2024-03-29T01:10:44Z
https://journal.waocp.org/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=3406
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Herbal Medicine: Current Status and the Future
The number of patients seeking alternate and herbal therapy is growing exponentially. Herbal medicines are the synthesis of therapeutic experiences of generations of practicing physicians of indigenous systems of medicine for over hundreds of years. Herbal medicines are now in great demand in the developing world for primary health care not because they are inexpensive but also for better cultural acceptability, better compatibility with the human body and minimal side effects. However, recent findings indicate that all herbal medicines may not be safe as severe consequences are reported for some herbal drugs. Most herbal products on the market today have not been subjected to drug approval process to demonstrate their safety and effectiveness. Thousand years of traditional use can provide us with valuable guidelines to the selection, preparation and application of herbal formulation. To be accepted as viable alternative to modern medicine, the same vigorous method of scientific and clinical validation must be applied to prove the safety and effectiveness of a therapeutical product. In the present review we attempted to describe the present scenario and project the future of herbal medicine.
2003
04
01
281
288
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24044_ee18e33634f4f05f228690dfaaaec11d.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Gastro-intestinal Cancer in Indonesia
Back ground: Report on cancer incidence in Indonesia was presented in relative frequency. To lower the bias, the report has been presented in age standardized cancer ratio (ASCAR). The report was a department of pathology based cancer registration. The ASCAR of gastro intestinal cancer in Indonesia has some variation between pathologic centres. The incidence of rectal cancer in Jogjakarta was higher than colon cancer, and stomach cancer is very low. The risk factors of stomach cancer are H. Pylori infection and food consumption especially salt and the risk factor of colorectal cancer is food consumption. Purpose: The article will discuss the ASCAR of stomach and colorectal cancer in Indonesia. . The histopathologic of stomach and colorectal cancer in Jogjakarta will be presented from the view point of pathology. Method: Stomach and colorectal cancer data from 13 pathologic diagnostic centres in Indonesia were collected. The pathogenesis of stomach and colorectal cancer will be discussed in correlation with the cancer prevention. Result: The incidence of stomach cancer in many centres in the year of 1996 are very low from 0,00% - 0,24 % for the most lowest incidence and 2.22 % - 5.60 % for the highest incidence. The higher incidence of stomach cancer was in Medan 19 males (5.6%); 10 females (2.22%); Palembang 7 males (4.75%), 1 female (0.11%); Surabaya 18 males (1.38%), 7 females (0.35%); Denpasar 12 males (2.97%), 1 female (0.24%), and Jakarta 55 males (4%), 28 females (1.39%). The incidence of colorectal cancer is almost equal in every pathologic diagnostic centres. It is interesting that the incidence of rectal cancer was higher than colon cancer. In Jogjakarta the histopathological feature of stomach cancer was predominated by poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, while colorectal cancer was predominated by well differentiated adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: The low incidence of gastric cancer in Indonesia in relation with H. Pylori and food consumption and the high ratio between rectal and colon cancer in correlation with the food consumption and it pathogenesis need further investigation.
Department of pathology based cancer registry
stomach cancer
colorectal cancer
histopathological featurs
2003
04
01
289
296
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24045_008277e1e6e3dbde04bb3deca5f826bf.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Higher Consumption of Green Tea may Enhance Equol Production
Background: Our previous case-control study revealed that Japanese living in Japan and Koreans living in Korea can be divided into equol producers who have an ability to metabolize daidzein to equol and non-producers, and that the incidence of prostate cancer is higher in the latter group. In the present study, we examined relationships between type of food intake and the capacity for equol production in Japanese subjects. Methods: The subjects were the individuals analyzed for the ability to produce equol in our previous study and newly registered cases. From December 2000 to December 2002, 276 hospitalized patients were interviewed face-toface and blood samples were collected before breakfast. These included 122 patients with prostate cancer and 154 age-matched controls. Result: The frequency of equol producers (0.5 ng/ml or more) among cases and controls was 29% and 45%, respectively (p = 0.004). The consumption of soybeans and green tea were significantly higher in equol producers than in the non-producers (p<0.05). By contrast, the consumption of selenium and fiber was significantly lower in equol producers (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that higher consumption of soybean and green tea are strongly related to the establishment of a capacity for equol production.
