eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
1
2
24865
What is the Future for the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (and Control) and the Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention (and Control)?
The Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention was launched approximately 10 years ago withpublication of a booklet entitled ‘Introduction to Cancer Prevention in Tables and Figures’. This was followedby regular quarterly publication of the APJCP starting in the year 2000 - a new project for a new millenium -and a number of research meetings held across Asia. The journal is now in its 10th year, indexed on PubMed andScience Citation Index (Expanded) and relatively well known (not least for its yellow cover). However, its futureafter its tenth birthday remains uncertain, as there is no infrastructure in place to ensure continuation afterretirement of the present Chief/Managing Editor. The question of what might be the best way forward is thefocus for the present ‘Editorial Comment’. For financial as well as ecological reasons the APJCP is now anelectronic journal, printing and postage for issues of almost 200 pages being beyond the resources available.While the costs are therefore relatively low and primarily limited to staff salaries, they do need to be coveredand it cannot be simply assumed that the present support provided by the UICC Japanese National Committeewill continue long-term. Therefore comments and suggestions are invited from all interested individuals andinstitutions as to how the APJCP, and by extension the APOCP, should be organized and financed. Allcommunications received will be given space in the next few issues of the APJCP so that discussion can befostered and informed decisions made at the 5th APOCP General Assembly Conference in Istanbul, April 2010.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24865_01589f0eabce4135ebba12af52fcf1b0.pdf
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
3
16
24866
Cancer Epidemiology and Control in the Arab World - Past, Present and Future
The Arab world, stretching from Lebanon and Syria in the north, through to Morocco in the west, Yemen inthe south and Iraq in the east, is the home of more than 300 million people. Cancer is already a major problemand the lifestyle changes underlying the markedly increasing rates for diabetes suggest that the burden ofneoplasia will only become heavier over time, especially with increasing obesity and aging of what are now stillyouthful populations. The age-distributions of the affected patients in fact might also indicate cohort effects inmany cases. There are a number of active registries in the region and population-based data are now availablefor a considerable number of countries. A body of Arab scientists are also contributing to epidemiologicalresearch into the causes of cancer and how to develop effective control programs. The present review covers therelevant PubMed literature and cancer incidence data from various sources, highlighting similarities and variationin the different cancer types, with attempts to explain disparities with reference to possible environmental factors.In males, the predominant cancers vary, with lung, urinary bladder or liver in first place, while for femalesthroughout the region breast cancer is the greatest problem. In both sexes, non-Hodgkins lymphomas andleukemias are relatively frequent, along with thyroid cancer in certain female populations. Adenocarcinomas ofthe breast, prostate and colorectum appear to be increasing. Coordination of activities within the Arab worldcould bring major benefits to cancer control in the eastern Mediterranean region.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24866_2746245d6518b43387a53240597a63b4.pdf
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
17
20
24867
Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B and Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 Polymorphisms in Uzbekistan
The alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) *2 (47His) allele and the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) *2(487Lys) allele are seen among some Asian peoples, but rare among other ethnic groups. This study examinedthe allele frequencies in the Uzbekistan Republic, which is located in Central Asia. Subjects were derived froma case-control study on peptic ulcer disease, which included 161 Uzbeks and 23 Russians. They were enrolled atthe Republic Research Center of Emergency Medicine located in the capital, Tashkent City. Genotyping wasperformed for ADH1B Arg47His and ALDH2 Glu487Lys with a polymerase chain reaction with confrontingtwo-pair primers. The frequency for the ADH1B *2 allele was similar among cases and controls. The ALDH2 *2allele was rare in both. Among 161 Uzbeks, the ADH1B *2 allele frequency was 0.286 (95% confidence interval,0.237-0.338) and for the ALDH2 *2 allele was 0.016 (0.005-0.036), while among the 23 Russians the figures were0.083 (0.024-0.208) and 0.000 (0.000-0.077), respectively. There were no significant differences in drinking habitsamong individuals with different genotypes, although ALDH2 *2*2 genotype was not observed. The presentstudy demonstrated that ADH1B *2 allele frequency among Uzbeks was closer to that among Caucasians thanEast Asians, some Uzbeks also demonstrating the ALDH2 *2 allele.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24867_433526acb85e1ab97d8c60072ba2b088.pdf
ADH1B - ALDH2 –
polymorphism - Uzbekistan - Uzbeks/Russians
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
21
26
24868
GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 Polymorphisms and Risk of Oral Cancer: a Case-control Study in Jakarta, Indonesia
Purpose: to investigate genetic polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 and the association withthe risk of oral cancer in the Jakarta population. Method: A total of 81 cases and 162 controls matched for ageand sex were selected from 5 hospitals in Jakarta. Sociodemographic data using questionnaires were obtainedand peripheral blood samples were collected with informed consent for PCR-RFLP assay. Conditional logisticregression analysis was performed to obtain the association between the risk of oral cancer and GSTM1, GSTT1and CYP1A1 polymorphisms. Results: GSTM1 and GSTT1 null were slightly overrepresented among cases(60.5% and 45.7% respectively) compared to controls (55.6% and 41.4% respectively), but no statisticallysignificant differences were observed. In contrast, the distribution of CYP1A1 polymorphism was higher amongcontrols compared to cases (52.5 % versus 42.4 %). The odds ratio of null GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes wasslightly higher compared to wild type genotypes (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.70-2.02 and OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.72-2.05respectively). Furthermore, the presence of CYP1A1 polymorphism did not increase the risk of oral cancer (OR0.70, 95% 0.39-1.25). Conclusion: Genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 may not be riskfactors for oral cancer in the Jakarta population.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24868_5329c00c02f08842fe7c9be71d8cd2ca.pdf
Oral cancer risk - metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms - Jakarta
Indonesia
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
27
34
24869
Human Papillomavirus Genotype Distribution in Cervical Cancer in India: Results from a Multi-center Study
