2024-03-29T08:53:49Z
https://journal.waocp.org/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=3410
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
“One Step” for Cancer Prevention
2007
01
01
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
The APJCP in 2005 and 2006 - Now a Shift to the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Control?
2007
01
01
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24552_16c29dea1b2c42ae850adaf1fbeabd57.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Ethnic Disparities in Cancer Mortality Among Residents of Guam
2007
01
01
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
The 5th Conference on Asian Trends in Prostate Cancer Hormone Therapy
The Conference on Asian Trends in Prostate Cancer Hormone Therapy is an annual forum for Asian urologistsnow in its 5th year. The 2006 conference, held in Bali, Indonesia, was attended by 27 leading urologic oncologistsfrom China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan and featured a packed program of presentations anddiscussions on a wide range of topics such as relationships among clinicians and the newly opened Asia RegionalOffice for Cancer Control of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC), detection rates of prostate cancer bybiopsy in each of the 6 Asian countries, and favored treatment modalities for hormone-refractory prostate cancer(HRPC) in each country.The first session of the conference kicked off with a keynote lecture entitled “Activities of the UICC ARO”.UICC’s new office will be the nerve center for its activities in the Asia region. Along with the Asian Pacific Organizationfor Cancer Prevention (APOCP), UICC aims to shift the focus of attention to cancer control. As such APOCP'slong-running publication the APJCP is to be re-launched as the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Control. AlthoughUICC is primarily concerned with cancer, several risk factors for cancer are common also to other non-communicablediseases such as diabetes and heart disease, and an important strategy is to implement measures to control thesevarious pathologic conditions as a whole. Apart from contributing to an Asian prostate cancer registry the UICCAROwill provide training courses, working groups, and assistance in collecting and processing data.The keynote lecture was followed by a roundtable discussion on possible ways in which clinicians from eachAsian country can work with UICC. A number of suggestions were put forth including better registration,epidemiology research, possible implementation of UICC prostate cancer guidelines, early detection and screening,and roles of diet and phytotherapy. The underlying reasons for the large but dwindling difference in incidence ratesof prostate cancer in various regions of Asia should be studied while the opportunity lasts.Session 2 was devoted to 6 presentations on detection rates by biopsy in each country. Although biopsy is thegold standard for detecting prostate cancer in most areas, indications for conducting biopsy are different in eachcountry. For example, in Indonesia doctors may use PSAD 0.15 as the cutoff level. TRUS-guided biopsy is mostwidely used in Asian countries. Traditional sextant biopsy is often performed, although multiple-core biopsy iscommonly available and associated with better detection rates, especially in men with large prostate volume. PositiveDRE, high PSA, and older age were identified as factors associated with high biopsy detection rate, although elevatedPSA has limited specificity. First biopsy in men with elevated PSA had a positive detection rate of approximately30% in all countries. Community-based screening in some countries has an overall detection rate of approximately1%.The favorable treatment modality for HRPC was the subject of the final session. First priority for doctors in all6 countries is to maintain serum testosterone at castration level. Many therapeutic options are available, fromcytotoxic drugs to traditional herbal medicines Chemotherapeutic agents such as estramustine, docetaxel,cyclophosphamide, and mitoxantrone are often given to patients with HRPC although not all are available in everycountry. Prednisone and dexamethasone are used for secondary hormonal therapy. External beam radiotherapy,radioisotopic drugs such as strontium 89, and bisphosphonates are common choices to control bone pain.
2007
01
01
3
12
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24052_70f9b7399904bb6813105aa5acfcd8a8.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Arsenic Exposure and its Health Effects and Risk of Cancer in Developing Countries: Micronutrients as Host Defence
Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous metalloid found in several forms in food and the environment, such as the soil,air and water. The predominant form is inorganic arsenic in drinking water, which is both highly toxic andcarcinogenic and rapidly bioavailable. As is currently one of the most important environmental globalcontaminants and toxicants, particularly in the developing countries. For decades, very large populations havebeen and are currently still exposed to inorganic As through geogenically contaminated drinking water. Anincreased incidence of disease mediated by this toxicant is the consequence of long-term exposure. In humans,chronic ingestion of inorganic arsenic (>500mg/L As) has been associated with cardiovascular, nervous, hepaticand renal diseases and diabetes mellitus as well as cancer of the skin, bladder, lung, liver and prostate. Contraryto the earlier view that methylated compounds are innocuous, the methylated metabolites are now recognized tobe both toxic and carcinogenic, possibly due to genotoxicity, inhibition of antioxidative enzyme functions, orother mechanisms. As inhibits indirectly sulfhydryl containing enzymes and interferes with cellular metabolism.Effects involve such phenomena as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and inhibition of enzymes with antioxidant function.These are all related to nutritional factors directly or indirectly. Nutritional studies both in experimental andepidemiological studies provide convincing evidence that nutritional intervention, including chemoprevention,offers a pragmatic approach to mitigate the health effects of arsenic exposure, particularly cancer, in the relativelyresource-poor developing countries. Nutritional intervention, especially with micronutrients, many of whichare antioxidants and share the same pathway with As, appears a host defence against the health effects ofarsenic contamination in developing countries and should be embraced as it is pragmatic and inexpensive.