isoflavones
Prostate Cancer
equol
2003
04
01
297
301
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24046_eb43733fb09844db0b81954f118bb9f8.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Histologic Subtypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Southern Thai Population
Since there has been no report on histologic subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its significance in the Thai population, the present study was conducted to elucidate the situation through appraisal of histologic and laboratory records. A total of 180 archived microscopic slides of HCC in Sonklanagarind Hospital from 1991 to 1998 were of good enough quality with sufficient tissue to be reviewed. The reclassified histologic subtypes were correlated with microscopic features and laboratory data. Of the 180 cases, 147 were males and hepatitis B was the main etiologic factor. The histologic subtypes of HCC were trabecular 63.3%, compact 15.6%, scirrhous 7.8%, pseudoglandular 5%, and fibrolamellar 0.6%. There was no correlation between histologic subtypes and morphological findings, as well as HBV, HCV, and cirrhotic status. A correlation between AFP levels and the AST/ALT ratio was evident.
Hepatocellular carcinoma
histologic subtype
2003
04
01
302
306
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24047_64c85bd2191bdca4373bfe07f4322644.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Are Cutaneous Melanomas of Specified Thickness Showing Deeper Levels of Invasion at Diagnosis?
Secular trends in Clark level were investigated by Breslow category for 8,432 invasive cutaneous melanomas diagnosed in South Australia in 1980-2000. More recently diagnosed lesions were found to have deeper levels. After adjusting for age at diagnosis, tumour site, histology, and thickness measured in half millimetres, the relative odds (95% confidence limits) of penetration to the reticular dermis or subcutaneous fat were 1.99 (1.59, 2.50) for the 1987- 93 diagnostic period, and 2.82 (2.25, 3.54) for 1994-2000, when compared with 1980-86. After adjusting for melanoma thickness, the secular trends for deeper lesions applied to a broad cross-section of socio-demographic sub-groups, tumour sites, and histological types. While this similarity in trend would be consistent with a measurement effect, a real change cannot be ruled out and increased emphasis on earlier detection may be warranted. The prognostic implications of changes in inter-relationships between measures of thickness and level require periodic re-evaluation.
Cutaneous melanomas
Clark level of invesion
Breslow thickness
measurement effect
2003
04
01
307
311
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24208_cfc8a57d2168d1ec5ed146f16fd736e4.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Cervix Cancer in Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand, 1985-1999
The incidence of cancer of the cervix uteri in Khon Kaen Province is moderately high (age-standardised rate 16.8 per 100 000 person-years), with about a two-fold variation in incidence between different districts. Stage at presentation is considerably more advanced than in the United States and Europe, and there has been little change in incidence over the last 15 years. Currently, control of cervix cancer is through early detection and treatment. Screening programmes have, to date, been opportunistic, but a new national plan anticipates that all women will be screened six times during their lifetime. The results from Khon Kaen provide a benchmark against which the success of this policy can be evaluated.
cervix cancer
Incidence
Trends
Screening
2003
04
01
312
318
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24209_9ac15498f0c1d5d309b566d842eff5f5.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Dietary Protocatechuic Acid During the Progression Phase Exerts Chemopreventive Effects on Chemically Induced Rat Tongue Carcinogenesis
The modifying effects of dietary administration of protocatechuic acid (PCA) during the progression phase of tongue carcinogenesis initiated with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) were investigated in male F344 rats. For tumor progression we developed a new animal model, where rats initiated by 4-week treatment of 20 ppm 4-NQO in drinking water, received four cycles of 20 ppm 4-NQO to induce advanced tongue cancer (one cycle: 2 weeks of 4- NQO followed by 2 weeks of tap water), starting at 14 weeks after the initiation. In this model, metastasis of tongue cancer occurred in lungs. Starting two weeks before the cycle treatment with 4-NQO, animals were fed the 2000 ppm PCA containing diet and continued on this diet until the end of the study. At the termination of the experiment (week 32), the incidences of tongue neoplasms and preneoplastic lesions, polyamine levels in the tongue tissue, and cell proliferation activity estimated by morphometric analysis of silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions’ protein were compared among the groups. Feeding with PCA containing diet during the progression phase significantly decreased the occurrence of advanced tongue squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis (P<0.05) and preneoplasia (hyperplasia and dysplasia) (P<0.001). In addition, PCA exposure decreased polyamine levels in the tongue tissue (P<0.001) during progression phase. Our results suggest that dietary PCA inhibits progression of 4-NQO-induced oral carcinogenesis, and such inhibition might be related to suppression of cell proliferation by PCA.
