates are 90.0%, 76.7%, respectively,with statistical difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: EANI combined with hydrochloride palonosetron for preventionof nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy could be more effective than hydrochloride palonosetron alone,and can be recommended for use in prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomitingfollowing highly emetogenic chemotherapy.}, keywords = {Electronic anti-nausea instrument,palonosetron,Chemotherapy,nausea/vomitting}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29181.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29181_f1f42c83e0d9669e4379e219c23a6def.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Overexpression of TRPM7 is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Human Ovarian Carcinoma}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3955-3958}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: The melastatin-related transient receptor potential 7 channel (TRPM7) is a nonselectivecation channel that has been shown to promote tumor metastasis and progression. In this study, we determinedthe expression of TRPM7 in ovarian carcinomas and investigated its possible prognostic value. Materials andMethods: Samples were collected from 138 patients with ovarian cancer. Expression of TRPM7 was assessed byreal-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, expressed with reference to an established scoring system and relatedto clinical pathological factors. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was applied to estimate disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses were performed to correlateTRPM7 expression levels with DFS and OS. Results: TRPM7 was highly expressed in ovarian carcinoma andsignificantly associated with decreased disease-free survival (DFS: median 20 months vs. 42 months, P=0.0002)and overall survival (OS: median 27 months vs. 46 months, P<0.001). Conclusion: Overexpression of TRPM7expression is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer.}, keywords = {Ovarian Cancer,TRPM7,ion channel,Prognosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29182.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29182_01092c64ffbae1ead574b1540ecb98a8.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Tissue Microarray Immunohistochemical Profiles of p53 and pRB in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatoblastoma}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3959-3963}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The tumour suppressor genes, p53 and pRb, are known to play important roles in neoplastic transformation.While molecular routes to the uncontrolled growth of hepatocytes, leading to primary liver cancer have generatedconsiderable interest, the roles of p53 and pRb mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatoblastoma(HB) remain to be clarified. We examined the immunohistochemical expression of p53 and pRb gene products in26 HCC and 9 HB, sampled into tissue microarray blocks. 10 (38%) of 26 HCC showed > 10% tumour nuclearstaining for p53 protein, 3 of these also being HbsAg positive. Conversely, none of 9 HB expressed nuclear p53immunopositivity. Some 24 (92%) HCC and 8 (89%) HB showed loss of pRb nuclear expression. Two of the 26HCC and one of the 9 HB showed >10% tumour nuclear staining for pRb protein. Our results suggest that p53does not have an important role in the development of HB but may contribute in HCC. There is also loss of pRbexpression in the majority of HCC and HB, supporting loss of pRb gene function in the hepatocarcinogenesispathway. However, a comparison of the staining profiles of p53 and pRb proteins in HCC and HB did not reveala consistent pattern to differentiate between the two types of tumours immunohistochemically. Hence the useof p53 and pRB protein expression has no contribution in the situation where there is a diagnostic difficulty indeciding between HCC and HB.}, keywords = {Liver cancer,hepatoblastoma,p53,pRB,tumour suppressor genes,tissue microarray}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29183.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29183_e9cb8d5732fb55d8d35897e1dc6241ee.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Perception of Breast Cancer Screening among Iranian Women without Experience of Mammography: A Qualitative Study}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3965-3971}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: In Iran, there are high rates of breast cancer. It is among the five most common cancers, thefirst among cancers diagnosed, and is the leading cause of cancer deaths among Iranian women. Objectives: Thepurpose of this qualitative study was to explore perception of breast cancer screening among Iranian women whohave never had a mammograph. Materials and Methods: The current study was part of a qualitative researchconducted by means of content analysis method and purposive sampling of 16 women over the age of 30 yearswho had not undergone mammography using individual semi-structured interviews. Interviews were recordedand transcribed verbatim. The data were under continuous consideration and comparative analysis in order toachieve data saturation. Results: After codification of data, three concept categories were achieved including: i)low awareness, ii) worries, and iii) lack of motivation. Conclusions: Although there is a tendency among Iranianwomen to participate in breast cancer screening, there is a powerful cultural belief that breasts are sexual organsthat should not be discussed publicly. Due to the incidence of breast cancer in Iranian women, it is critical thatbreast awareness education be performed by health care experts to explore the concepts of breast cancer andbreast cancer screening.}, keywords = {Breast cancer screening perceptions,Iranian women,Qualitative study}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29184.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29184_243625539ca3f06d2ed7c8053b9704fa.