ARSENIC
Contamination
nutrition
Micronutrients
Health
malignancies
carcinogenicity
2007
01
01
13
23
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24053_41880142d4e6c47d85eaebd7b2bbc06c.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Cervical Carcinoma in a Muslim Community
Objectives: The aim of the research was to review the distributions of age, stage at presentation, andmorphology of patients presenting with carcinoma of the cervix in a predominantly Muslim population. Studydesign: This retrospective study was conducted at a comprehensive cancer diagnostic and treatment facilitysituated in Lahore, Pakistan, reviewing the medical records of the patients. Patients and methods: Four-hundredand nineteen cervical cancer patients were registered at the hospital during a nine-and a half year time periodextending from December 1994 to June 2004. Histology was confirmed by exfoliative cervical cytology typicallyby means of Papanicolaou smear. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics classification wasused to stage the disease. Univariate analysis on factors as age, stage at presentation, and morphology wasconducted. Results: 1) The age distribution of the 419 patient cohort was recorded to be as follows: mean 49.2years (SD 11.7, range 11-85 years) and mode 50 years (37 patients). Only one patient was less than 18 years. 2)Of these 419 patients, 73.5% (308/419) had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 7.9% (33/419) had adenocarcinoma,and 0.7% (3/419) had adenosquamous carcinoma; of the remainder, 1.4% (6/419) had rare types (3 each ofsarcoma and small cell carcinoma) and 16.5% (69/419) had unspecified carcinoma. 3) Only two patients (0.5%)were identified as being in stage 0, 49/419 (11.7%) in stage I, 140/419 (33.4%) in stage II, 90/419 (21.5%) in stageIII, 52/419 (12.4%) in stage IV, and 86/419 (20.5%) as not being evaluable. Conclusions: A large proportion ofpatients (67%) presented in stages II to IV and only 12% presented early at stages 0 or I. This emphasizes theneed for early detection of this tumor in our population. Accordingly, the importance of detection of the preclinicalstage of the disease by considering the possibility of initiating a cost-effective screening measures needsto be emphasized in our setting.
cervical cancer
cost-effective measures
early detection
2007
01
01
24
26
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24054_f75f461c1660ae0e8b12edeacad97977.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Activity of Biophytum sensitivum Extract
An alcoholic extract of Biophytum sensitivum was studied for its immunomodulatory and antitumor activity. Theextract was 100% toxic at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml to Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) and Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma (EAC) cells. B. sensitivum extract was also found to be cytotoxic towards L929 cells in culture at aconcentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Administration of B. sensitivum extract (500μg/dose/animal) could inhibit the solid tumordevelopment in mice induced with DLA cells and increase the lifespan of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinomatumors by 93.3%. B. sensitivum treatment significantly (p<0.001) reduced the tumor cell glutathione (GSH) levels aswell as serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in ascites tumor bearing animals.The total WBC count was also increased to 14,087 cells/mm3 on the 12th day in BALB/c mice. The number of plaqueforming cells also enhanced significantly (p<0.001), and bone marrow cellularity and β-esterase positive cells werealso increased by the administration of B. sensitivum extract.
Antitumor - antibody titre - Biophytum sensitivum –
immunomodulation - plaque forming cells - nitric oxide
2007
01
01
27
32
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24554_7a9cf2d0013331903ad7858c607a6a2e.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Formation of Early Lesions in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are recognized as preneoplastic lesions for colon cancer, and ACF in rodents arewidely used as an intermediate biomarker to predict tumorigenicity in the colon. However, a lack of correlationsbetween the formation of ACF and the development of colonic tumors has been reported in several studies. Forexample, 2-(carboxyphenyl) retinamide (2-CPR) and genistein were reported to inhibit the carcinogen-inducedformation of ACF, whereas both of them were later found to enhance colon tumorigenesis in rats treated withazoxymethane (AOM). Recently, we have identified β-catenin-accumulated crypts (BCAC) in the colon of ratsshortly after administration of AOM, and provided evidence that these are independent early lesions of classicalACF, and BCAC might be direct precursors for colon cancers. In the present study, we performed a comparativeanalysis of the modifying effects of 2-CPR and genistein on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced BCAC andACF in male F344 rats. Dietary administration of 2-CPR (315 ppm) significantly reduced the total number,multiplicity and size of ACF in DMH-exposed colonic mucosa, while genistein (250 ppm) had no significant effectson DMH-induced ACF formation. In contrast, both of 2-CPR and genistein significantly enhanced the multiplicityand size of DMH-induced BCAC when compared with DMH alone group. In addition, both 2-CPR and genisteinsignificantly increased the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index preferentially in BCAC. Togetherwith previous findings that 2-CPR and genistein are tumor promoters in the colon, our results support the conceptthat BCAC are precursors of colon tumors and suggest that these lesions are more reliable short-term biomarkersfor colon carcinogenesis in rodents than ACF.
Myricitrin - beta-catenin accumulated crypts - aberrant crypt foci –
prevention - colon cancer
2007
01
01
33
38
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24555_5f07b0090b767c3d5a6aa79720073c3e.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Testing in Chinese Canadians in British Columbia
Background: Liver cancer, a significant health problem in Chinese, can be controlled through HBV bloodtesting, vaccination, and community education about HBV. The PRECEDE framework has been very helpful inidentifying factors associated with health practices. Objectives: The objective was to identify factors associatedwith HBV testing in Chinese Canadians, using the PRECEDE framework. Methods: Five hundred and thirtythreerandomly selected Chinese Canadian adults were interviewed about HBV blood testing practices. Factorswere grouped as predisposing, reinforcing and enabling. Results: Fifty-five percent had received HBV bloodtesting. Several predisposing factors, all reinforcing factors and one enabling factor were associated with HBVtesting in bivariate analysis. A physician’s recommendation for testing was the strongest factor associated withtesting in multiple logistic regression analysis (OR=4.4, p<0.0001). Interpretation: Many Chinese Canadian adultsin Vancouver have not been tested for HBV. Continuing educational efforts are needed and the PRECEDEframework can inform the development of health education interventions.