The prevalence of HPV genotypes in cervical cancer differs in various regions, though types 16 and 18generally account for the majority. Knowledge of HPV genotypes in cervical cancer covering the diverse Indianpopulation is important in consideration of the potential future impact of HPV prophylactic vaccination andHPV-based screening strategies. To determine HPV genotype distribution in cervical cancers representingdifferent regions a total of 278 cervical cancer cases were enrolled from cancer centers in North, East, Centraland South India. Cervical scrape specimens were tested for HPV DNA using the MY09/11 L1 consensus PCRmethod followed by sequencing for genotyping, as well as for HPV mRNA utilizing the PreTectTM HPV-Prooferassay. In instances of negative or discrepant results between the two tests, biopsy specimens were tested. HPVDNA and/or mRNA were detected in 91.7% of the cases. Genotype 16 was the most common type, detected alonein 59.4% and in association with type 18 in 3.6% of cases. Genotype 18 was detected as a monotype in 13.3%cases. In total, types 16 and 18 alone or in co-infection with each other were detected in 76.3% cases. Genotype33 was the third most common type. Overall, genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, and 45 were the five most common types,detected in 87.1% of the total cases. There were no significant regional differences. In conclusion, the currentlyavailable HPV prophylactic vaccines targeting types 16 and 18 have the potential to reduce the burden of cervicalcancer in India by over 75%.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24869_2d7c6a0b041a3923112b9d698577cf85.pdf
cervical cancer
India
HPV Genotype
PreTectTM HPV-proofer
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
35
40
24870
Impact of Consanguinity on Cancer in a Highly Endogamous Population
Background: Many epidemiological studies have indicated that inbreeding has little or no effect on theincidence of cancer. Due to the high prevalence of consanguinity in Qatar (54%), its influence may neverthelessbe of special importance. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine whether parental consanguinity affects therisk of cancer in a local Arab highly inbred population. Design: Matched case-control study. Setting : The studywas carried out in Al-Amal cancer hospital and primary health care centers in Qatar over a period from August2008 to February 2009. Subjects and Methods: The study included 370 Qataris and other Arab expatriates withvarious types of cancers and 635 controls matched by age and ethnicity. A questionnaire that included sociodemographicinformation, type of consanguinity, medical history, and tumor grade was designed to collect theinformation of cases and controls. Results: The study revealed that the rate of parental consanguinity wassimilar in both cases (29.5%) and controls (29.9%) with a higher inbreeding coefficient in controls (0.017±0.03),compared to cancer patients (0.0155±0.03). Other Arab expatriates had a higher incidence of cancer (61.1%)than Qataris (38.9%). The inbreeding coefficient was higher in male cancer patients (0.0189±0.03), but lower infemale cancer patients (0.014±0.03) as compared to controls. Controls were more inbred in the overall studiedsubjects (23.6%) and women (23.8%) than cases. The coefficient of inbreeding was lower in patients with breast(0.014), skin (0.012), thyroid (0.008) and female genital (0.014) cancers, whereas it was higher in cases for leukemiaand lymphoma (0.018), colorectal (0.025) and prostate (0.017), with no significant difference between cases andcontrols. No significant differences were observed between cases and controls in the parental consanguinity,mean coefficient of inbreeding and proportion of more inbred subjects. Conclusions: The study findings revealedthat although the consanguinity rate is high in our Arab population, it has no effect on the incidence of cancersoverall. However, there was an increased risk found for leukemia and lymphoma, colorectal and prostate cancergroups, but a reduced risk in breast, skin, thyroid and female genital cancer groups.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24870_fe108a42c173546fe9df297d55be2c59.pdf
Consanguinity
Qatar
Cancer Incidence
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
41
44
24871
Rising Incidence of Gastric Malignancies in Karachi, 1995- 2002
Introduction: South Asia is an enigma for gastric cancer, a low risk region with a contradictory high prevalencefor Helicobacter pylori. Patients and Methods: To examine the demographics, pathology and trends of gastriccancer in Pakistan, epidemiological data of 335 gastric malignancies, registered at Karachi Cancer Registry(KCR) for Karachi South (KS), during 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2002 were reviewed. Trends werestudied by categorizing the cases into two time periods ‘1995-7’ and 1998-2002’. Results: Ninety six cases ofgastric cancers were registered in the 1995-7 period, 61 in males and 35 in females. In males, the ASR (world),and crude incidence rate (CIR) per 100,000 were 3.9 and 2.3 respectively. In females, the values were 3.0 and 1.5.In the 1998-02 period 239 cases of gastric cancer were registered, 156 cases in males and 83 in females. The ASRand CIR per 100,000 were 6.0 and 3.4 in males and 3.6 and 2.1 in females. An 18% increase was observed inmales and 14% in females during the seven year study period. The male to female ratio was 2:1.The mean age ofmale patients was 51.9 years [95% CI 45.8; 58.1; SD ±17.9] in 1995-7 and 53.7 years [(95% CI 51.6; 55.9; SD±14.0] in 1998-02. In females the mean age for the two periods was 48.8 years (95% CI 42.5; 55.0; SD ±18.2] and48.4 years [95% CI 45.4; 51.5; SD ±13.9] respectively. Age-specific curves showed a gradual increase in riskfrom the second until the seventh decade. The majority of the cases presented as poorly or moderatelydifferentiated distal (non-cardia) cancers with a regional spread. Conclusion: Gastric cancers in Karachi fallinto the prototype of a low risk developing country pattern. The incidence is increasing, most marked in malesabove 40 years of age. Larger pathology-based studies are required to comment on the precise morphologicalsub-types of gastric adenocarcinoma. Etiological studies focused on different strains of H. pylori are required toaddress the gastric cancer enigma, whilst examining possible protective environmental or genetic factors.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24871_ad5d8bef4fcbc3c3b09945374a7e4eaf.pdf
Gastric cancer - Karachi
Pakistan - demographics - trends
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
45
48
24872
Incidence and Trends of Prostate Cancer in Karachi South, 1995- 2002
Introduction: Cancer prostate (CaP) is a commonly diagnosed cancer in western men, but there is sparseinformation about the demographics of this malignancy in Pakistan. The study objective was to provide anoverview of CaP in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: Epidemiological data of 282 incident CaP cases registeredat Karachi Cancer Registry (KCR) during 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2002 were reviewed. Incidenceand trends were studied in 2 time periods, 1995-7 and 1998-2002. Results: In 1995-7, CaP accounted forapproximately 3.4% of the cancers in males and ranked 8th in hierarchy with an age standardized incidencerate (ASR) world and crude incidence rate (CIR) per 100,000 of 6.0 and 2.8 respectively. During 1998-2002, CaPaccounted 4.6% of the cancers, ranked 4th with an ASR world and CIR per 100,000 of 10.1 and 4.4. Thus anapproximate 60% increase was observed between 1995 and 2002. Mean ages of the patients were 67.0 and 67.4years. Age-specific curves showed a gradual increase in risk from the fifth decade onwards. A marginal downstaging was also observed in period 2, more apparent in the more educated Mohajir and Punjabi ethnicities.Conclusion: Karachi falls into a low risk region for CaP, with a rapidly increasing incidence and a marginaldown staging. The probable reasons for the lower incidence are a low life expectancy, lack of availability oraccessibility to health care and lack of public awareness. Implementation of CaP screening and public healtheducation is a necessity today. The low incidence of CaP in Pakistan may be an artefact!