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Association of rs1042522 Polymorphism with Increased Risk of Prostate Adenocarcinoma in the Pakistani Population and its HuGE Review}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3973-3980}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Prostate adenocarcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality in men but still limitedknowledge is available about its associated functional SNPs including rs1042522 (Pro72Arg). The present studywas undertaken to explore the association of this SNP with susceptibility to prostate adenocarcinoma along withits structural and functional impacts in the Pakistani population in a case-control study. Three-dimensionalstructure of human TP53 with Pro72Arg polymorphism was predicted through homology modeling, refined andvalidated for detailed structure-based assessment. We also carried out a HuGE review of the previous availabledata for this polymorphism. Different genetic models were used to evaluate the genotypes association with theincreased risk of PCa (Allelic contrast: OR=0.0.34, 95%CI 0.24-0.50, p=0.000; GG vs CC: OR=0.17, 95%CI0.08-0.38, p=0.000; Homozygous: OR=0.08, 95%CI 0.04-0.15, p=0.000; GC vs CC: OR=2.14, 95%CI 1.01-4.51,p=0.046; Recessive model: OR=0.10, 95%CI 0.05-0.18, p=0.000; Log Additive: OR=3.54, 95%CI 2.13-5.89,p=0.000) except the Dominant model (OR=0.77, 95%CI 0.39-1.52, p=0.46). Structure and functional analysisrevealed that the SNP in the proline rich domain is responsible for interaction with HRMT1L2 and WWOX.In conclusion, it was observed that the Arg coding G allele is highly associated with increased risk of prostateadenocarcinoma in the Pakistani population (p=0.000).}, keywords = {p53,prostate,Polymorphism,rs1042522,SNP}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29185.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29185_8fe9a3cda3b89c2c876918c11e2890f0.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharides Target a Fas/Caspase Dependent Pathway to Induce Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3981-3986}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) extracted from Ganoderma lucidum have been shown to inducecell death in some kinds of cancer cells. This study investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of GLP onHCT-116 human colon cancer cells and the molecular mechanisms involved. Cell proliferation, cell migration,lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) were determined by MTT,wound-healing, LDH release and fluorescence assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis was observed by scanningand transmission electron microscopy. For the mechanism studies, caspase-8 activation, and Fas and caspase-3expression were evaluated. Treatment of HCT-116 cells with various concentrations of GLP (0.625-5 mg/mL)resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability (P< 0.01). This study showed that the antitumor activity ofGLP was related to cell migration inhibition, cell morphology changes, intracellular Ca2+ elevation and LDHrelease. Also, increase in the levels of caspase-8 activity was involved in GLP-induced apoptosis. Western blottingindicated that Fas and caspase-3 protein expression was up-regulated after exposure to GLP. This investigationdemonstrated for the first time that GLP shows prominent anticancer activities against the HCT-116 humancolon cancer cell line through triggering intracellular calcium release and the death receptor pathway.}, keywords = {Apoptosis,caspase,Cell migration,Fas,human colon cancer cells}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29186.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29186_c33f49fa75a3ba3d6cf2594df90299ee.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Curcumin Induces Apoptosis in SGC-7901 Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells via Regulation of Mitochondrial Signaling Pathways}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3987-3992}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Curcumin, a polyphenol compound derived from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa L. has been verifiedas an anticancer compound against several types of cancer. However, understanding of the molecular mechanismsby which it induces apoptosis is limited. In this study, the anticancer efficacy of curcumin was investigated inhuman gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cells. The results demonstrated that curcumin induced morphologicalchanges and decreased cell viability. Apoptosis triggered by curcumin was visualized using Annexin V-FITC/7-AAD staining. Curcumin-induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells was associated with the dissipation of mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMP) and the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Furthermore, the down-regulationof Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax that led to the cleavage of caspase-3 and increased cleaved PARP was observedin SGC-7901 cells treated with curcumin. Therefore, curcumin-induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells might bemediated through the mitochondria pathway, which gives the rationale for in vivo studies on the utilization ofcurcumin as a potential cancer therapeutic compound.}, keywords = {curcumin,human gastric adenocarcinoma,mitochondrial signaling pathway,Apoptosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29187.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29187_85b884018824c923e355d77880e8664b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for High Grade Renal Cell Carcinoma}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3993-3996}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by impaired fasting blood glucose that leads todisturbances in various organs. In this study, we evaluated relationships between tumor size and grade in apopulation of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with renal cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Between2007-2013, in our clinic radical nephrectomy performed to 310 patients for renal tumors and pathology reportedrenal cell carcinoma cases were enrolled in the study. Patients with and without a history of diabetes regardingfasting glucose and HgA1c levels were evaluated during surgery for tumor size and Fuhrman grade. Results:Diabetes was found in 95 patients. The mean age of the patients with and without diabetes mellitus was 64.3(40-79) and 58.4 (31-87) years, respectively. In the diabetes group 51% of patients had a tumor size over 7 cmand 54% a tumor grade over Fuhrman 3. The respective figures in the non-diabetes group were 35% and 30%(p<0.05 in both cases). Conclusions: Renal cancer appears more aggressive in patients with diabetes. In thisstudy lifestyle and risk factors with diabetes regulation were observed to be important for renal cancer patients.Multicenter studies are needed in larger series for more accurate results.}, keywords = {Diabetes,renal cell carcinoma,tumor size,Furhman grade,HgA1c}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29188.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29188_b0d5852c48f0876963116a07d4ee2b18.