protocatechuic acid
4-NQO
tongue carcinogenesis
Inhibition
progression
Rats
2003
04
01
319
326
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24210_26348ba3c532aba9f30a33e1165ac0be.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Surveillance for Endometrial Cancer in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients Taking Tamoxifen
Objective: To determine the prevalence of endometrial thickening and endometrial pathologies in postmenopausal breast cancer patients taking tamoxifen. Materials and Methods: A total of 37 postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving 20 mg/day of tamoxifen treatment for at least 6 months at Srinagarind hospital were included in the study. Thorough history taking and physical examination as well as transvaginal ultrasonography were conducted for all patients. Fractional curettage was carried out in those whose endometrial thickness was found to be greater than 5 mm. Results: Among 37 patients included in this study, the mean age was 56.35 years. The mean body weight and mean body mass index was 60.88 kg and 26.03 kg/m2, respectively. The majority of patients (75.68%) had stage II disease. The mean + SD of endometrial thickness found in this study was 7.53 + 5.16 mm. The prevalence of thickened endometrium (defined as ET > 5mm from TVS) was 59.46%. Among the 19 patients for whom fractional curettage was conducted, the majority (73.69%) exhibited inadequate endometrium for evaluation. Atrophic endometrium and other unremarkable changes were found in 21.05% of patients and it is important to note that endometrial adenocarcinoma was detected in 1 case (5.26%). Conclusion: The prevalence of thickened endometrium in postmenopausal breast cancer patients taking tamoxifen found in this study was extraordinarily high. These is, however, a discrepancy between the value and that for endometrial abnormalities detected histologically.
Endometrial cancer
high risk
Tamoxifen
Surveillance
2003
04
01
327
330
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24211_60857df4758f1063cf13fe0f7f4d404a.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
No Association of the Mitochondrial Genotype (Mt5178A/C) with Six Cancers in a Japanese Population
To examine an association between the mitochondrial DNA (mt5178) genotype and various cancers, we genotyped 1120 non-cancer controls and 930 cancer cases including esophageal, stomach, colorectal, lung, breast and malignant lymphoma in a sample of Japanese patients. The mt5178A/C was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP). The frequency of mt5178A/C within the non-cancer and cancer groups, and age distribution of subjects with mt5178A and C were investigated. Odds ratios (ORs) of the mt5178A and C genotypes were also examined. The frequency of mt5178A was 39.1 % in non-cancer subjects while frequencies in those having cancer included 39.0 % in breast, 37.4 % in colorectal, 45.1 % in esophageal, 38.0 % in lung, 41.5 % in malignant lymphoma, and 38.8 % in stomach cancer. There was no significant difference in the frequency of the mt5178 genotype among the six types of cancer studied. There was also no significant difference in the frequency of the mt5178 genotype between non-cancer and cancer subjects regardless of total age with the exception that ages 40-49 years (the frequency of the mt5178A was higher in cancer subjects). There was a significant interaction term between age and the mt5178 genotype in older (age>=60) lung cancer patients. The cumulative frequency of mt5178C increased more markedly than that of mt5178A after age 40 in non-cancer subjects, and after age 50 in cancer subjects. ORs of the genotype were not significant for all cancers combined or for any individual site of cancer. In the present study, the mt5178 genotype seems to have no association with any of the cancers examined here. But an interaction term between the mt5178 genotype and aging on cancer was suggested within the Japanese population under study.