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24872_82aeda8224291be0b6fa598333ce1d9b.pdf
Prostate cancer - demographics - Karachi
Pakistan
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
49
54
24873
Breast Cancer Screening Behavior in Turkish Women: Relationships with Health Beliefs and Self-esteem, Body Perception and Hopelessness
The purpose was to examine breast cancer screening behavior in Turkish women, the reasons for not doingscreening and the relationship between health beliefs and levels of self-esteem, body perception, and hopelessness.This research was conducted as a descriptive, correlational study in an area covered by three neighborhoodprimary health care clinics in Bornova, Izmir. The data were collected between April and November 2006 from382 women over 40 years of age who were selected using a stratified random sampling method and a descriptiveinformation form, Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES),the Body Cathexis Scale (BCS) and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). The breast cancer screening methodsused by women participating in the research were, respectively, mammography (34%), clinical breast examination(14.1%), breast self-examination (BSE) (59.4%). The reasons why women did not do breast cancer screeningmethods were determined to be: not having any symptoms, neglect, not sensing the need, and not knowing howBSE is done. In the examination of the women’s CHBMS subscale score means and RSES, BCS and BHS scoremean a statistically significant relationships were determined between Benefits-BSE, Barriers-BSE, Confidence,Health motivation, Benefits-mammography and barriers-mammography subscale score means and RSES, BCSand BHS mean scores (p<0.01). It was found out that women with high level of self-esteem, high level of hope forthe future and with a positive body perception have more positive health beliefs on breast cancer screening.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24873_32f8f715fe79c06f7a2a526f3b84e71c.pdf
Breast cancer –
screening - self-esteem - body perception –
hopelessness - Turkish women
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
57
62
24769
Ethnic Disparities in Cancer Incidence among Residents of Guam
Cancer incidence data collected by the Guam Cancer Registry for the period 1998 through 2002 were analyzedby cancer site, age, and ethnicity. Ethnicity and site specific age-adjusted cancer incidence rates for Guamresidents were calculated utilizing Guam 2000 census data and the U.S. 2000 standard population and werecompared to U.S. 2000 data. Age-adjusted total cancer incidence rates per 100,000 population for the majorethnic groups represented on Guam were generally lower than U.S. averages (the exception was the Caucasiangroup which was higher). Some highlights include: 1). Chamorros (the indigenous people of the Mariana Islands)living on Guam had a slightly lower total cancer incidence rate than the total U.S. population (406.8/100,000 vs.478.6 U.S.). Chamorros had high age-adjusted incidence rates for cancers of the mouth and pharynx (24.4 vs.U.S. 10.7), nasopharynx (13.9 vs. 0.6 U.S.), liver (13.2 vs. 5.2 U.S.), and cervix (16.2 vs. 9.6 U.S.). Rates forprostate cancer ( 103.9 vs. 167.7 U.S.), female breast (115.9 vs. 130.9 U.S.), ovary (7.0 vs. 14.2 U.S.), colonrectum-anus (44.3 vs. 56.9 U.S.), leukemia (11.0 vs. 12.6 U.S.), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (7.0 vs. 18.9 U.S.)were all lower than U.S. rates. 2). Filipinos living on Guam had high age-adjusted incidence rates for cancers ofthe nasopharynx (5.1), and liver (9.6). Filipinos had low age-adjusted incidence rates for all cancers (215.7),cancers of the mouth and pharynx when NPC was excluded (4.8), lung and bronchus (35.6 vs. U.S. 70.1), pancreas(1.7 vs. U.S. 11.1), colon-rectum-anus (37.1), female breast (60.7), prostate (46.1), leukemia (4.7), and non-Hodgkinlymphoma (8.4). 3). Micronesians other than Chamorros had the highest age-adjusted incidence rates for cancersof the lung and bronchus (111.5), liver (39.4), and cervix (27.4). Micronesians had low age-adjusted incidencerates for cancers of the colon-rectum-anus (4.1), female breast (35.0), prostate (78.4), leukemia (6.3), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (6.6). 4). Asians had low total age-adjusted cancer incidence rates (149.7) but had highnasopharyngeal cancer (5.4) and liver (10.7) cancer rates. Asians had low rates of cancers of the mouth andpharynx when nasopharyngeal cancers were excluded (1.4), lung and bronchus cancers (25.8), colon-rectumanus(26.3), female breast (63.0), ovary (no cases recorded), prostate (31.3), leukemia (5.0) and non-Hodgkinlymphoma (4.9). 5).Caucasians residing on Guam had high age-adjusted cancer incidence rates for cancers ofthe colon-rectum-anus (91.4), female breast (148.6), ovary (34.7), and leukemia (17.7). Caucasians had low ageadjustedcancer incidence rates for nasopharyngeal cancer (no cases recorded), liver (4.0) and non-Hodgkinlymphoma (7.9). Suggestions are made for further research to explain the ethnic disparities in cancer incidenceobserved on Guam and to develop strategies for ameliorating these disparities.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24769_27d634b1d3df5335bbac9b05973eafea.pdf
Guam
cancer incidences
ethnic disparities
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
63
66
24770
Efficacy and Toxicity of Gemcitabine and Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Recurrent Platinum - Resistant/Refractory Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Background: Treatment of patients with platinum resistant/refractory ovarian cancer is a significant problem.In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of the combination of gemcitabine and pegylated liposomaldoxorubicin (PLD) in patients with platinum resistant/refractory ovarian cancer. Patients and Methods: Weretrospectively evaluated the activity and toxicity of gemcitabine and PLD combination in 35 patients withrecurrent platinum resistant/refractory ovarian cancer who had been treated and followed up in 7 centers inTurkey between December 2005 and June 2008. The patients received gemcitabine 1.000 mg/m2 on day 1 and 8,and PLD 25 mg/m2 on day 1 every 28 days. Results: A total of 187 cycles (median, 6 cycles) were delivered. Anobjective response rate of 28,6 % (1 complete, 9 par tial response) was achieved. Additionally, 16 patients (45.7%) had disease stabilization. The median time-to-progression was 6 months (95 % confidence interval, 4-8) andthe median overall survival was 17 months (95 % confidence interval, 12-22). Grade 3-4 hematologic toxicitieswere as follows: leucopenia (14.3%), neutropenia (8.6%), and anemia (2.9%). One febrile neutropenic episode(2.9%) was observed. Non-hematologic toxicity was well tolerated and easily managed and no grade 3-4palmoplantar erytrodysestesia (PPE) was observed. Conclusion: The combination of gemcitabine and PLD isan effective and tolerable treatment option, with 74.3 % disease control rate for patients with platinum resistant/refractory ovarian cancer.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24770_8ee9f19bc3e4cc9005ed63e69e1e7d20.pdf
Gemcitabine
liposomal pegylated doxorubicin
recurrent ovarian cancer
platinum resistance
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
67
70
24771
Estimating the Incidence of Leukemia Attributable to Occupational Exposure in Iran