Liver cancer
cancer information
2007
01
01
39
44
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24556_8e75626bcfc40a16e8711a3b51f505d1.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Apoptosis Dysregulation in Human Gastric Carcinomas: Relationship to Anti- and Pro-Apoptotic Protein Expression
Apoptosis and the genes regulating this process have recently become a focus of interest in the study ofcancer development and progression. Both Bcl-2 and Bax are transcriptional targets for the tumor supressorprotein, p53, which induces cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. The coordinate performanceof these molecules is crucial for controlling life or death of a cell. Correlations between apoptosis and proteinexpression of genes controlling this process including Bcl-2, Bax and p53 in gastric cancer were here investigatedwith gastric tumor samples of forty patients . DNA ploidy pattern was anlyzed using flow cytometry and Bcl-2,Bax, and p53 were immunohistochemically localized using specific monoclonal antibodies. In addition, serumBcl-2 protein was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The obtained data showed thatthe mean serum Bcl-2 protein concentration demonstrated a significant increase (P<0.0001) in positive cases(61.5±11.0 unit/ml) compared to the negative ones (47.5±3.5 unit/ml). Serum Bcl-2 protein positivity was detectedin 13/40 of gastric cancer patients. Immunohistochemical positivity for Bcl-2, Bax, and p53 was shown in 45%,68%, and 63% of samples, respectively. Positive Bcl-2 and p53 immunostaining was significantly linked withthe histological grade (P<0.02 and P<0.009 respectively) and lymph duct invasion (P<0.02 and P<0.001 ). On theother hand, Bax was significantly differed with lymph duct invasion and the ploidy pattern (P<0.03 and P<0.002).In conclusion, the apoptosis-related genes p53, Bcl-2, and Bax are all linked to the occurrence of gastric cancer.Therefore, analysis of their expressions may add useful information concerning tumor behavior.
Apoptosis
Bax
Bcl-2
p53
Gastric cancer
2007
01
01
45
50
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24557_3f0128af4bd9d5367d6eea4fde731603.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Efficacy of Cisplatin in Early Stage Cervical Cancer with a Long Waiting Period for Surgery
This study was undertaken as a prospective trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pre-operative cisplatinfor controlling the tumor volume of stage IB-IIA cervical cancer patients whose schedule for radical surgerywas longer than 3 weeks. Between June 2004 and July 2005, 42 patients were recruited to enter the study.Seventy-five mg/m2 of cisplatin was administered for 1-2 courses. Cervical tumor volume was measured 1 daybefore chemotherapy and 1 day before the operation by using 3-dimensional ultrasound. Reduction of cervicaltumor volume was noted in 76.2%of cases. The clinical stage, gross appearance of the tumor, histology andnumber of chemotherapy courses did not significantly affect chemo-responsiveness. The incidence of lymphnode metastases was 16.3%. One patient experienced severe vomiting which could be controlled by ondansetronantiemetic. No severe hematologic or other non-hematologic toxicities were identified. In conclusion cisplatin iseffective and safe for administration in a pre-operative setting for early stage cervical cancer patients whosesurgical schedule is delayed more than 3 weeks.
cervical cancer
early stage
Cisplatin
pre-operation
2007
01
01
51
54
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24558_78842b16ab6647d7b71a867a0debf308.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Evaluation of DNA Extraction Methods and Real Time PCR Optimization on Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Tissues
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are the most invaluable source of diagnostic material forstudying pathogenesis of cancer and a variety of other diseases. Unfortunately, DNA extracted from formalinfixed tissues is highly degraded due to cross-linking between nucleic acid strands. Real Time PCR has become thestandard for gene copy as well as RNA transcript determination. Thus, optimum standardization of Real TimePCR is crucial for obtaining accurate quantification for both research as well as for clinical diagnosis. Howeverthere are various factors which have negative impact . The aim of our study was to establish a simpler method ofextraction and Real Time PCR Optimization for FFPE extracted DNA. Five breast cancer tissues that wereformalin fixed and paraffin embedded were used for DNA extraction with four different methods. ExtractedDNA was amplified with different primer sets that gave amplimers of different size. Optimization of Real TimePCR for EMSY, cyclin D1 and β-globin genes was carried out on DNA obtained using heat treatment protocol forannealing temperature, primer concentration and template concentration. Highest quantity of DNA was obtainedwithout the use of expensive reagents and in short time frame. PCR positivity was observed in case of shorteramplimer up to 250 bp in length. Amplimers of higher length failed to amplify with paraffin extracted DNA.Optimum annealing temperature for EMSY, Cyclin D1 and β-globin genes were 60°C, 60°C and 61°C respectively.Good results were seen with a primer concentration of 300 nM and 5 ng of template DNA. This study indicatesthat DNA obtained from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue is highly fragmented and can be used forsuccessful amplification of shorter amplification products up to 250 bp in length. Optimization of real time PCRis important, especially while using SYBR green dye chemistry.