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Human Papillomavirus Genotype Distribution and E6/ E7 Oncogene Expression in Turkish Women with Cervical Cytological Findings}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {3997-4003}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Infection with certain human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is the most important riskfactor related with cervical cancer. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of HPVinfection, the distribution of HPV genotypes and HPV E6/E7 oncogene mRNA expression in Turkish women withdifferent cervical cytological findings in Mersin province, Southern Turkey. Materials and Methods: A total of476 cytological samples belonging to women with normal and abnormal cervical Pap smears were enrolled in thestudy. For the detection and genotyping assay, a PCR/direct cycle sequencing approach was used. E6/E7 mRNAexpression of HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, and 45 was determined by type-specific real-time NASBA assay (NucliSENSEasyQ®HPV v1.1). Results: Of the 476 samples, 106 (22.3%) were found to be positive for HPV DNA by PCR.The presence of HPV was significantly more common (p<0.001) in HSIL (6/8, 75%) when compared with LSIL(6/14, 42.9%), ASC-US (22/74, 29.7%) and normal cytology (72/380, 18.9%). The most prevalent genotypes were,in descending order of frequency, HPV genotype 66 (22.6%), 16 (20.8%), 6 (14.2%), 31 (11.3%), 53 (5.7%), and83 (4.7%). HPV E6/E7 oncogene mRNA positivity (12/476, 2.5%) was lower than DNA positivity (38/476, 7.9%).Conclusions: Our data present a wide distribution of HPV genotypes in the analyzed population. HPV genotypes66, 16, 6, 31, 53 and 83 were the predominant types and most of them were potential carcinogenic types. Becauseof the differences between HPV E6/E7 mRNA and DNA positivity, further studies are required to test the roleof mRNA testing in the triage of women with abnormal cervical cytology or follow up of HPV DNA positive andcytology negative. These epidemiological data will be important to determine the future impact of vaccinationon HPV infected women in our region.}, keywords = {human papillomavirus,consensus PCR,cycle sequencing,E6/E7 mRNA,Genotype,Turkish women}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29189.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29189_882ac6325db85c7f7b7d7d8ed91d4771.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Coping and Quality of Life in Turkish Women Living with Ovarian Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4005-4012}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: This study investigated the utilization of both problem and emotion focused coping strategiesand their association with aspects of quality of life among Turkish women with ovarian cancer undergoingchemotherapy. Materials and Methods: The convenience sample consisted of 228 patients in all disease stages.The data were collected using the brief COPE, QOL-Cancer patient tool, sociodemographic sheet, and medicalvariables were gathered from patients’ medical charts. Results: Findings reveal that quality of life is moderatelyhigh for this group of cancer patients, despite some specific negative facets of the illness and treatment experience.Acceptance, emotional support and religion were the most frequently used problem-focused coping strategiesand self-distraction, venting and behavioral disengagement were the most frequently used emotion-focusedcoping strategies reported by patients. Overall quality of life and, particularly, psychological and spiritual wellbeingscores of younger patients were lower. Patients reported using significantly more problem-focused copingthan emotion-focused coping, and more problem-focused and less emotion-focused coping predicted greaterquality of life. Problem-focused coping was related to patients’ physical and spiritual well-being and emotionfocusedcoping was related inversely with psychological and social well-being. Conclusions: Coping strategiesare influential in patient quality of life and their psychosocial adaptation to ovarian cancer. Psycho-oncologysupport programs are needed to help patients to frequent use of problem-focused coping and reduce emotionfocusedcoping strategies to improve overall quality of life.}, keywords = {Ovarian Cancer,coping,Quality of Life,psycho-oncology,oncology social work}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29190.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29190_b87531ce7edee4b56f30f946b5843768.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Low Expression of the FoxO4 Gene may Contribute to the Phenomenon of EMT in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4013-4018}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Because of its importance in tumor invasion and metastasis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)has become a research focus in the field of cancer. Recently, evidence has been presented that FoxO4 might beinvolved in EMT. Our study aimed to detect the expression of FoxO4, E-cadherin and vimentin in non-small celllung cancers (NSCLCs). We also investigated clinical features and their correlations with the markers. In ourstudy, FoxO4, E-cadherin and vimentin were assessed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray (TMA)containing 150 cases of NSCLC. In addition, the expression level of FoxO4 protein was determined by Westernblotting. The percentages of FoxO4, E-cadherin and vimentin positive expression in NSCLCs were 42.7%,38.7% and 55.3%, respectively. Immunoreactivity of FoxO4 was low in NSCLC when compared with pairednormal lung tissues. There were significant correlations between FoxO4 and TNM stage (P<0.001), histologicaldifferentiation (P=0.004) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.001), but no significant links with age (P=0.323), gender(P=0.410), tumor size (P=0.084), smoking status (P=0.721) and histological type (P=0.281). Our study showedthat low expression of FoxO4 correlated with decreased expression of E-cadherin and elevated expression ofvimentin. Cox regression analysis indicated FoxO4 to be an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC (P=0.046).These data suggested that FoxO4 might inhibit the process of EMT in NSCLC, and might therefore be a targetfor therapy.}, keywords = {FoxO4,E-cadherin,Vimentin,epithelial-mesenchymal transition,NSCLC}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29191.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29191_9cb902b6d5216eda625b77542f9cb5b1.