Objective: The aim this study was to estimate the fraction of leukemia incidence in Iran attributable tooccupational exposure to benzene, ionizing radiation, and ethylene oxide. Methods: Nationwide exposure toeach of these leukemogens was estimated using workforce data available at the ILO (International LaborOrganization) website. The prevalence of exposure to leukemogens in each industry was estimated using exposuredata from the CAREX (CARcinogen EXposure) database. The magnitude of the relative risk of leukemia foreach leukemogen was from published literature. Using the Levin’s population attributable risk (incidence),fractions of leukemia incidences attributed to workplace leukemogens were then estimated. Results: The totalworkforce in Iran according to the 1995 census included 12,488,020 men and 677,469 women. Agriculture wasthe largest sector with 24.5% of the males and 0.27% of the females, and the electricals-related sector was thesmallest with 1.16% of the males and 0.66% of the females. After applying the CAREX exposure estimates toeach sector, the proportion exposed to leukemogens was 0.016% for male workers and 0.02% for female workers.Estimating a relative risk of 3.6 (95% CI of 3.2–4.2) for high exposure and 1.9 (95% CI 1.7–2.1) for low exposureand employing the Levin’s formula, the fraction of leukemia attributed to leukemogens in the workplaces amongfemales was 3.6% (95% CI of 3.1-4.5) and among males was 7.6% (95% CI of 6.4-9.2). These fractionscorresponded to estimated incidences of 0.60 (95% CI of 0.50-0.70) and 0.22 (95% CI of 0.16-0.23) cases ofleukemia per 100,000 populations for males and females, respectively. Conclusion: The incidence of leukemiadue to occupational exposure is very low in Iran, although males are at greater risk than females.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24771_548f68ee96b404fc7a02468abb22c16a.pdf
Iran - leukemia - environmental carcinogens - benzene
ionizing radiation
ethylene oxide
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
71
74
24874
Advantages of Second Line Estramustine for Overall Survival of Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer (HRPC) Patients
There is no effective standard therapy for the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC), andtreatments vary among different medical institutions with efforts to improve results. The present retrospectiveinvestigation was performed to assess the outcomes of second line, third line, and fourth line therapies. A total of142 patients with HRPC were treated at Nagoya City University Hospital and its affiliate hospitals during the 10years between October 1996 and August 2006. Patient background and treatments given after hormone refractoryphase were determined, with especial attention to 50% or greater decrease rates of serum PSA levels and othervariables with three common regimens based on: estramustine phosphate (EMP); diethylstilbestrol diphosphate(DES); and dexamethasone (DEX). With second line therapy for HRPC, the response rate was highest withEMP, whereas best outcomes were apparent with DES as a third line or fourth line therapy. However, overallsurvival for all cases and particularly with those having a poorly differentiated lesion, was best with EMP in anytime period. Although there is no generally established optimal treatment for HRPC, our analysis supports theefficacy of EMP based on second line therapy response rates and optimal prognosis with longer term use.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24874_36a22b9a8f98531048e2b5e6da51bea6.pdf
HRPC
hormone therapy
second line therapy
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
75
82
24875
Lifetime Risk and Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence in Greater Mumbai
Objective: To estimate the probability of developing lung cancer in the entire life span of the people ofGreater Mumbai and variation according to age and sex. Information on cancer incidence trends in a communityforms the scientific basis for planning and organising prevention, diagnosis and treatment. During the last 24year period, a total of 11,458 lung cancer cases were registered (9,052 male and 2,406 female) by the BombayCancer Registry. Lung cancer accounts for 9.4% of all male cancers and 2.7% of those in females (6.2% of allcancers) in Greater Mumbai. The probability of developing cancer in the entire life span of the people of GreaterMumbai was estimated. Methods: A method based on the cumulative risk of cancer was used to estimate theprobabilities using lung cancer data collected by the population-based Bombay Cancer Registry from the years1982 to 2005. For evaluation of trends, a linear regression model based on the logarithm of the observed incidencerates was applied. The annual percentage change was also computed for the evaluation. The cumulative incidencerate percentage was calculated by adding up the age-specific incidence rates at single ages and then expressed asa percentage. Results: The results show that age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer during the period 1982to 2005 showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in males and a statistically significant increasingtrend among females. When these trends were examined across different age-groups (0-39, 40-64 and 65 orolder), the rates showed a statistically significant decreasing trend from 0-64 years in males and a statisticallysignificant increasing trend in females aged 65 years and older. The rates proved stable across the other agegroups.The probability estimates indicate that one out of every 74 men and one out of every 242 women willcontract lung cancer at some time in their whole life in the absence of other causes of death, assuming that thecurrent trends prevail over the time period. Most of them will acquire the disease after the age of 40 years, afterwhich risk increases with time. Conclusions: The variation in age-adjusted incidence rate across different agegroupsin both sexes clearly indicate that there has been a change in the etiology of lung cancer in GreaterMumbai over time. The most important reason for this would be decrease in smoking prevalence among males.The other reasons for this have to be explored through risk assessment studies, but these findings may be ofgeneral interest because changes in diagnostic practices are confounders in time trends of lung cancer in manydeveloped countries, preventing inferences on changes in risk factors.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24875_122fb1b05eec00b7d7265ff869922812.pdf
Time trend - incidence - cumulative risk - lung cancer - Mumbai
India
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
83
86
24876
Cooking Temperature, Heat-generated Carcinogens, and the Risk of Stomach and Colorectal Cancers
Background: Food change due to cooking temperature and unrecognized heat-formed chemical carcinogensmay impact on the risk of stomach and colo-rectal cancers. To test this hypothesis a case-control study wasperformed. . Methods: A total of 670 cases of stomach and colo-rectal cancers matched with 672 hospital controlsfor sex and ± 5 years age admitted to three hospitals in Hanoi city in the North Viet Nam from October 2006 toSeptember 2007 were the subjects. Five levels of food change due to cooking temperature were based on foodcolor; white, pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow, and burnt. We asked study subjects to themselves report which ofthese five colors was their preferable intake before the onset of disease. The present study included; fried fishesmeats-eggs-potato-tofu; grilled foods; roasted foods; sugar, bread, heated wheat, and biscuits. These were cookedat temperatures as high as from 165 to 240˚C, based on the literature. Adjusted estimation of odds ratio wasconducted controlling for possible confounding factors using STATA 8.0. Results: A high intake of roasted meats,bread and biscuit significantly increased the risk of cancer as much as OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.04-2.54; OR=1.40,95%CI=1.03-1.90; OR=1.60, 95%CI=1.03-2.46 with probabilities for trend = 0.029, 0.035, and 0.037, respectively.For exposure among controls: 529 (79%) were not exposed at all to roasted meats; 449 (67%) were not exposedat all to bread; and 494 (74%) were not exposed at all to biscuit. Conclusions; Observation of food change dueto cooking temperature based on color is practically feasible for detecting associations with risk of developingcancer.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24876_5a37ff429273cfb76d689a5268328b7d.pdf
cooking
food colour
risk factor
Gastric cancer
colorectal cancer
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
87
90
24877