Real Time PCR
protocol optimization
Heat treatment
2007
01
01
55
59
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24559_0f31e7de3594e2e8805a5a50350ce5b3.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
PAP Smear Screening among Married Women Living in Osmangazi University ALPU Training Area
An inquiry including questions about socio-demographic and fecundity properties and covering the knowledgeand attitudes of women about Pap smears was applied to 585 women living in Alpu district of Eskisehir, Turkey.Smear specimens were taken from 513 women and colpography was performed before and after acetic acidapplication with a digital camera. The women who had cervical lesions and/or aceto-white epithelium duringthe gynecological examination and/or had pathological findings in the smear and/or had suspicious findings atthe colpography were invited (n=125, 24.4%) to the Department of Gynecology for colposcopic evaluation.Colposcopy was performed to 77 and biopsies were taken from 40 of the women during colposcopic examination.Of the biopsy specimens, 31 were accepted as benign while 9 were reported as pathology positive, one being highgrade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) and 8 low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL).
Pap smear
colposcopy
colpography
2007
01
01
60
62
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24560_7a0336dc86da5885398ea5c86346098f.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Self-reported Childhood Physical Activity and Breast Cancer in Adulthood
The association between physical activity during childhood and breast cancer risk was examined. To study thisquestion data on physical activity in childhood were analyzed. A hospital-based case-control study of 250 Polishincident breast cancer cases (49.2% of eligible) and 301 (41.4% of all selected) frequency matched for age controlswas conducted in 2003-2004 in the Region of Western Pomerania. Women were asked to compare their total physicalactivity at ages 10-12 years and 13-15 years with the activity of their female peers by choose from one of threecategories: less active, equally active, more active, the best describing their activity. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95%confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, fitted by the methodof maximum likehood. Women who reported having been physically more active than their peers at ages 10-12 yearshad an age-adjusted OR=0.88 (95% CI=0.36-2.15, P for trend=0.37) as compared with those reported being lessactive. Adjustment for potential confounders and total lifetime physical activity decreased the risk estimate to OR=0.25(95% CI=0.06-1.10, P for trend=0.15). For physical activity at ages 13-15 years, both an age-adjusted and multivariateadjusted ORs were also decreased among women who were at least such active as their peers, but the reductionswere not statistically significant. For women who were more physically active than their peers during both ageperiods the adjusted OR was 0.30 (95% CI=0.11-1.34, P for trend =0.21). These results show no protective role forphysical activity in childhood on breast cancer development among women aged 35-75 years. Further investigationsemploying larger sample sizes with comprehensive assessment of physical activity during the childish years areneeded to verify this evidence.
Case-control study
physical activity
breast cancer
childhood
2007
01
01
63
68
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24561_87691ac29ade9e05cdb204469c78383f.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Acute Childhood Leukemias and Exposure to Magnetic Fields Generated by High Voltage Overhead Power Lines - A Risk Factor in Iran
Many investigators have studied the effects of Extremely Low Frequency-Magnetic Fields generated byordinary and domestic power lines, as a risk factor in acute leukaemias of children, but there are limitedinformation available regarding very high voltage overhead power lines. Children in developing countriessometimes live very close to such structures and we have registered several patients with acute leukaemiasappearing in clusters. In the present study we have analyzed 60 consecutively diagnosed patients with acuteleukaemias, and 59 matched controls in a provincial capital city in North-Western Iran. After provision ofconsent, a detailed form was filled in, and a visit to the present (or previous) residential areas of both groups wasarranged. The locations of the very high voltage power lines (123, 230, 400 kilo volts), were noted in each area,if present, and their distances from the houses under study were detected. The expected intensities of the MagneticFields (B) were calculated having the mean intensity of the electrical current and other line characteristics, bymeans ofÅırelevant equations. Fourteen patients in the case group (23.5%) were living near the high voltagepower lines in distances ≤ 500 meters. (Mean B = 0.6 microTeslas, μT). In the control group at the same distance,the figure was 2 children (3.3%) (Mean B = 0.35 μT). Statistically, the likelihood of leukaemia was increasedconsiderably in this distance (Odds ratio (OR) = 8.67, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.74- 58.4, P value=0.001). On the other hand 15 pts(25 %) in the leukaemia group were experiencing Magnetic fields above 0.45μT in comparison to 5 in the control group ( 8.5% )(OR = 3.60, 95% CI = 1.11-12.39, P = 0.01). More childrenin developing countries like Iran live close to very high voltage lines, and they experience relatively more harmfuleffects from the Magnetic Fields, in comparison with children in developed countries. Residence near very highvoltage overhead power lines, in distances ≤500 meters, and Magnetic Fields > 0.45 μT, should be considered arisk factor for the pathogenesis of acute leukaemias in children.
Acute leukaemia
children
high voltage power lines
extremely low frequency
Magnetic Fields
2007
01
01
69
72
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24562_71d429af6dd93b8bcdb90d94891382f8.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Preventive Effects of a Flavonoid Myricitrin on the Formation of Azoxymethane-induced Premalignant Lesions in Colons of Rats
The preventive effect of dietary exposure to a flavonoid myricitrin of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrantcrypt foci (ACF) and beta-catenin-accumulated crypts (BCAC) formation was investigated in male F344 rats.Thirty-four rats were divided randomly into five experimental groups. Rats in groups 1-3 were given subcutaneousinjections of AOM (15 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 3 weeks. Starting 1 week before the first injection ofAOM, rats in groups 2 and 3 were fed a diet containing 500 or 1000 ppm myricitrin, respectively, for 11 weeks.Rats in group 4 were fed a diet containing 1000 ppm myricitrin. Rats in groups 1 and 5 were given the basal dietalone during the study. The experiment was terminated 11 weeks after the start. The frequency of ACF per colonin group 3 treated with AOM and 1000 ppm myricitrin was significantly lower than that in group 1 treated withAOM alone (p<0.01). Furthermore, dietary myricitrin at both doses (groups 2 and 3) significantly inhibited theformation of BCAC when compared to group 1 (p<0.05). These results indicate that myricitrin had possiblechemopreventive effects in the present short-term colon carcinogenesis bioassays and suggest that longer exposuremay cause suppression of tumor development.
