2024-03-29T00:49:42Z
https://journal.waocp.org/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=3440
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
A Common Medical Error: Lung Cancer Misdiagnosed as Sputum Negative Tuberculosis
Objective: To emphasize that delay in diagnosis of lung cancer can be caused by the wrong diagnosis oftuberculosis (TB) in TB endemic countries. This is of major concern as early-diagnosis of lung cancer can increasethe chance of tumor resectability and timely chemo-radiotherapy may provide better quality of life. Methods:Proven lung cancer patients, who had received anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) since onset of current symptoms,were studied retrospectively during the period of Nov-07 to Nov-08. Data-source: Patient interview and medicalrecords. Results: Total of 14 out of 70 patients received wrong diagnosis of TB and had received ATT [male-12,female-2; mean age-58.07±6.81; Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)-12, Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)-2],12 were smokers with median smoking pack-years of 44(15 to 112). Pre-referral sputum Acid fast Bacilli (AFB)was done in only 3 out of these 14 patients and sputum AFB was negative in these 3 patients. ATT was started onthe basis of chest X-ray finding and clinical symptoms. Mean duration of ATT taken was 4.46±3.15 months.Conclusion: Due to high TB prevalence and radiological similarities, a large number of lung cancer patientsinitially get wrongly treated for TB. Also, clinicians associate lung cancer with high case-fatality and start ATTwithout detailed investigation. Altogether, this leads to delay in diagnosis and progression of disease.
Diagnostic errors
lung neoplasms
Pulmonary tuberculosis
2009
03
01
335
338
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24925_97c0cee6a7937225077292d4244f02ae.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
HPV Vaccine Knowledge and Beliefs Among Cambodian American Parents and Community Leaders
Background: The cervical cancer incidence rate among Cambodian American women is 15.0 per 100,000,compared to 7.7 per 100,000 among non-Latina white women. HPV infection has been identified as a universalrisk factor for cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine was recently approved in the United States for females aged 9-26 years. There is little information about HPV vaccination knowledge and beliefs in Southeast Asian communities.Methods: We conducted 13 key informant interviews with Cambodian community leaders, as well as four focusgroups with Cambodian parents (37 participants). Two of the focus groups included fathers and two of the focusgroups included mothers. Interview and focus group questions addressed HPV vaccine barriers and facilitators.Results: Participants had limited knowledge about HPV infection and the HPV vaccine. Barriers to HPVvaccination included a lack of information about the vaccine, as well as concerns about vaccine safety, effectiveness,and financial costs. The most important facilitators were a health care provider recommendation for vaccinationand believing in the importance of disease prevention. Discussion: Future cervical cancer control educationalprograms for Cambodians should promote use of the HPV vaccine for age-eligible individuals. Health careproviders who serve Cambodian communities should be encouraged to recommend HPV vaccination.
cervical cancer
Cambodian Americans
HPV vaccine
2009
03
01
339
344
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24926_1899b55cec9052301ad55216c79adedb.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Knowledge about Cervical Cancer Risk Factors and Pap Testing Behaviour among Turkish Women
Background: The aim of the paper was to examine knowledge about cervical cancer and in relation toPapanicolaou (Pap) testing among Turkish women. Methods: This cross-sectional study research was carriedout at Ege University Faculty of Medicine Hospital’s Obstetric and Gynecology Outpatient Clinic betweenMarch 1st, and May 30th, 2008 with 92 volunteer women who were sexually active and aged 25 to 61. Data wascollected through survey forms by interviews conducted by researchers. The form consisted of 30 questions andthree parts. Results: Of the women who participated in the research, 33.7 % were aged 42-49 and 44.6 % wereprimary school graduates. It was determined that 53.3 % of the women had long experience of living in aprovince and big city and that 82.6 % had middle income. Approximately two-thirds (68.5%) had received aPap test. The knowledge of the women within the scope of the research concerning cervical cancer risk factors(having a sexually transmitted disease, giving birth to many children, smoking, having sexual activity with aman who has had partners with a cervical cancer and having sexual intercourse at an early age) was found to berelated with their condition of having pap testing. Conclusion: The women’s condition of having pap testing isinfluenced by their age group, having a history of cancer in their family and having knowledge of cervicalcancer in advance (p <0.01). This research once again demonstrated that having knowledge is influential on thehabit of having pap testing. Taking this conclusion into consideration, it is crucial that information servicesaimed at the whole society, specifically women, should become widespread with the participation of healthworkers.
cervical cancer
Knowledge level
risk factors
Pap smear test
2009
03
01
345
350
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24772_90cd138b7d5b9e5bffbda1fc56b9e0a3.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Perioperative Complications of an Outpatient Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure: A Review of 857 Consecutive Cases
This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence and predictor of perioperative complications of the loopelectrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) in an outpatient setting at Chiang Mai University Hospital betweenOctober 2004 and December 2008. During this time period, 857 women were reviewed. Mean age was 45.1 years(range, 20-78 years). One-fourth of the women were postmenopausal. Eighty-one (9.5%) women were HIVpositive. Perioperative complications were as follows: intraoperative bleeding, 29 (3.4%); early postoperativebleeding, 5 (0.6%); late postoperative bleeding, 42 (4.9%); and infection 37 (4.3%). The size of LEEP specimenswas noted to be a significant predictor. Women who had a large LEEP specimen excised (defined as 20 mm ormore) were 2.09 (95% Confidence Interval, 1.39-3.14) times more likely to have perioperative complications. Inconclusion, outpatient LEEP is safe and has an acceptable perioperative complication rate, although large sizecarries greater risk.