Spectrum of Thyroid Lesions in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Over 11-Years and A Review of Thyroid Cancers in Malaysia
Introduction: Endemic goitre is a major concern in many nations including Malaysia. Seven states in thecountry have been identified by Ministry of Health of Malaysia to have high incidence of goitre and one of theseis Kelantan. Methods: This is a retrospective study over an 11-year period from 1994 to 2004 on all thyroidspecimens submitted to the Pathology Department, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), in Kelantan.Epidemiological data were retrieved from the patients’ records and pathology findings from the pathologyreports. Results: During this period, Department of Pathology HUSM received a total of 1,486 thyroid specimens.The female to male ratio was 6:1 and the median age was 40.0 years. The duration of goitre ranged from one to15 years. Histopathological examination showed 71.9 percent were non-neoplastic and 28.1 percent neoplasticlesions. The hospital-based incidence of nodular hyperplasia was 9.9 per 100,000 admitted patients per year.The hospital-based incidence of all types of malignant thyroid cancers was 3.5 per 100,000. The most commonmalignancy was papillary carcinoma (76.6 percent). The majority of the cancers (59.5 percent) occurred in abackground of nodular hyperplasia. Thyroid cancers made up 4.9 percent of all cancers seen in HUSM.Conclusion: This study suggests that malignant thyroid lesions arising from multi-nodular goitre are high in apopulation living in an iodine-deficiency area.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24877_1acf113811b40e14246cb6433d51dce4.pdf
Thyroid diseases
multi-nodular goitre
Thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
Malaysia
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
91
96
24878
Evaluation of Plasma Non-enzymatic Antioxidants in Breast Cancer Etiology
Objective: Oxidative stress has emerged as a major etiological factor for breast cancer. Diet derivedantioxidants play an important role against oxidative stress and the aim of the present study was to examineroles of non-enzymatic antioxidants in breast cancer in India. Methods: Plasma non-enzymatic antioxidants;beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C were analyzed spectrophotometrically from 70 healthy femalecontrols, 30 patients with benign breast diseases (BBD) and 125 untreated breast cancer patients (BCPT). Results:Plasma vitamin C levels were significantly lower in patients with BBD as compared to the controls (p=0.043).Plasma beta-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin C levels were significantly lower in BCPT as compared to thecontrols (p=0.0001, p=0.040 and p=0.0001, respectively). Plasma vitamin A levels were significantly higher inpatients with BBD and BCPT as compared to the controls (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001; respectively) and in BCPTas compared to patients with BBD (p=0.030). ROC curve analysis revealed that plasma beta-carotene and vitaminA could significantly discriminate between controls and patients with BBD (p=0.016 and p=0.000; respectively).Plasma beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C could significantly discriminate between controlsand BCPT (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.001and p=0.001, respectively). Plasma vitamin E levels could significantlydiscriminate between patients with BBD and BCPT (p=0.055). Odds ratio analysis revealed that, increasinglevels of plasma beta-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin C were significantly associated with decreased risk ofbreast cancer (p=0.0001, p=0.003, and p=0.0001; respectively), whereas, increased risk was linked to plasmavitamin A (p=0.001). Conclusions: The trends of the current study provide interesting clues to the etiology ofbreast cancer and suggest significance of interplay of non-enzymatic antioxidants in breast cancer. Further indepthstudy is warranted to elucidate role of these antioxidants as a preventive measure.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24878_7a0edff28cd6fff71598f5f2ad2ec71a.pdf
breast cancer
antioxidants
Vitamins
Beta-Carotene
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
97
102
24879
Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Infection in Rural Vietnam
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant public health problem in Vietnam, yet fewdata exist about the extent of infection. Purpose: To determine seroprevalence of HBV and the risk factors forHBV infection using a population-based epidemiological study in Vietnam. Methods: A 400 person survey forseroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV infection was carried out in five hamlets in theLinhson village of Thainguyen province from June to August 2006. HBV infection was defined as the presenceof antibodies to hepatitis core antigen (HBcAb) and/or HBsAg, with or without HBsAg. Potential risk factorsfor HBV transmission were determined by a structured questionnaire. Results: Of the 383 respondents aged 18-70 years, 34 (8.8%) tested positive for HBsAg, of whom 21 (61.8%) were HBeAg-negative and hepatitis B eantibody (HBeAb) positive, and 22 (64.7%) had normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The prevalenceof HBV infection was 51.8% and increased significantly with age. Only 5.2% showed evidence of vaccination.On multivariate analysis, five predictors were found for HBV infection: male gender (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-1.7),age greater than 40 (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.4-3.3), Kinh ethnicity (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-2.7), a low level of education(OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-2.7), and a history of surgery (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0-3.5). Conclusions: The observed highprevalence of current and past infection with HBV in rural Vietnam highlights the need for close monitoring.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24879_ad7336eb455b4ad6f88a4551a70b3cb8.pdf
HBV
infection rates
rural Viet Nam
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
103
106
24880
Effects of Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz on Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice
Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz., a Thai medicinal plant which possess antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effectson human cancer cells, was examined for chemopreventive potential against colonic neoplasms induced byazoxymethane (AOM) combined with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. Male ICR mice were given a singleintraperitoneal administration of AOM (10 mg/kg body weight) followed by 2% DSS in their drinking waterfor a week. Water extract of the roots of R. nasutus (RNR) was given to the animals intragastrically daily in theinitiation and promotion phases. The one hundred mice were divided into 8 groups, one group treated withAOM plus DSS serving as a control. Four other groups received AOM/DSS and RNR at 100 or 500 mg/kg bodyweight for 5 weeks (initiation phase study) and for 14 weeks (promotion phase study). Another two groups weregiven RNR alone at 100 and 500 mg/kg body weight and the last group was maintained untreated. At the end ofthe study, we found that the incidence and multiplicity of colonic tumors in mice fed with RNR both at 100 and500 mg/kg body weight in initiation phase were higher than those in the control group. Moreover, RNR feedingduring the promotion phase also gave similar results. Our results suggest that water extract of the roots of R.nasutus Kurz. has no preventive potential against colon carcinogenesis induced by AOM/DSS in mice, ratherincreasing the incidence of colonic tumors when given during initiation and promotion phases. Further study onRNR should provide more information on mechanisms of its tumor promotion activity.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24880_2e2527e714839cf64ac9984f9248af6d.pdf
Rhinacanthus nasutus
Colon cancer
AOM/DSS mouse model
Promotion
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