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cisplatin Combined with Metformin Inhibits Migration and Invasion of Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells by Regulating E-cadherin and MMP-9}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4019-4023}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Metformin has been shown to be useful in reducing insulin resistance by restoring sensitivity. Recentevidence suggests that metformin might also possess anti-tumour activity. This study aimed to investigate theeffects of cisplatin combined with metformin on the proliferation, invasion and migration of HNE1/DDP humannasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, and to provide a new target for treating metastasis. The MTT assay wasused to assess viability of HNE1/DDP cells after exposure to different concentrations of 2, 5-diaminopyrimidine-4,6-diol (DDP; 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 μmol·L-1), metformin (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μmol·L-1), and 4 μmol·L-1 of DDPcombined with metformin. Wound healing and transwell migration assays were performed to assess cell migrationand invasion, and expression of E-cadherin and MMP-9 was detected using Western blotting. MTT assay resultsshowed that DDP could inhibit the proliferation of HNE1/DDP cells in a time- and concentration-dependentmanner, with an IC50 of 32.0 μmol·L-1  at 24 h (P < 0.05), whereas low concentrations of DDP had almost noinhibitory effects on cell invasion and migration. DDP combined with metformin significantly inhibited cellinvasion and migration. In addition, genes related to migration and invasion, such as those of E-cadherin andMMP-9, showed differential expression in the NPC cell line HNE1/DDP. In the present study, with an increasingconcentration of metformin, the expression of MMP-9 was downregulated whereas that of E-cadherin wassignificantly upregulated. Taken together, our results show that cisplatin combined with metformin has effectson proliferation, invasion, and migration of human NPC cells.}, keywords = {Metformin,Cisplatin,NPC,Invasion,Metastasis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29192.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29192_af48f7fdea38aa6ac4131468564a532b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Are Bladder Neoplasms More Aggresive in Patients with a Smoking-related Second Malignancy?}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4025-4028}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Relationships between smoking and bladder neoplasms, one of the common malignancies, arewell-known. Different smoking-related malignancies may occur together. In this study, we evaluated the stageand grade of bladder neoplasms in patients also featuring lung or larynx cancer. Materials and Methods: FromJanuary 2006 to February 2012, patients who underwent surgery for bladder neoplasms in our clinic werescreened retrospectively. In the evaluation, 5 patients had larynx cancer and 20 patients have lung cancer inaddition, all having been smoking for a long time. The bladder tumor stage and grade were investigated in these25 cases. Results: Mean age of patients was 66.8 (49-78). In the evaulation, all of 5 patients who had larnyx canceralso had high grade urothelial cancer. One had T2 urothelial, and 3 T1 urothelial cancer. In the same way, allof the 20 patients with lung cancer also have high grade urothelial cancer, three T2, and 13 T1. Bladder cancerstage and grade were determined to be significantly increased in patients with concomitant bladder and lungor larynx cancer. Conclusions: In the patients who have smoking releated second malignancy, bladder cancerprognosis appears more aggressive. We now need a larger series and multi-center studies for understandingrelevant pathophysiology.}, keywords = {Bladder neoplasm,Lung cancer,larynx cancer,concomitant lesions,smoking,Prognosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29193.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29193_c5dab23b5e4c9f57e84589cefd51e9c0.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {The Metabolic Syndrome is Associated with More Aggressive Prostate Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4029-4032}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze any association between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) andrisk of prostate cancer (PCa) and cancer grade among men undergoing radical prostatectomy for PCa. Materialsand Methods: 50 patients with MetS and 50 patients without MetS who undervent radical prostatectomy (RP)were included in the study. Age at biopsy, height, weight, digital rectal examination (DRE), pre-biopsy PSAlevels, prostate volume, histopathologic diagnosis after surgery and gleason scores were collected data from allpatients. Histologic material obtained at biopsy was given a Gleason score; tumours with a Gleason score ≥7were considered high grade and <7 were considered low grade. Results: The mean age at the time of biopsy was63.7±5.94 in patients with MetS and 61.6±6.14 in patients without MetS. Men with MetS had significantly lowerPSA levels (p=0.01) (7.21±2.74 and 8.81±2.72, respectively). Also, the men with MetS had higher RP tumor grade(p=0.04). Conclusions: Men with MetS undergoing RP have lower PSA levels and have significantly higher gradePCa. We must be careful for screening PCa in patients with MetS. Although the patients had lower PSA levels,they may have high grade disease.}, keywords = {Metabolic Syndrome,Prostate Cancer,Diabetes Mellitus,Gleason score,PSA}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29194.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29194_1c5330a76064e685f0230e6f6af1410b.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of miR-205 in Colorectal Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4033-4037}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Emerging evidence has shown associations of microRNA-205 (miR-205) with crucial cell processes such as theepithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and aberrant expression with tumorigenesis in many types of humanmalignancy. This prospective study characterized the contribution of miR-205 to the colorectal cancer (CRC)tumorigenesis. The real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was used to examine miR-205levels prospectively in 36 pairs of samples of CRC tissue and adjacent noncancerous tissue (>2 cm from cancertissue). In addition, the relationship between miR-205 levels and clinicopathological features was explored. Thecapability of miR-205 to function as a tumor marker was also examined. miR-205 expression levels did not showsignificant changes overall. However, miR-205 was significantly downregulated in a group of CRC samplescompared with matched noncancerous tissue samples. Moreover, decreased miR-205 correlated significantlywith lymphatic metastasis. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve also showed an optimum cut offpoint of 1.4×10-3 to distinguish lymphatic metastatic CRCs from non-metastatic CRCs. Interestingly we foundlymphatic metastasis in almost 80% of the depressed samples. This study suggested that miR-205 could bereduced in the majority of metastatic CRCs and the risk of CRC metastasis may be predicted by monitoringmiR-205 in patient samples collected at the time of the initial diagnosis. Therefore, targeting miR-205 and itspotential environmental activators might be a promising therapeutic option to prevent malignant progressiontoward metastasis.}, keywords = {MicroRNA,MiR-205,colorectal cancer,Metastasis,Biomarker}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29195.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29195_d9ecdbbaca69416f7b202b0699d0a233.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {5-Fluorouracil and Interleukin-2 Immunochemotherapy Enhances Immunogenicity of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549 Cells through Upregulation of NKG2D Ligands}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4039-4044}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer effects and mechanisms ofimmunochemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)A549 cells. Materials and Methods: In order to detect whether 5-FU+IL-2 could effectively inhibit tumorgrowth in vivo, we established an A549-bearing nude mouse model. The cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cellswas evaluated using a standard chromium release assay. To evaluate the relevance of NK cells in 5-FU+IL-2-mediated tumor inhibitory effects, we depleted NK cells in A549-bearing mice by injecting anti-asialo-GM-1antibodies. Effects of 5-FU+IL-2 on the expression and promoter activity of NKG2D ligands (MICA/MICB) inA549 cells in vitro were also assessed. Results: In A549-bearing nude mice, combination therapy significantlyinhibited tumor growth in comparison with monotherapy with 5-FU or IL-2 and enhanced the recognitionand lysis of tumor cells by NK cells. Further study of mechanisms showed that NK cells played a vital role inthe anticancer immune response of 5-FU+IL-2 immunochemotherapy. In addition, the combination therapysynergistically stimulated the expression and promoter activity of MICA/MICB. Conclusions: 5-FU and IL-2immunochemotherapy significantly inhibited tumor growth and activated NK cytotoxicity in vivo, and theseeffects were partly impaired after depleting NK cells in tumor-bearing mice. Combination treatment of 5-FUand IL-2 upregulated the expression and the promoter activity of MICA/MICB in A549 cells, which enhancedthe recognition of A549 cells by NK cells. All of the data indicated that immunochemotherapy of 5-FU and IL-2may provide a new treatment option for patients with lung cancer}, keywords = {5-FU,IL-2,immunochemotherapy,NK cell,MICA/B}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29196.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29196_f90e8bea95d75ac38458b59ad06576be.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Role of TGF-β1 in Human Colorectal Cancer and Effects after Cantharidinate Intervention}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4045-4048}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were investigated in human colorectal cancer, and theinfluence of cantharidinate in inhibiting TGF-β1 expression was explored. Relationships among TGF-β1 andsex, age, tumor size, tumor location, tumor stage were also analyzed. H&E and immunohistochemistry stainingwere employed to assess colorectal cancer and TGF-β1 expression, respectively. Then, HCT-116 CRC cells wererandomly divided into four groups, controls, no serum-treated, chemotherapy and cantharidinate-treated.Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were employed to assess the expression of TGF-β1 in CRC cells. Ourdata showed that the expression of TGF-β1 might be associated with tumor size and tumor location (P﹤0.05). Theexpression of TGF-β1 in CRC groups was higher than in adjacent groups (P﹤0.05). In addition, the expressionof TGF-β1 in cantharidinate-treated group was much lower than in CRC group (P﹤0.05). Taken together, theseresults suggest that TGF-β1 plays an important role in CRC development. Cantharidinate might inhibit theexpression of TGF-β1 and control the development of colorectal cancer.}, keywords = {colorectal cancer,TGF-β1,Cantharidinate}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29197.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29197_de6214b15a587a9dab436273c3e8b84a.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Survival Analysis for White Non-Hispanic Female Breast Cancer Patients}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4049-4054}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Race and ethnicity are significant factors in predicting survival time of breast cancer patients. Inthis study, we applied advanced statistical methods to predict the survival of White non-Hispanic female breastcancer patients, who were diagnosed between the years 1973 and 2009 in the United States (U.S.). Materialsand Methods: Demographic data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database wereused for the purpose of this study. Nine states were randomly selected from 12 U.S. cancer registries. A stratifiedrandom sampling method was used to select 2,000 female breast cancer patients from these nine states. Wecompared four types of advanced statistical probability models to identify the best-fit model for the White non-Hispanic female breast cancer survival data. Three model building criterion were used to measure and comparegoodness of fit of the models. These include Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), Bayesian Information Criteria(BIC), and Deviance Information Criteria (DIC). In addition, we used a novel Bayesian method and the MarkovChain Monte Carlo technique to determine the posterior density function of the parameters. After evaluatingthe model parameters, we selected the model having the lowest DIC value. Using this Bayesian method, wederived the predictive survival density for future survival time and its related inferences. Results: The analyticalsample of White non-Hispanic women included 2,000 breast cancer cases from the SEER database (1973-2009).The majority of cases were married (55.2%), the mean age of diagnosis was 63.61 years (SD = 14.24) and themean survival time was 84 months (SD = 35.01). After comparing the four statistical models, results suggestedthat the exponentiated Weibull model (DIC= 19818.220) was a better fit for White non-Hispanic females’ breastcancer survival data. This model predicted the survival times (in months) for White non-Hispanic women afterimplementation of precise estimates of the model parameters. Conclusions: By using modern model buildingcriteria, we determined that the data best fit the exponentiated Weibull model. We incorporated precise estimatesof the parameter into the predictive model and evaluated the survival inference for the White non-Hispanicfemale population. This method of analysis will assist researchers in making scientific and clinical conclusionswhen assessing survival time of breast cancer patients.