Cervical preneoplasia
LEEP
perioperative complications
risk factors
Thailand
2009
03
01
351
354
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24773_04aab80944da364be4335524157d5741.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Prognostic Significance of HPV Physical Status and Integration Sites in Cervical Cancer
Background: Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the major cause of cervical cancer and integrationof HPV DNA into the host cell genome is believed to be essential for malignant transformation. MiRNAs are aclass of 19-24 nt non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression primarily through post transcriptional repressionor m-RNA degradation in a sequence specific manner. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency ofHPV16 and 18 integrated and episomal forms and to evaluate its prognostic significance in invasive cervicalcarcinoma cases and to detect by in-silico approach MiRNAs near HPV integration sites (within <3Mb). Methods:HR-HPV 16 and 18 typing was performed by Nested Multiplex PCR (NMPCR) and HPV 16 and 18 physicalstatus (integrated and episomal forms) was determined by Amplification of Papillomavirus Oncogene Transcripts(APOT) assay. Nested PCR products of the APOT assay were resolved on a 2% agarose gel and the PCR productsof interest were excised and sequenced. In silico analysis was done to identify the Fragile sites and MiRNAs’near integration sites of the HPV. Results: Episomal forms were more common with the HPV16 type and integratedforms with the HPV18 type (p=0.011). Patients with tumors having the episomal forms had a better disease freesurvival than those with integrated forms of HPV16 type, but this did not reach statistical significance. Wedetected 53 miRNAs near integration sites, of which 39 have been reported to be associated with cancers. Theincidence of miRNAs near HPV integration sites was 78.3%, being more common with HPV16. Conclusion:This is the first study from India to provide the physical status of HPV16 and HPV 18 in cervical cancers, toassess their prognostic importance and to identify FRA and MiRNAs’ near HPV integration sites.
cervical cancer
HPV physical status
HPV integration
miRNA
Prognosis
2009
03
01
355
360
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24774_752429c2be0fab989699485688f4a0a1.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Demographics, Pathologic Patterns and Long-term Survival in Operable Colon Cancers: Local Experience in Pakistan
Background: Colon cancer is a common malignancy with its incidence reportedly rising in Asian Countries,including Pakistan. There are no comprehensive data available from Pakistan which focus on associations ofvarious factors with long-term survival of colon cancer. We therefore present an analysis of findings from ourcentre. Methodology: In this retrospective study adult patients with colon cancer diagnosed through 2000-2003were included. A comprehensive questionnaire was filled for each individual through review medical and pathologyreports. Long term survival data was collected from contactable patients or their relatives. Results:A total of 93patients were assessed, 57 males and 36 females (M: F= 1.58: 1). Mean age of diagnosis was 54 years. Of the total,49.5% of the patients had right sided ( mortality rate 51.6%), 10.8% had transverse colon, (mortality rate37.5%), 7.5% had descending colon (mortality rate 66.7%) and 32.2% had sigmoid colon (mortality rate40.9%) cancers. Stage I disease on diagnosis was found in 16%, stage II in 42.7 (mortality 40 %) and stage IIIin 41.3% ( mortality 70 %). Tumors were well differentiated in 20.2% (mortality 42.9%), moderately differentiatedin 61.9% (mortality 43%) and poorly differentiated in 17.9%( mortality 70%). In 36.3% of the patients lessthan 12 lymph nodes were removed (mortality 55% Vs 43% in patients with > 12 lymph nodes removed). Marginswere free in most patients but a radial margin was reported in only 44%. Most patients had pure adenocarcinomawhile a mucinous type differentiation was seen in 19.7%, 3% had signet ring morphology, 1.5% adeno-squamouscarcinoma and similar number with neuroendocrine differentiation. Overall 5 year all cause mortality for allstages combined was 46.9%. Conclusion: Colon cancer in Pakistan commonly presents at an advanced stage,there is a male preponderance, and relatively mean younger age at presentation for males is seen. Advancedstage and lymph node involvement along with poorly differentiated pathology, signet ring or mucinousmorphology, location in descending colon, positive surgical margins and removal of less than twelve lymphnodes are factors associated with poor long term survival. There is a need to reinforce information about coloncancer and larger studies from the region are needed to confirm the factors analyzed here.