107
110
24881
Burden of Hospitalization for Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Patients - Results from a Cross-sectional Study in Tehran
Background: Cancer is the third most common cause of death in Iran. The gastrointestinal cancers are themost frequent neoplasms among Iranian males and second to breast cancer among females. The objective ofthis study was to provide accurate up-to-date epidemiological information of hospitalized patients with GI tractcancer in Iran. Methods: This study was designed as a retrospective cross-sectional survey included all consecutiveGI cancer patients admitted over a one year period in a randomly selected hospital group located in metropolitanTehran in 2006. Residence, age, sex, type of cancer and length of hospitalization were analyzed. Results: A totalof 2,674 GI tract cancer patients were included in the study, There were 1,616 men (60.4%) and 1,058 women(39.6%). The majority of cancers were in the colorectum (40.0%), followed by the stomach (34.5%) and theesophagus (17.1%). The mean hospitalized durations were 7.5±6.5 days for men and 7.2±8.1 days for women.Male patients were significantly older than the women. Conclusion: By considering the hospitalized GI tractcancers and majority cases of colorectal cancer, prevention programs like as CRC screening should be going onin order to reducing morbidity and incidence rates in a high-risk population for GI tract cancers.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24881_3bd1cacdd7d9a90172df30021692dfc6.pdf
GI tract cancers
Hospitalization
Iran
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
111
114
24882
CYP17 (T- 34C), CYP19 (Trp39Arg), and FGFR2 (C-906T) Polymorphisms and the Risk of Breast Cancer in South Indian Women
Breast cancer is initiated by exposure to endogenous and exogenous estrogens. A case-control (n=250-500)study was undertaken to investigate the role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP’s) in CYP17 (T-34C),CYP19 (Trp39Arg) and FGFR2(C-906T). Genotyping was done using the Taqman allelic discrimination assayfor CYP17 (T-34C) and FGFR2 (T-906C) and PCR-CTPP for CYP19 (Trp39Arg). There was a significantprotective association of the (TT/CC) genotype of the CYP17 gene against the risk of developing breast cancer(OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.49-0.96), which was more significant in postmenopausal women (OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.35-0.89) (p=0.015). CYP19 (Trp39Arg) is a rare polymorphism and all the cases were homozygous for the wild typeTrp allele (100%); this was also the case for 99.2% of the controls. We were unable to detect any variant form ofthe CYP19 gene in south Indian women. There was no significant association between the risk of breast cancerand FGFR2 (C-906T). These results suggest that the CYP17 TT/CC genotype is associated with decreased riskfor breast cancer, especially in post menopausal women.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24882_472759a5efcdd13caa4ab6570ae10ee6.pdf
SNPs
CYP17
FGFR2
CYP19
breast cancer
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
115
118
24883
Is there any Clinical Advantage in Separating CIN 2 from CIN 3 in the Current Two-tiered Cytological Classification?
Aim: To investigate the practical use of description for CIN 2 or CIN 3 in HSIL cytology, the objective of thepresent study is to compare the prevalence of histologic CIN 2/3 or cancer (CIN 2+) between women withcytologic CIN 2 and CIN 3. Methods: The medical records of women with high-grade squamous intraepitheliallesion (HSIL) on cytology who underwent colposcopy at Rajavithi hospital between January 2001 and March2005 were reviewed. Results: Of 152 women with HSIL, 70 and 82 had cytologic change compatible with CIN 2and CIN 3, respectively. Women from HSIL-CIN 3 were significantly more likely to have CIN 2/3 or cancer thanthose from HSIL-CIN 2. Histology-proved CIN 2+ was confirmed in 64.3% and 85.4% in HSIL-CIN 2 andHSIL-CIN 3, respectively (p<0.05). Invasive cancer was found in 5.7% in HSIL-CIN 2 and 9.8% HSIL-CIN 3.Conclusion: The histologic outcome is obviously different between women with cytologic CIN 2 and CIN 3.However, both groups should be managed similarly because of the high prevalence of high-grade cervical lesionincluding invasive cancer.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24883_f5607a023f2be830f498c859c017d351.pdf
cervix cancer
CIN2/CIN3
Cytology
colposcopy
histopathological diagnosis
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
119
122
24884
Expression and Clinical Significance of Tbx2 in Pancreatic Cancer
TBX2 is one of the family of genes encoding developmental transcription factors, characterized by a 200amino acid DNA binding domain (T-box), found to be related to malignant phenotypes of mammary cancer.However, the role of TBX2 in pancreatic cancer progression remains unclear. Therefore, the present study wasconducted to investigate the expression and clinical significance of TBX2 in pancreatic cancer.Immunohistochemistry was carried out on paraffin-embedded sections of pancreatic cancer and normalpancreatic tissues. In addition, semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blots were carried out to analyze mRNAand protein expression of Tbx2 in 6 pairs of freshly resected pancreatic cancer and their adjacent nontumoroustissue. TBX2 expression was significantly increased in pancreatic cancer tissue (29/48 or 60.4%). The expressionlevel of Tbx2 had a significant positive relationship with tumor differentiation degree, higher TNM stage anddistant metastasis. Also, mRNA and protein expression of Tbx2 were found to be at higher levels in almost allcancer tissues compared to adjacent tissues. In conclusion, Tbx2 protein might play an important role in theprocess of the development and metastasis of pancreatic cancers and high-level Tbx2 expression might be relatedto malignant potential.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24884_b313797b9c786fd0af5af935fd41d2c1.pdf
Tbx2
Pancreatic cancer
carcinogenesis
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
123
126
24885
Cancer Incidence Rates and the Problem of Denominators - a New Approach in Indian Cancer Registries
In India, the national census provides population figures once every 10 years. However, since cancer incidencedata provide various rates for five year age groups, the calculation of the relevant population estimates for agiven year between any two-census years, serving as denominators, assumes importance. The IndividualExponential Growth Rate Method is in current use by various Indian cancer registries to estimate the populationby five yearly age groups. Using the five yearly age group estimates by the same method, various rates like theCrude rate, Age Standardized Rate and Cumulative Rates, are reported in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents,Vol. VIII. However, this approach has been shown to suffer from bias and often results in sacrificing the overallgrowth rate and corrections become necessary in five yearly age group populations to maintain it. We hereshow that the proposed Difference Distribution Method is able to maintain the overall growth rate and overcomesthe bias in estimation of different five yearly age group populations. Further, for population projections, thismethod scores over the Individual Exponential Growth Method, serving as a new methodology for populationestimation by five yearly age groups for inter-census years for Indian cancer registries.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24885_880da9a4b790cee3539619c2fb806eed.pdf
Census
Cancer incidence data
denominator
inter-census population estimates
growth rate
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
127
132
24886
Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms in Breast Cancers of Thai Patients