Myricitrin - beta-catenin accumulated crypts - aberrant crypt foci –
prevention - colon cancer
2007
01
01
73
76
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24563_f5ddefda317e50027dd7720623fded60.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Psychosocial Stressors, Social Support and Socio-demographic Variables as Determinants of Quality of Life of Turkish Breast Cancer Patients
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of psychosocial stressors, social supportand socio-demographic variables on quality of life of breast cancer patients. Tools and methods: The study wasconducted between December 2004 and May 2005 and included 101 patients, treated in the Oncology Departmentsof Ege and Pamukkale University Hospitals and Denizli State Hospital. Patients’ demographic data were collectedby questionnaire. The methods used in the interviews were the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL), and theMultidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS).Psychosocial stressors were classified according to life events using the DSM-IV multi-axial diagnostic system.Results: It was found that increase of cancer stage triggers a decrease in psychological quality of life (p<0,05);overall global life quality (p<0,001), perceived social support and performance status (p<0,05), all of these beingnegatively affected by family stressors. The patients with increased social support, better psychological andoverall quality of life (p<0,01) and younger age had more physical wellness besides overall quality of life (p<0,05);lower incomes negatively affected overall global life quality (p<0,01) and working at a job decreased thepsychological stressors (p<0,05). Conclusion: From these results, it can be postulated that psychosocial stressors,social support and some socio-demographic variables mostly affected quality of life of the breast cancer patients.
Quality of Life
psychosocial stressors
breast cancer
Social Support
Chemotherapy
2007
01
01
77
82
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24564_0be189529b23f69d40063ac102be2605.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Identification of Genetic Alterations in Thai Breast Cancer Patients by Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Genetic alterations prevalent in breastcancer are still being elucidated. In this report, changes in 30 breast cancer tissues, in compariosn with normaltissues from Thai patients, were analyzed by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). Geneticinstability was detected by DNA fingerprinting obtained with 13 of 60 random primers. Of these, at least oneamplification band, the incidence ranging from 27 to 80%, was observed in DNA amplified with 8 primers,whereas a band loss was exhibited with from 6 primers, the incidences ranging from 23 to 40%. Likewise, anamplification band amplified from primer D15 was observed in 80% of this patient group and a band lossproduced from primer B12 presented in 40% of all cases. These results showed that AP-PCR is effective for thedetection of genetic alterations in breast cancer tissues.
breast cancer
genetic alterations
arbitrarily primed PCR
random primer
2007
01
01
83
86
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24565_8e38378b4fb96b7b179737374d615a2f.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Associations between Serum C-reactive Protein (CRP) Levels and Polymorphisms of CRP, Interleukin 1B, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Genes among Japanese Health Checkup Examinees
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of acute inflammation, which is associated with risk ofcardiovascular and other chronic diseases. Some CRP polymorphisms are reported to affect the basal andstimulated CRP levels. Thus we conducted a population-based cross-sectional study to examine the associationsof CRP levels with CRP C1444T polymorphism and two cytokine polymorphisms (IL-1B C-31T and TNF-A T-1031C), according to sex, age, smoking, alcohol, and BMI, in a total of 489 Japanese health checkup examinees(156 males and 333 females). Serum CRP levels were measured by high sensitivity latex-enhanced nephelometry.CRP C1444T, IL-1B C-31T and TNF-A T-1031C genotypes were genotyped by PCR-CTPP (polymerase chainreaction with confronting two-pair primers). Males, aged, smokers, and those with high BMI had a higher CRPon average. All genotype frequencies among the 489 subjects were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significantassociations of serum CRP levels with the genotypes of CRP C1444T and IL-1B C-31T were observed. TNF-A -1031CC polymorphism was significantly associated with high CRP values. For the females, those aged 61-69years, never smokers, non-drinkers, or those with body mass index 24 or less, the association was remarkable.Since the biological mechanism is not clear, further investigations are required to confirm the association.
C-reactive protein
IL-1B
TNF-A
Polymorphism
2007
01
01
87
92
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24566_f50679ca853b1d06b04048ce151540d7.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Cancer Screening with Whole-body PET/CT for Healthy Asymptomatic People in Japan : Re-evaluation of its Test Validity and Radiation Exposure
The use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or PET/CT for voluntary cancer screening of asymptomaticindividuals is becoming common in Japan, though the utility of such screening is still controversial. This studyestimated the general test validity and effective radiation dose for PET/CT cancer screening of healthy Japanesepeople by evaluating four standard indices (sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive values), andpredictive values with including prevalence for published literature and simulation-based Japanese data. CTand FDG-related dosage data were gathered from the literature and then extrapolated to the scan parameters ata model PET center. We estimated that the positive predictive value was only 3.3% in the use of PET/CT forvoluntary cancer screening of asymptomatic Japanese individuals aged 50-59 years old, whose average cancerprevalence was 0.5%. The total effective radiation dose of a single whole-body PET/CT scan was estimated to be6.34 to 9.48 mSv for the average Japanese individual, at 60kg body weight. With PET/CT cancer screening inJapan, many healthy volunteers screened as false positive are exposed to at least 6.34 mSv without getting anyreal benefit. More evaluation concerning the justification of applying PET/CT for healthy people is necessary.