mitochondrial genotype
Mt5178
cancer
Odds ratio
2003
04
01
331
336
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24212_c79b985732e0425267d265eec33cefc6.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Childhood Cancer in Thailand: 1995-1997
The incidences of childhood cancers in Thailand between 1995 and 1997 were determined from cancer registrations collected at five locations around the kingdom and compared with similar analyses performed at cancer registries in Asia, Europe and the USA. The incidence in Thailand was found to be lower than in some Asian and Western countries. Between 1988-1994 and 1995-1997, the incidence of childhood cancer rose 32.5%. As elsewhere in the world, leukemias, brain tumors and lymphomas comprised two-thirds of all childhood cancers. The age-peak for incidence was between 2 and 5 years, particularly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Carcinomas were rare. Several features of the cancer pattern correspond to other Asian populations, in particular the low incidence of Hodgkin’s disease, Wilms’ tumor and Ewing’s sarcoma. Neuroblastoma was more common than in neighboring Southeast Asian countries.
Childhood cancer
incidence rates
Thai cancer registries
2003
04
01
337
343
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24213_9e40c00f8a95fb44360cef21daf261e0.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
The Experiences of Smoking in School Children up to and Including High School Ages and the Current Status of Smoking Habits; a Survey of Male High School Students in Japan
Objective: The burden of tobacco-induced cancer is so heavy that every country should give the highest priority to tobacco control in its fight against cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the actual conditions of tobacco smoking among boys in Japan. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey. Two thousand and fourteen high school boys in Fukuoka City, Japan, answered unsigned self-administered anonymous questionnaires about tobacco smoking. Result: Among 2014 students, 10.9% were current smokers. The rates of current smokers increased with the school age: 6.3% in the first grade; 11.3% in the second grade; and 15.5% in the third grade (ptrend <0.01). A total of 35.1% of students had the experience of smoking and 30% experienced smoking before entering high school. Of the students with smoking experience, 28.6% answered that they started smoking because their friends had offered them cigarettes and 52.5% of current smokers bought cigarettes from vending machines. Conclusion: Health education for anti-smoking in all primary and secondary schools as well as restriction of cigarette vending machines should be strongly recommended.
Tobacco
Cigarette vending machines
education
primary and secondary schools
Lung cancer
2003
04
01
344
351
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24214_44e62b5444457af871f53b9597d17708.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Epidemiology of Ocular Malignancies in Karachi
The study was conducted with the objective of examining descriptive epidemiological characteristics of malignant ocular tumours in Karachi (1998-2002). The data for two hundred and forty two ocular malignancies registered at the Karachi Cancer Registry for Karachi Division during a 5-year period, from January 1st 1998 to December 31st 2002 were analysed. The age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 0.5/100,000 in males and 0.4/100,000 in females. The gender ratio (M:F) was 1.3. The mean age was 34.8 years (95% CI 30.1; 39.6) in males and 34.5 years (95% CI 28.0; 40.9) in females. A fourth of the malignancies were childhood tumours. The most common childhood malignancies were retinoblastomas and rhabdomyosarcomas, whereas the most common adult malignancies were conjunctival squamous cell carcinomas and melanomas. Approximately 97.0% of the tumours were histologically confirmed. The majority (62.5%) presented as low-grade (grade 1) lesions, and were localized to the eye (50%) at the time of diagnosis. The annual incidence rates remained stable during this period. The crucial importance of ocular malignancies is the high 5-year survival rates, associated disability following unilateral or bilateral enucleation and the implications as preventable components of ‘Cancer Control Programs’. This article provides demographic statistics, which could be useful for the foundation, establishment and monitoring of a component of an effective cancer control program, the risk factors of ocular malignancies being well established. It is recommended that public health education to prevent ultraviolet light related ocular malignancies, information on preventative sun protection behavior, legislation for occupation related ocular cancers and genetic counseling for familial retinoblastoma should be essential primary components of all National Cancer Control Programs even in apparently low risk countries. In the long-term perspective, these efforts should further reduce the incidence - meanwhile stabilization of incidence rates could be achieved. Early detection and standardized treatment will reduce the associated morbidity and mortality.