}, keywords = {Breast cancer survival data,statistical probability models,Bayesian inference,predictive inference}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29198.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29198_c1ee07b5482213e84f9251da66a94dbb.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Significance of ABO-Rh Blood Groups in Response and Prognosis in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4055-4060}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: To evaluate whether ABO-Rh blood groups have significance in the treatment response andprognosis in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluatedfiles of 335 patients with breast cancer who were treated between 2005 and 2010. Demographic data, clinicpathologicalfindings, treatments employed, treatment response, and overall and disease-free survivals werereviewed. Relationships between clinic-pathological findings and blood groups were evaluated. Results: 329women and 6 men were included to the study. Mean age at diagnosis was 55.2 years (range: 26-86). Of the cases,95% received chemotherapy while 70% were given radiotherapy and 60.9% adjuvant hormone therapy aftersurgery. Some 63.0% were A blood group, 17.6% O, 14.3% B and 5.1% AB. In addition, 82.0% of the cases wereRh-positive. Mean follow-up was 24.5 months. Median overall and progression-free survival times were 83.9 and79.5 months, respectively. Overall and disease-free survival times were found to be higher in patients with A andO blood groups (p<0.05). However rates did not differ with the Rh-positive group (p=0.226). In univariate andmultivariate analyses, ABO blood groups were identified as factors that had significant effects on overall anddisease-survival times (p=0.011 and p=0.002). Conclusions: It was seen that overall and disease-free survivaltimes were higher in breast cancer patients with A and O blood groups when compared to those with other bloodgroups. It was seen that A and O blood groups had good prognostic value in patients with breast cancer.}, keywords = {breast cancer,ABO-Rh blood groups,treatment response,Prognosis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29199.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29199_1ae743ff2a32d8092604066cc1774f35.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {No Detection of ‘High-risk’ Human Papillomaviruses in a Group of Iranian Women with Breast Cancer}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4061-4065}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The presence of viral DNA in breast cancer cells is controversial. However, some studies have revealed apossible role for the human papillomavirus in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. The aim of the present studywas to investigate the presence of HPV-DNA in breast tissue in a group of Iranian women with and withoutbreast cancer and identification of the detected HPV types. Paraffin-embedded specimens from 65 malignantbreast cancer cases and 65 cases with benign breast lesions were investigated for presence of HPV-DNA by nestedpolymerase chain reaction. We found HPV-DNA in 22 (33.8%) of the breast cancer specimens. All non-cancerousspecimens were negative. Low and high-risk HPV types, including HPV-6 (26.2%), HPV-16 (1.5%), HPV-35(1.5%), HPV-52 (1.5%), and HPV-11 (1.5%) were detected in our study. HPV-6 was the most prevalent typein the breast cancer specimens. Although high-risk HPV types have been shown to have a major role in cervixcancer, there have been no data that support the same relevance for other types of malignancies. Furthermore,presence of low-risk HPV types in malignancies still is a matter of debate. The data presented in this studyindicates a strong need for epidemiological studies correlating different HPV types in human breast cancer.}, keywords = {human papillomavirus,breast cancer,Iran}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29200.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29200_8c8f195a6a6a68777ed31e565fc184ff.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {The COX-2 -765 G>C Polymorphism is Associated with Increased Risk of Gastric Carcinogenesis in the Chinese Hui Ethnic Population}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4067-4070}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: The Chinese Hui ethnic group has diverse origins, including Arab, Persian, Central Asian,and Mongol. The standardized mortality rate of gastric cancer in the Hui population is higher than the overallChinese population. In this study, we investigated whether COX-2-765G>C polymorphism, an extensively studiedpolymorphism, contributes to gastric cancer and its precursor lesions (GPL) in the Chinese Hui ethnic group.Materials and Methods: COX-2-765G>C polymorphism was determined by pyrosequencing in 100 gastriccancer cases, 102 gastric cancerand its precursor lesions cases and 105 controls. Data were statistically analyzedusing Chi-square tests and logistic regression models. Results: Among the Chinese Hui ethnic group COX-2-765 C allele carriers were at increased risk for gastric cancer (OR=1.977, 95%CI=1.104-3.541). We also foundan interaction between COX-2 -765 C carriers and Helicobacter pylori infection and eating pickled vegetables.Conclusions: Our findings suggest a multi-step process of gene-environment interaction contributes to gastriccarcinogenesis.}, keywords = {Cyclooxygenase-2,Gastric cancer,gastric precursors lesions,polymorphisms,Helicobacter pylori}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29201.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29201_f6c49ab8585c5fe52755fba9ff28ef91.