PET/CT imaging
mass screening
cancer screening
Sensitivity
predictive value
radiation exposure
2007
01
01
93
97
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24567_e7f1e9036087f23d5942d469e17a7e6d.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Inhibition of Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis by Drugs Used in Homeopathic Medicine
Homeopathy is considered as one modality for cancer therapy. However, there are only very few clinicalreports on the activity of the drugs, as well as in experimental animals. Presently we have evaluated the inhibitoryeffects of potentized homeopathic preparations against N’-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) induced hepatocellularcarcinoma in rats as well as 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in mice. We have used Ruta, Hydrastis,Lycopodium and Thuja, which are commonly employed in homeopathy for treating cancer. Administration ofNDEA in rats resulted in tumor induction in the liver and elevated marker enzymes such as gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and alkaline phosphatasein the serum and in liver. Concomitant administration of homeopathic drugs retarded the tumor growth andsignificantly reduced the elevated marker enzymes level as revealed by morphological, biochemical andhistopathological evaluation. Out of the four drugs studied, Ruta 200c showed maximum inhibition of livertumor development. Ruta 200c and phosphorus 1M were found to reduce the incidence of 3-methylcholanthreneinducedsarcomas and also increase the life span of mice harboring the tumours. These studies demonstrate thathomeopathic drugs, at ultra low doses, may be able to decrease tumor induction by carcinogen administration. Atpresent we do not know the mechanisms of action of these drugs useful against carcinogenesis.
N’-Nitrosodiethylamine
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Sarcoma
Homeopathy
Ruta
Thuja
Hydrastis- Lycopodium- phosphorus
2007
01
01
98
102
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24568_5496ca04d5fa5342b83e617c8234d998.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
NAT2 and CYP1A2 Polymorphisms and Lung Cancer Risk in Relation to Smoking Status
We investigated the associations between lung cancer and the gene polymorphisms of the drug metabolizingenzymes, containing cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), glutathione S-transferaseclass mu (GSTM1), and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). The study involved 113 lung cancer patients and 121 noncancercontrols divided into never, light and heavy smokers according to pack-years of smoking in Japanese byusing PCR-RFLP. For light smokers, the lung cancer risk of NAT2 intermediate-slow was significantly increased[the adjusted odds ratio (OR): 10.9, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI): 1.75-67.5, P-value: 0.010]. Moreover,never smokers having joint genotypes of NAT2 intermediate-slow and CYP1A2*1F A/A was also associated withincreased the lung cancer risk (OR: 4.95, 95% CI: 1.19-20.6, P-value: 0.028). We suggested that light smokerswith intermediate-slow NAT2 activity were at highest risk for lung cancer and the gene-gene interaction based onintermediate-slow NAT2 activity and high CYP1A2 activity would be increased a lung cancer risk among neversmokers.
Genetic polymorphism
NAT2
CYP1A2
Lung cancer
smoking
2007
01
01
103
108
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24569_1513c4e5017602e5b82f8da9d64e68fc.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Genetic Instability in Cervical Cancer Detected by Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction
The genetic instability in 54 Thai cervical cancer tissues were analyzed by Arbitrarily Primed PolymeraseChain Reaction (AP-PCR). The band alterations produced from 54 arbitrary primers were compared betweenthe DNA finger printing from the patients and their corresponding normal cervical tissues. Results revealed 7arbitrary primers provided DNA alteration patterns. Of these, an allelic loss in tumor DNA was found in DNAfingerprinting obtained from primers F-2 (64.8%), F-11 (68.5%), U-8 (51.9%), AE-3 (75.9%), AE-11 (53.7%),respectively. Moreover, DNA amplification was exhibited in patterns with primers B-12 (42.6%), J-16 (24.1%)and U-8 (70.4%). When genetic instability was investigated for associations with clinicopathological features,only the DNA amplified fragment with primer U-8 was significantly associated with stage II (P=0.030). Likewise,allelic loss amplified from arbitrary primer AE-3 showed significantly associate with age lower than 50 years old(P=0.003). Our findings suggest that the DNA alteration fragments produced from arbitrary primers of U-8 andAE-11 might be relevant to the pathogenesis of cervical cancer in Thai patients.
cervical cancer
arbitrarily-primed PCR
genetic instability
tumor stage
2007
01
01
109
122
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24570_d75c3d4ad052baeed1f9a1bda149190c.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
A Method to Adjust for Ascertainment Bias in the Evaluation of Cancer Registry Data
Using the trend of age-standardized incidence rate of cancers (ASR) is inaccurate for registration withincomplete reporting, especially in developing registries. The relative age-standardized ratio (RASR) is a newmeasure that takes ascertainment bias of registration into account. RASR is calculated from the ASR for eachcancer divided by the ASR for leukemia. Leukemia was chosen as the reference because its ASR is rather constantover time in valid registries. The adjusted relative age-standardized rate (ARASR with same unit as ASR) iscalculated by multiplying the RASR for a specific cancer in a particular year by the sum of ASRs of that cancerover the years for which a trend is being determined and then dividing result by the sum of RASRs of the cancerfor those years. Two likely assumptions are behind use of ARASR, first, constant ASR of leukemia over time,second, if under/over-registration occurs, it happens for all cancers to the same extent (random under/overreporting).Using the ARASR with empirical data of valid Finnish and SEER cancer registries proved that trendof ASRs for each cancer is almost equal to its ARASR. Using trends of ARASRs instead of ASRs in a registry withincomplete data collection in first years of registration demonstrated more realistic results. In conclusion, theARASR is more accurate than the ASR for studying cancer incidence trends in registries with incomplete reporting.ARASRs in different countries or different times are comparable since they are age-standardized. Moreover,comparison between trends of ASRs and ARASRs can be used as a test for validity of registration.