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and second in Thailand. Glutathione Stransferase(GST) enzymes involved in the detoxification of reactive metabolites of carcinogens may be importantin modulating susceptibility to cancers. This study aimed to determine the influence of genetic polymorphismsof glutathione S-transferase T1, M1, P1 and A1 on breast cancer in Thai patients. Links with clinico-pathologicalcharacteristics were also analyzed. The results showed no association between GSTs polymorphism and overallsusceptibility to breast cancer in Thai patients (P ≥ 0.05). However, the data pointed to a relation of theGSTP1(Ile105Val) polymorphism with progesterone receptor status (P = 0.04) and age at diagnosis (P = 0.03) ofbreast cancer cases. In summary, this is the first study to report association between glutathione S-transferaseT1, M1, P1 and A1 genes polymorphism and breast cancer in Thai patients. While GST genotypes may not beassociated with susceptibility, a GSTP1 polymorphism(Ile105Val) may be related to progression of breast cancer.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24886_134f3d92ce3c8af4166cc26b93f12d86.pdf
Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs)
Multiplex PCR
breast cancer
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
133
138
24887
Breast Cancer Knowledge, Risk Factors and Screening Among Adult Saudi Women in a Primary Health Care Setting
Objective: To assess level and determinants of knowledge about risk factors and utilization of screeningmethods used for breast cancer early detection among adult Saudi women in Al Hassa, KSA. Study Design:cross-sectional descriptive. Participants and Methods: A total of 1,315 Saudi adult females were included, selectedthrough a multistage stratified sampling method from ten primary health care centers. No previous history ofbreast cancer, attendance for routine services or accompanying patients were prerequisites for eligibility.Participants were invited to personal interview with pre-tested validated questionnaire including inquiriesregarding knowledge, screening practices including clinical breast examination (CBE), mammography, individualbreast cancer risk factors and perceived barriers towards (CBE). Both descriptive and inferential statisticswere applied; logistic regression was conducted to determine the possible correlates of knowledge. Results:Overall level of knowledge regarding risk factors and appropriate screening was low and dependent uponeducational and occupational status. Early screening is underutilized among participants due to several perceivedbarriers. Clinical breast examinations were employed by less than 5% and mammography by only 3% of cases.A positive family history was found in 18% of cases among first and second degree relatives, and 2 % had aprior history of benign breast lesions. Conclusion: Included women, irrespective of their educational status, hadknowledge deficits regarding breast cancer risk factors and underutilization of the recommended breast cancerscreening. Several barriers are contributing to such knowledge deficits and screening behavior.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24887_a919d31a426534a2341d8c9d6ec364a4.pdf
breast cancer knowledge
risk factors
Clinical Breast Examination
mammography
Saudi Arabia
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
139
142
24888
E-flow Doppler Indices for Prediction of Benign and Malignant Ovarian Tumors
Objective: To determine the validity of pulsatility and resistance index of transabdominal Doppler ultrasound(e-flow) in distinguishing between benign and malignant adnexal masses. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptivestudy was conducted on patients scheduled for elective surgery due to adnexal masses at Maharaj NakornChiang Mai Hospital, Thailand, between April 2006 and March 2008. All patients were sonographically evaluatedfor pulsatility and resistance indices aided with color e-flow within 24 hours of surgery. The examinations wereperformed by the same experienced sonographer, who had no information on the patients, to differentiate betweenbenign and malignant adnexal masses based on Doppler indices. The final diagnoses were based on eitherpathological or operative findings, used as gold standards. Results: Three hundred and twenty-nine patientswere recruited and 23 were excluded, since the masses were finally not proven to be adnexal, for example withintrauterine myomas. Of the remaining 306 cases available for analysis, 191 were benign and 115 were malignant.The sensitivity and specificity of the pulsatility index for distinction were 93.0% and 92.7%, respectively andthe values for the resistance index were 94.8 % and 93.2%. Conclusions: Pulsatility and resistance indices withtransabdominal Doppler ultrasound (e-flow) have high accuracy for differentiating between benign and malignantadnexal masses
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24888_f7345954b9c48f3e1025e10ddfa00e73.pdf
Adnexal mass
pulsatility index
resistance index
Doppler ultrasound
ovarian tumor diagnosis
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
143
150
24889
Genistein Mechanisms and Timing of Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention in Lobund-Wistar Rats
The objective of the present study was to determine if a specific window of development (neonatal/ prepubertalonly, adult only, or life-time) is effective for genistein chemoprevention of prostate cancer, and the potentialmechanisms of genistein chemoprevention in vivo. Male Lobund-Wistar (L-W) rats were fed zero or 250 mggenistein/kg AIN-76A diet at designated periods of time and then injected with N-methylnitrosourea (NMU)into the dorsolateral prostate (DLP) on day 70 for cancer initiation. Rats were necropsied at 11 months. Theincidence of poorly differentiated (PD) carcinomas was 43.5% in rats fed a phytoestrogen-free AIN-76A dietonly, 29.6% in rats provided genistein in the diet from postnatal days 1-35, 28.6% in rats fed genistein frommonths 3-11, and 20% in rats provided genistein from birth through 11 months. Genistein induces cell apoptosisand inhibits cell proliferation in both prostate cancerous and nontumorigenic DLP. These actions are accompaniedwith the regulation of PTEN/Akt-AR axis. Our data demonstrate that dietary genistein reduces the incidence ofadvanced prostate cancer induced by NMU in L-W rats during adult and life-time exposure, the latter beingmore effective. The regulation of AR/Akt/PTEN axis by genistein may be one of the molecular mechanisms bywhich it inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, thus providing evidence of roles of genistein in prostatecancer prevention and treatment.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24889_dc79f12160dcbf1b4fe1237ac9dc1c50.pdf
Chemoprevention
Prostate Cancer
Genistein
rat model
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
151
154
24890
Role of Heparanase- 1 in Gastric Carcinoma Invasion
Purpose: The heparan sulfate–degrading endoglycosidase may mediate tumor invasion and metastasis. It isknown that heparanase-1 (HPA-1) plays an important role in cleaving heparan sulfate. In this study weinvestigated its potential role in gastric carcinoma malignant behaviour. Methods: To assess the role of HPA-1,we suppressed its expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA). The human heparanase-1 specific siRNAwas transfected to the human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC7901. The effect of gene silencing was assessed byReal-Time PCR and Western Blot. The invasion potential of the cells was evaluated using an in vitro cell invasionmodel system. Results: The HPA-1 specific siRNA significantly suppressed expression of heparanase-1 in SGC7901cells. Invasion after RNAi treatment through membranes in a model system was significantly decreased.Conclusion: HPA-1 facilitates gastric carcinoma invasion by up-regulating endoglycosidase activity in tumorcells.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24890_d53aa5028a96174aef2608109e513703.pdf
Heparanase-1
endoglycosidase
siRNA
Invasion
Metastasis
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
155
158
24891
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy, Core Needle Biopsy or Excision Biopsy to Diagnose Breast Cancer - Which is the Ideal Method?