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Lack of Association Between CYP1A1 Polymorphisms and Risk of Bladder Cancer: a Meta-analysis}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4071-4077}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: The effects of CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms on the risk of bladder cancer (BC) remaincontroversial. We carried out a meta-analysis to clarify the role of CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms in BC. Materialand Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to November 20, 2013. Odds ratios (ORs) with95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the association. Meta-regression, subgroupanalysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also performed. Results: Eight studies involving 1,059BC cases and 1,061 controls were included. The meta-analysis showed that there was no significant associationbetween the two common mutations of CYP1A1 and BC risk. For the I1e462Val A/G polymorphism with GG vs.AA the OR was 1.47 (95 % CI= 0.70-3.07, P =0.308). For the MspI T/C polymorphism, though a slight trend wasfound this was not statistically nonsignificant (CC vs.TT, OR = 1.24, 95 % CI= 0.98-1.58, P =0.078). Subgroupanalyses by ethnicity also found no obvious association between CYP1A1 and BC risk. Conclusion: The presentmeta-analysis suggests that CYP1A1 polymorphism is not associated with bladder cancer risk.}, keywords = {Bladder cancer - CYP1A1 - I1e462Val - mspI &#8211,polymorphisms - meta-analysis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29202.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29202_aa67ce08487ec3e1ef933d41a800d149.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Increased Argonaute 2 Expression in Gliomas and its Association with Tumor Progression and Poor Prognosis}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4079-4083}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Previous studies have showed that argonaute 2 is a potential factor related to genesis of severalcancers, however, there have been no reports concerning gliomas. Methods: Paraffin specimens of 129 brainglioma cases were collected from a hospital affiliated to Binzhou Medical University from January 2008 to July2013. We examined both argonaute 2 mRNA and protein expression by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR),Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The survival curves of the patients were determinedusing the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression, and the log-rank test was used for statistical evaluations.Results: Both argonaute 2 mRNA and protein were upregulated in high-grade when compared to low-gradetumor tissues. Multivariate analysis revealed that argonaute 2 protein expression was independently associatedwith the overall survival (HR=4.587, 95% CI: 3.001-6.993; P=0.002), and that argonaute 2 protein expressionand WHO grading were independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival (HR=4.792, 95% CI:3.993-5.672; P<0.001, and HR=2.109, 95% CI: 1.278-8.229; P=0.039, respectively). Kaplan-Meier analysis withthe log-rank test indicated that high argonaute 2 protein expression had a significant impact on overall survival(P=0.0169) and progression-free survival (P=0.0324). Conclusions: The present study showed that argonaute 2expression is up-regulated in gliomas. Argonaute 2 might also serve as a novel prognostic marker.}, keywords = {Glioma,argonaute 2,Prognostic marker}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29203.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29203_5aa68b2c15498c9d98f1ba7b3815ebc6.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Potential Impact of Atelectasis and Primary Tumor Glycolysis on F-18 FDG PET/CT on Survival in Lung Cancer Patients}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4085-4089}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Atelectasis is an important prognostic factor that can cause pleuritic chest pain, coughing ordyspnea, and even may be a cause of death. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential impact of atelectasisand PET parameters on survival and the relation between atelectasis and PET parameters. Materials andMethods: The study consisted of patients with lung cancer with or without atelectasis who underwent 18F-FDGPET/CT examination before receiving any treatment. 18F-FDG PET/CT derived parameters including tumorsize, SUVmax, SUVmean, MTV, total lesion glycosis (TLG), SUV mean of atelectasis area, atelectasis volume,and histological and TNM stage were considered as potential prognostic factors for overall survival. Results:Fifty consecutive lung cancer patients (22 patients with atelectasis and 28 patients without atelectasis, medianage of 65 years) were evaluated in the present study. There was no relationship between tumor size and presenceor absence of atelectasis, nor between presence/absence of atelectasis and TLG of primary tumors. The overallone-year survival rate was 83% and median survival was 20 months (n=22) in the presence of atelectasis; theoverall one-year survival rate was 65.7% (n=28) and median survival was 16 months (p=0.138) in the absenceof atelectasis. With respect to PFS; the one-year survival rate of AT+ patients was 81.8% and median survivalwas 19 months; the one-year survival rate of AT- patients was 64.3% and median survival was 16 months(p=0.159). According to univariate analysis, MTV, TLG and tumor size were significant risk factors for PFS andOS (p<0.05). However, SUVmax was not a significant factor for PFS and OS (p>0.05). Conclusions: The presentstudy suggested that total lesion glycolysis and metabolic tumor volume were important predictors of survivalin lung cancer patients, in contrast to SUVmax. In addition, having a segmental lung atelectasis seems not to bea significant factor on survival.}, keywords = {Atelectasis,Lung cancer,18F-FDG,PET/CT,total lesion glycolysis}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29204.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29204_b2ee4e524deaf4b23934fd1e20b9bd43.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Under-use of Radiotherapy in Stage III Bronchioaveolar Lung Cancer and Socio-economic Disparities in Cause Specific Survival: a Population Study}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4091-4094}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: This study used the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to analyze Surveillance,Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) bronchioaveolar carcinoma data to identify predictive models and potentialdisparity in outcomes. Materials and Methods: Socio-economic, staging and treatment factors were assessed. Forthe risk modeling, each factor was fitted by a Generalized Linear Model to predict cause specific survival. Thearea under the ROC was computed. Similar strata were combined to construct the most parsimonious models.A random sampling algorithm was used to estimate modeling errors. Risk of cause specific death was computedfor the predictors for comparison. Results: There were 7,309 patients included in this study. The mean followup time (S.D.) was 24.2 (20) months. Female patients outnumbered male ones 3:2. The mean (S.D.) age was 70.1(10.6) years. Stage was the most predictive factor of outcome (ROC area of 0.76). After optimization, severalstrata were fused, with a comparable ROC area of 0.75. There was a 4% additional risk of death associatedwith lower county family income, African American race, rural residency and lower than 25% county collegegraduate. Radiotherapy had not been used in 2/3 of patients with stage III disease. Conclusions: There aresocio-economic disparities in cause specific survival. Under-use of radiotherapy may have contributed to pooroutcome. Improving education, access and rates of radiotherapy use may improve outcome.