Neoplasms
Incidence
Trends
Bias
registries
2007
01
01
113
118
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24571_1620fa6c00e5e0ec305a0e24750d58e3.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Can a Home-Visit Invitation Increase Pap Smear Screening in Samliem, Khon Kaen , Thailand ?
Our objective was to assess the efficiency of a home-visit invitation aimed to increase uptake of cervical cancerscreening in women between 35 and 60 years of age. From May, 2006, we conducted a quasi-randomized trial todetermine if an in-home education and invitation intervention would increase uptake of cervical cancerscreening. We randomly recruited 304 women from the Samliem inner-city community, Khon Kaen, NortheastThailand, and assigned participants to either the intervention or control zone. Baseline screening coverageinterviews were then performed: 58 of 158 women in the intervention zone and 46 of 146 in the control zone wereexcluded from the study because of having had a Pap smear within 5 years, but these were included in the finalanalysis. First, 100 women in the intervention group were visited in their homes by one of the researchers, whoprovided culturally-sensitive health education that emphasized the need for screening. Four months later, postintervention,screening-coverage interviews were again performed in both groups, in combination with the samehealth education for 100 women in the control group for a comparison. There was no difference in the baselinePap smear screening-coverage rate in the intervention vs. control zones (36.7 vs. 31.5%, p=0.339). One hundredwomen in the intervention group completed the intervention interviews and after four months, 100 women in theintervention group and 100 in the control group also completed the post-intervention interviews. The increasedscreening-coverage rate in the intervention zone was similar to that of the control zone (43.6 vs. 34.9%, p=0.119);however, there was a borderline significant increase in the intervention zone compared with baseline (36.7 to43.6%, p=0.070). Therefore, home visit education and invitation intervention produced only a nominal effect onincreasing Pap smear coverage within a 4-month study period.
Pap smear
cervical cancer
screening coverage
2007
01
01
119
123
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24572_6ad8fba2212cfe274e13ae485e8628cc.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Subjective Sonographic Assessment for Differentiation between Malignant and Benign Adnexal Masses
Objective: To determine the accuracy of subjective sonographic assessment in distinguishing between benignand malignant adnexal masses. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Methods: The patients scheduledfor elective surgery due to adnexal masses were recruited into the study. All patients were sonographicallyexamined within 72 hours of surgery were subjectively evaluated by the experienced sonographer, who had noany information of the patients, to differentiate between benign and malignant adnexal masses based onsonographic morphology. The final diagnoses, used as gold standard, were based on either pathological oroperative findings. Results: One hundred and fifty-eight patients with 174 adnexal masses, (benign; 108 andmalignant; 66) were recruited into the study. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, andnegative predictive value were of 89.7%, 84.9 % and 92.6 %, 87.5% and 90.9%, respectively. Conclusions:Subjective evaluation of sonographic morphology has high accuracy in differentiating between benign andmalignant adnexal masses.
Adnexal mass
Subjective assessment
Ultrasound
2007
01
01
124
126
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24573_31ae92a21b359436a99be45bc63c4256.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Hepatitis B and Liver Cancer Knowledge and Preventive Practices among Asian Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area, California
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes liver cancer and disproportionately affects the Asiancommunity in the U.S. In order to advance HBV and liver cancer awareness and prevention, it is important toidentify existing gaps in knowledge and preventive practices among Asian Americans. Therefore, the authorsadministered a written questionnaire to 199 adults in the Asian-American community of the San Francisco BayArea, California. Although the majority of adults had at least a college education, knowledge regarding HBVtransmission, prevention, symptoms, risks, and occurrence was low. Fewer than 60% reported having been testedfor HBV, only 31% reported having been vaccinated against HBV, and only 44% reported having had theirchildren vaccinated. Asians, especially those born in China or Southeast Asia, had significantly poorer knowledgeregarding HBV and liver cancer than non-Asians. Those with higher knowledge levels were significantly morelikely to have been tested for HBV and to have had their children vaccinated. Younger adults, women, Caucasians,more highly educated individuals, those not born in China or Hong Kong, and those with a personal or familyhistory of liver disease were more likely to have taken preventive action against HBV. Our results suggest thatHBV and liver cancer knowledge among Asian Americans, especially Chinese Americans, is poor, and that betterknowledge is associated with increased preventive practices. Thus, there is a need for increased HBV educationand improved community-based interventions to prevent HBV-related liver disease in the high-risk Asian-Americancommunity.
Hepatitis B
Liver cancer
Asian Americans
Knowledge
Vaccination
Screening
2007
01
01
127
134
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24574_7165a4adfa9147aa2e4e9a6859aebae8.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Pap Smear, Colposcopy and Biopsy Findings at Follow-up of Pap Smear Positive Women in North-east Thailand
As part of an ongoing project involving a large cohort in the Khon Kaen Province in the North-east of Thailand,a total of 236 women who had tested positive for a Pap smear at the initial recruitment and advised to seek mdicalattention were followed up after a mean period of 3.1 years. The 204 individuals who could be contacted wereinterviewed to determine treatments received and underwent a further Pap smear as well as colposcopy in 179 ofthe cases. On clinical advice, biopsies were also taken from 32 of these. Only 15% of the total of 204 had actuallyreceived therapy, the majority undergoing surgery (self-reported). Possible positive Pap smear results were obtainedfor 23.5%, with 6.4% having high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSILs) or squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) (one case). Comparison of the different testing modalities demonstrated 5.6% false negatives and 16.2false positives for the Pap smear with colposcopy as the gold standard. Compared with biopsy findings, therewere 21.8% and 40.6% false positives with Pap and colposcopy, respectively, but no false negatives. The presentresults point to good efficacy for the initial screening, since only 0.5% of the total population developed an SCC.However, judgement as to therapy should depend on a biopsy since there were considerable false positives withthe other two modaltites employed.