Background: The ideal method for diagnosis of breast cancer is debatable. Methods: The methods of diagnosisof 436 new cases of breast adenocarcinoma presenting from Jan 2005 till Dec 2006 at the University MalayaMedical Centre (UMMC) were examined in this study. Results: A total of 388 cases presented to the breast unitin UMMC primarily and 48 cases were diagnosed in non-breast units in other hospitals and referred formanagement. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was the commonest mode of initial diagnosisis in 278cases followed by core needle biopsy and surgical excision. In UMMC, FNAC was the commonest initial method(68.3%) compared to cases diagnosed outside UMMC, where 37.5% of cases were diagnosed by excision. Tumoursless than 2cm were more likely to be diagnosed by excision biopsy. Conclusion: The biopsy method used toconfirm the diagnosis is influenced by where the patient first presents, and by the size of the tumour.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24891_2151ca80f5d3bca075be0297ef46e94e.pdf
breast cancer
fine needle aspiration cytology
core needle biopsy
excision biopsy
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
159
162
24892
Establishment of an Integrated Management Model for the Secondary Prevention of Cervical Cancer- an Experience in Taiwan Hospital
In the present study, secondary data analysis was utilized to evaluate the efficiency of the integratedmanagement model (IMM) on the Pap smear test for screening of women’s uterine cervical cancer. The data offemale patients receiving a Pap smear test were collected both before (from July to December, 2006) and after(from January to June, 2007) introducing the IMM in a regional hospital in Tainan. The result revealed anincrement of participation rate from 5.1% to 15.4% (p <0.001) among the female patients in the OPD (outpatientdepartment), although the post-IMM participation rate was still much lower than that of general hospitaldata in Taiwan. Since IMM has proved efficacious for the management of various diseases, improvement in ourIMM for the female uterine cervical cancer’s prevention and management is conceivable. Studies on influencingfactors should be carried out to allow strategies for resolution of problems to designed, documented andimplemented.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24892_313cc2b569566b2f42ac3f53a4924197.pdf
Integrated management model
Pap smear test
participation rate
case management
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
163
166
24893
Uterine Malignancy following Tamoxifen Use in Breast Cancer Patients in Iran: Case Series and Literature Review
Background: This study evaluated tumor characteristics and survival in women with breast cancer whosubsequently developed uterine cancer. Methods: Information about endometrial cancer in tamoxifen usersfollowing breast cancer refered to the gynecologic oncology clinic of Vali-Asr hospital between 1997-2007 wasevaluated. Results: Among 330 patients with endometrial cancer, 5 were in women previously diagnosed withbreast cancer. Two cancers were malignant mixed Mullerian tumors of the uterus (MMMT), 2 were endometrioidadenocarcinomas, and one was a papillary clear cell carcinoma. Patients received tamoxifen for 4-8 years. Theendometrial cancers occurred 2-11 years after initial treatment for the breast cancers. Four of the endometrialcancers featured abnormal uterine bleeding and one of them had increased vaginal discharge and all werediagnosed on endometrial curetting. All patients received standard surgical staging for endometrial cancer andall except one were stage I. At laparotomy of one patient, an advanced stage MMMT was found with diffusedperitoneal spread and ascites. In spite of the surgery, she died of disease, 3 months later. The other patientsremain recurrence-free for breast cancer and uterine cancer after 6-120 months. Conclusion: Breast cancerpatients who use tamoxifen and have early stage endometrial cancers demonstrate a good prognosis. Abnormaluterine bleeding or vaginal discharge is the most important symptom.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24893_24f71c655330c78d435b9419cc47b240.pdf
breast cancer
Tamoxifen
uterine malignancy
Abnormal uterine bleeding
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
167
172
24894
Epidemiology and Clinicopathology of Breast Cancer in Metro Manila and Rizal Province, Philippine
The breast cancer incidence in the Philippines is among the highest in Asia. Age-standardized incidencerates (ASR) in Metro Manila and Rizal Province derived from the Philippine Cancer Society-Manila CancerRegistry and the Department of Health-Rizal Cancer Registry showed increase from 1980 to 2002, and weresignificantly higher in 7 cities in Metro Manila and significantly lower in 14 cities/municipalities mostly in RizalProvince. The AJCC Clinical Stage did not change from 1993 to 2002 among incident cases, the averagedistribution being: I=5%, IIA=20%, IIB= 18%, IIIA=9%, IIIB=10%, IV=11%, Unknown=28%. TheInternational Agency for Research on Cancer attempted to run a randomized screening trial in 1995-1997 in thePhilippines based on clinical breast examination by trained nurses and midwives. Unfortunately, even afterhome visits by a team equipped to perform needle biopsy, only 35% of screen-positive cases eventually had adiagnostic test. The estimated prevalence of BRCA mutations among unselected patients in the Philippine GeneralHospital (PGH) in 1998 was 5.1%, with a prevalence of 4.1% for BRCA2 mutations alone. There is a continuingeffort at improving IHC hormone receptor testing at PGH, particularly on early fixation in buffered formalin.It was observed that hormone receptor-positive proportions tended to be higher in core needle biopsy specimens(72%) compared to mastectomy specimens (65%). During the years 1991, 1994 and 1997, 97% of incident casesof early breast cancer underwent modified radical mastectomy, 18% had postoperative radiotherapy, 51% hadadjuvant hormone treatment and 47% received adjuvant chemotherapy. Survival of incident cases in 1993 to2002 was compared to that of Filipino-Americans and Caucasians in the SEER 13 database. The age-adjusted 5-year relative survival, using period analysis, of Metro Manila residents, Filipino-Americans and Caucasianswere 58.6%, 89.6% and 88.3% respectively.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24894_007c2dfd22747b0960d29913ceec199a.pdf
breast cancer
incidence trends
treatment
Epidemiology
Philippines
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
173
176
24895
Nursing Interventions and Factors Affecting Physical, Psychological and Social Adaptation of Women with Breast Cancer
Breast cancer and the associated physical problems may cause people to experience different psychologicaland social adaptation processes. Nursing interventions can affect physical, psychological and social adaptationin such women and help to prevent and overcome depression and anxiety. It should be stressed that both physicaland psychosocial well-being enhance health and quality of life.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24895_e33ac8914d4f78e4296fe7b7e2e007d5.pdf
Bresat cancer patients
Physical
Psychological
Well-Being
eng
West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
1513-7368
2476-762X
2009-01-01
10
1
177
179
24896
How to Search for Specific Markers of Cancer Stem Cells
According to cancer stem cell hypothesis, cancer stem cells with unlimited self-renewal and multidifferentiationproperties such as adult stem cells are the root cause of cancer initiation and progression, andtargeted therapy to cancer stem cells is to become the most efficient therapy of cancer. However, specific markersshould be discovered to define cancer stem cells accurately before targeted therapy. Therefore, we propose amodel of specific markers of cancer stem cells and how to search these markers.
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24896_9b6fd30ea6520c70c510c051d28b373e.pdf
Cancer stem cells
markers
search and identification