Malignant tumours
Eye
retinoblastoma
Karachi
2003
04
01
352
357
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24215_81712d166824b9c82fa1a6a0c9d98b93.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Karyotypic Evolution: Cytogenetics Follow-Up Study In Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Forty seven children affected with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were cytogenetically investigated at diagnosis and all through different stages of the disease (remission and relapse). A clonal karyotypic abnormality was found in 32% at diagnosis (mainly comprised of cALLa+). A hyperdiploid mode with chromosome counts ranging from 47-58, was found to be most prominent among cALLa+ patients. The most common numerical aberrations were gain of chromosomes 2, 5, and 21. The structural aberrations at diagnosis were found to be del(9)(p22), inv(9)(p11q13) and del(19)(p12). None of the children showed ph+ chromosome. A good prognosis was found in cALLa+ children with an abnormal karyotype at diagnosis and of these children, those who showed karyotypic instability , had a significantly longer first remission time. The karyotypic evolution through remission(s) and relapse(s) revealed the occurrence of structural alterations , including changes in chromosomes 3, 6, 9, 21 and 22. However, irrespective of the karyotypic clonal nature at diagnosis, chromosome 9 was the most commonly involved chromosome through the course of disease.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
karyotypic evolution
pseudopolyploidy
2003
04
01
358
368
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24216_268a61622abbb73d07307dd5012dd86c.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Probiotics and Health
Probiotics are described as live microbial food ingredients that are beneficial to health of the of host, especially by improving intestinal microbial balance. The major consumption of probiotics is in dairy-based foods form, which is containing intestinal species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. A number of potential benefits of probiotics have been proposed, including: adherence to cells; exclusion or reduction of pathogenic adherence; production of acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins antagonistic to pathogen growth; safe, noninvasive, noncarcinogenic and nonpathogenic characteristics; and congregation to form a normal balanced flora. The interrelation between probiotics and health are reviewed in this article.
probiotics
Health
dairy food
Lactobacilli
bifidobacteria
2003
04
01
369
372
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24217_dcac428b636d8641390eee22fbb43f15.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Ethical Issues for Cancer Screening
In recent years medical ethics has become an undisputed part of medical studies. Many people believe that modern advances in medical technology - such as the development of dialysis machines, respirators, magnetic resonance imaging and genetic testing and types of cancer screenings - have created bioethical dilemmas that confront physicians in the 21st century. Debates over research and screening ethics have until recently revolved around two related questions: the voluntary, informed consent of subjects, and the appropriate relationship between risk and benefit to subjects. Every patient has a right to full and accurate information about his or her medical condition. This legal principle arose primarily through court decisions concerning informed consent, but over time physicians recognized that most patients prefer to learn the truth about their condition and use the information well. To screen is to search for disease in the absence of symptoms or, in other words, to attempt to find disease in someone not thought to have a disease. Examples of screening include routine mammography to detect breast cancer, routine pap smears to detect cervical cancer, and routine Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing to detect prostate cancer. Ethical principles to be followed in cancer screening programmes are intended mainly to minimize unnecessary harm for the participating individuals. Numerous ethical questions can be raised about the practice of screening for disease. Here, we examine four leading cancer killers worldwide and we review the screening of protocols of these cancer types and their possible ethics.
Screening programmes
medical ethics
cancer
Cancer Prevention
early detection
2003
04
01
373
376
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24218_43f88e5b491c40b882308a9f43bbd7e4.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2003
4
4
Second Regional APOCP Conference - South East Asia Khon Kaen University, 26-28th January, 2004, Thailand 'Customs, Environment and Cancer' Second APOCP General Assembly Conference - Seoul National University, 1st-3rd November, 2004, Korea
2003
04
01
377
378