}, keywords = {Bronchioaveolar carcinoma,radiotherapy,SEER registry,under usage,cause specific survival}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29205.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29205_e2bf78ffde56ea56b2780ad0ca695104.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Association of the XRCC1 c.1178G>A Genetic Polymorphism with Lung Cancer Risk in Chinese}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4095-4099}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 protein (XRCC1) plays important roles in the DNA baseexcision repair pathway which may influence the development of lung cancer. This study aimed to evaluatethe potential association of the XRCC1 c.1178G>A genetic polymorphism with lung cancer risk. The createdrestriction site-polymerase chain reaction (CRS-PCR) and DNA sequencing methods were utilized to evaluatethe XRCC1 c.1178G>A genetic polymorphism among 376 lung cancer patients and 379 controls. Associationsbetween the genetic polymorphism and lung cancer risk were determined with an unconditional logistic regressionmodel. Our data suggested that the distribution of allele and genotype in lung cancer patients was significantlydifferent from that of controls. The XRCC1 c.1178G>A genetic polymorphism was associated with an increasedrisk of lung cancer (AA vs GG: OR=2.91, 95%CI 1.70-4.98, p<0.001; A vs G: OR=1.52, 95%CI 1.22-1.90, p<0.001).The allele A and genotype AA may contribute to risk of lung cancer. These preliminary results suggested thatthe XRCC1 c.1178G>A genetic polymorphism is statistically associated with lung cancer risk in the Chinesepopulation.}, keywords = {Lung cancer,XRCC1 gene,genetic polymorphisms,Susceptibility}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29206.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29206_dba6b1537bb49d099ea29bb26af2c564.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {8-60hIPP5m-Induced G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest Involves Activation of ATM/p53/p21cip1/waf1 Pathways and Delayed Cyclin B1 Nuclear Translocation}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4101-4107}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase that controls gene expression andcell cycle progression. The active mutant IPP5 (8-60hIPP5m), the latest member of the inhibitory molecules forPP1, has been shown to inhibit the growth of human cervix carcinoma cells (HeLa). In order to elucidate theunderlying mechanisms, the present study assessed overexpression of 8-60hIPP5m in HeLa cells. Flow cytometricand biochemical analyses showed that overexpression of 8-60hIPP5m induced G2/M-phase arrest, which wasaccompanied by the upregulation of cyclin B1 and phosphorylation of G2/M-phase proteins ATM, p53, p21cip1/waf1and Cdc2, suggesting that 8-60hIPP5m induces G2/M arrest through activation of the ATM/p53/p21cip1/waf1/Cdc2/cyclin B1 pathways. We further showed that overexpression of 8-60hIPP5m led to delayed nuclear translocationof cyclin B1. 8-60hIPP5m also could translocate to the nucleus in G2/M phase and interact with pp1α and Cdc2as demonstrated by co-precipitation assay. Taken together, our data demonstrate a novel role for 8-60hIPP5min regulation of cell cycle in HeLa cells, possibly contributing to the development of new therapeutic strategiesfor cervix carcinoma.}, keywords = {G2/M arrest,HeLa cell,IPP5,nuclear translocation,Signal Transduction}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29207.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29207_2d6ab9ae9c48232180ef042360377c9a.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Assessing Misdiagnosis of Relapse in Patients with Gastric Cancer in Iran Cancer Institute Based on a Hidden Markov Multi-state Model}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {4109-4115}, year = {2014}, publisher = {West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.}, issn = {1513-7368}, eissn = {2476-762X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Accurate assessment of disease progression requires proper understanding of natural diseaseprocess which is often hidden and unobservable. For this purpose, disease status should be clearly detected.But in most diseases it is not possible to detect such status. This study, therefore, aims to present a model whichboth investigates the unobservable disease process and considers the error probability in diagnosis of diseasestates. Materials and Methods: Data from 330 patients with gastric cancer undergoing surgery at the IranCancer Institute from 1995 to 1999 were analyzed. Moreover, to estimate and assess the effect of demographic,diagnostic and clinical factors as well as medical and post-surgical variables on transition rates and the probabilityof misdiagnosis of relapse, a hidden Markov multi-state model was employed. Results: Classification errors ofpatients in alive state without a relapse (e21) and with a relapse (e12) were 0.22 (95% CI: 0.04-0.63) and 0.02 (95%CI: 0.00-0.09), respectively. Only variables of age and number of renewed treatments affected misdiagnosis ofrelapse. In addition, patient age and distant metastasis were among factors affecting the occurrence of relapse(state1"state2) while the number of renewed treatments and the type and extent of surgery had a significanteffect on death hazard without relapse (state2"state3)and death hazard with relapse (state2"state3). Conclusions:A hidden Markov multi-state model provides the possibility of estimating classification error between differentstates of disease. Moreover, based on this model, factors affecting the probability of this error can be identifiedand researchers can be helped with understanding the mechanisms of classification error.}, keywords = {Classification error,Gastric cancer,hidden markov multi-state model,misdiagnosis,Relapse}, url = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29208.html}, eprint = {https://journal.waocp.org/article_29208_a4cbe3334cf5df3ca8b25415fc723a5e.pdf} }