cervical cancer screening
Pap smear positive cases
outcome
diagnosis confirmation
Thailand
2007
01
01
135
136
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24575_24ede398ee900f9b1887fe2b245e5665.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Predicted B-cell Epitopes of HER-2 Oncoprotein by a Bioinformatics Method: a Clue for Breast Cancer Vaccine Development
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world and is on the increase. Vaccines are new hopesfor primary prevention of this cancer. In the breast cancer case, HER2 is a focus as a target for vaccine development.Here, preliminary data from a computation analysis of this outer membrane protein to find potential B-cellepitopes are described using a new bioinformatics tool. According to the results, 947SRMARDPQRFVVIQNE262is the peptide with the best binding affinity. These data may be useful for further vaccine development becausepromiscuous peptide binders allow the total number of predicted epitopes to be minimized without compromisingthe population coverage required in the design of vaccines.
breast cancer
B-cells
Epitope
HER2
2007
01
01
137
138
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24576_05992dc37a34430fa458c6f3a0cc9207.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Weak Linkage in Hepatitis C PePHD: Identification of Mutation Prone Point that can Lead to Failure of Antiviral Therapy for Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatitis C is an important blood borne infection caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). Chronic inflammationinduced by this viral infection and its role in carcinogenesis are well recognized. The treatment of HCV infectionhas developed enormously over recent years and is believed to be a good way for stopping of carcinogenesisprocess. Howevr, mutation of the virus is an important factor that can bring drug resistance. Presently, predictionof protein nanostructure and function is a great challenge in the proteomics and structural genomics era. Toidentify points which are vulnerable to mutation is a new trend to expand the knowledge at the genomic andproteomic levels Here, the author performed a bioinformatic analysis to determine positions that trend to complywith peptide motifs in the amino acid sequence of HCV protein kinase -eIF2-alpha phosphorylation homologydomain (PePHD). To identify weak linkage in HCV PePHD, a new bioinformatic tool, GlobPlot, was used. Positions2-7, 29-39, 53-57, 90-98, 123-133, 202-227, 324-355, 439-448 were identified as positions resistant to mutation.Some are already known and others are newly discovered. Based on this study, weak linkages in HCV PePHDcould be identified and can be good information for expectation of possible new mutations that can lead to failureof HCV therapy. In addition, the results from this study can be good information for further research on thediagnosis for mutants HCV and vaccine development.
Hepatitis C
structure
weak linkage
Mutation
2007
01
01
139
140
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24577_3a008f33df7c501ed825eaf3e909a2fb.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
Breast Cancer in Malaysia : Are Our Women Getting The Right Message? 10 Year-Experience in A Single Institution In Malaysia
The message that health care providers caring for patients with breast cancer would like to put forth, is that,not only early detection is crucial but early treatment too is important in ensuring survival. This paper examinesthe pattern of presentation at a single institution over a 10-year period from 1995 to 2005. In Malaysia, educationoutreach programmes are ongoing, with contributions not only from the public sector, but also private enterprise.Articles on breast cancer in local newspapers and women magazines and television are quite commonplace.However are our women getting the right message? Now is an appropriate time to bring the stakeholders togetherto formulate a way to reach all women in Malaysia, not excluding the fact that we are from different races,different education levels and backgrounds requiring differing ways of delivering health promotion messages.To answer the question of why women present late, we prospectively studied 25 women who presented withlocally advanced disease. A quantitative, quasi-qualitative study was embarked upon, as a prelude to a moredetailed study. Reasons for presenting late were recorded. We also looked at the pattern of presentation ofbreast lumps in women to our breast clinic in UMMC and in the surgical clinic in Hospital Kota Bharu, in thesmaller capital of the state of Kelantan, in 2003. There is hope for the future, the government being a sociallyresponsible one is currently making efforts towards mammographic screening in Malaysia. Howeverunderstanding of the disease, acceptance of medical treatment and providing resources is imperative to ensurethat health behaviour exhibited by our women is not self-destructive but self-preserving. Women are an integralpart of not only the nation’s workforce but the lifeline of the family - hopefully in the next decade we will seegreat improvement in the survival of Malaysian women with breast cancer.
Breast cancer survival
early detection
late presentation
health messages
2007
01
01
141
145
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24578_a3cee1c26f9726e3ef1919bfa4613b8e.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2007
8
1
The Importance of Clinical Epidemiology for Development of Appropriate Treatment Modalities for Asian Populations
The Asian countries with their own particular cultural background and risk factors differ from the Westernworld regarding their disease burden, including the incidences of different cancers. The lack of awareness andeffective screening programs in many parts of Asia means that the stage at presentation with a neoplasm is oftenmore advanced than is typical elsewhere, with all the inherent associated problems in cancer control. In addition,the presence of racial variation in genetic polymorphisms may mean that different populations in Asia may notrespond to chemotherapy or other treatment modalities in the same way as their counterparts in Europe or theUnited States. Therefore it is essential that research be conducted into the clinical epidemiology of efficacy ofdrug protocols in Asian groups, with an appropriate focus on influencing factors.
Asian countries
Clinical Epidemiology
treatment efficacy
Influencing Factors
2007
01
01
146
147
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24579_7466b387f205cf2d47834fa4eae0f10a.pdf