Colon cancer
tumour characteristics
Prognosis
2009
03
01
361
364
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24927_55750006b94e1b0655cc31a13500ea76.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
IGlutathione S-transferase (GSTM1 and GSTT1) Polymorphisms in Cervical Cancer in Northeastern Thailand
To evaluate the relationships between genetic polymorphisms of the GSTs (GSTM1 and GSTT1) and cervicalcancer, the null genotype of each gene was studied in squamous cell cervical cancer (SCCA) patients (n=90) andcontrols (n=94) in Northeast Thailand. The prevalence of the GSTM1-null genotype in the controls and SCCApatients was 59.6% and 60.0%, respectively, whereas those of the GSTT1-null genotype in the control andSCCA patients was 40.4% and 46.7%, respectively. Neither of the GST-null genotypes increased the risk forSCCA (p>0.05); however, the combination of the GSTM-1 and GSTT1-null genotypes showed a non-significanttrend to an increased risk for developing cervical cancer with an adjusted OR of 2.7 (95%CI=0.8-9.0, p=0.10).Genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were not significant risk factors for cervical cancer in eithertobacco-smokers or non-smokers. A different contribution of the GST genotype to cancer risk may be attributedto a different, as yet undefined, property of the enzymes.
Cervical cancer - GSTM1
GSTT1 - Northeastern Thailand - genetic susceptibility
2009
03
01
365
368
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24928_b23cb25377b1a426c0e19f507ac4672e.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Pancreatic Cancer Epidemiology and Survival in an Australian Population
South Australian registry data were used to explore age-standardised incidence and mortality rates and casesurvivals for pancreatic cancer during 1977 to 2006. Disease-specific survivals were investigated using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression. While annual incidence and mortality rates wererelatively stable among males during 1983-2006, they were 14% and 17% lower respectively than for the 1977-82 baseline. A converse non-significant secular trend was suggested in females, in that incidence in 1989-2006was 10% higher than in 1977-88, with a corresponding 9% increase in mortality. As a result, male to femaleincidence rate ratios decreased from 1.73:1 in 1977-82 to about 1.34:1 in 2001-06. One-year survival was 18.0%but this figure decreased to 3.6% at five years. Higher survivals were evident for more recent diagnostic periods,with one-year survival increasing from 14.3% in 1977-88 to 23.9% in 2001-06. Multivariable proportional hazardsregression indicated that case fatality was higher in the older age groups and lower for neuroendocrine thanother histology types, patients from high and mid-high than lower socio-economic areas, and for more recentdiagnostic periods. The differences by diagnostic period, socio-economic status and histology type applied bothto the age range less than 60 years and between 60 and 79 years, but were not evident in older patients. Thedivergent secular trends in incidence and mortality in males and females and associated decreases in male tofemale rate ratio are consistent with trends in the USA and likely reflect differences in historic tobacco smokingtrends by sex. While survival at five years from diagnosis is still only about 5%, patients are living longer withmore surviving one year or more, probably due to gains in treatment and potentially in diagnostic technology.
Pancreas cancer
Incidence
mortality
survival
secular trends
2009
03
01
369
374
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24929_0bd5b365038df49dc35c76bd43c96d39.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Hydronephrosis after Radical Hysterectomy: A Prospective Study
One part of the operative procedure of radical hysterectomy (RH) is the dissection of the ureter from itsoverlying tissue and this may result in injury to the ureteric adventitia. This might induce ureteric obstructionand consequently produce hydronephrosis. The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidenceof hydronephrosis after RH in patients with early stage cervical cancer. From July 2006 through March 2007,77 patients with IA2-IIA cervical cancer who planned to undergo radical hysterectomy and pelviclymphadenectomy (RHPL) received urinary tract ultrasonography 5 times (one day before surgery and 7 days,6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after the operation) from one radiologist. Patients who had hydronephrosisbefore surgery, suffered intraoperative ureteric injury, or were lost follow-up at 7 days after surgery wereexcluded from the study. Urinary tract ultrasonography was performed on 77, 55, 52 and 52 patients at eachvisit. Right hydronephrosis was detected in 16, 7, 5 and 3 patients, and left hydronephrosis in 16, 11, 3 and 1 , at7 days, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, respectively, after the operation. Hydronephrosis persisted in 8 patients(15%) after 3 months. Two of these had undergone exploratory laparotomy for lysis of ureteral adhesions. Onepatient who developed hydronephrosis had local recurrence and received further treatment with concurrentchemoradiation therapy. In conclusion, the incidence of persistent hydronephrosis over 3 months after RHPLwas 15%, even without intra-operative ureteric injury. However, only a few cases required surgical intervention.
Cervical preneoplasia
LEEP
perioperative complications
risk factors
Thailand
2009
03
01
375
378
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24930_4c38f78d5c5e49ce7ebaa651eff2ddec.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Anticarcinogenic Effects of Solanum lycopersicum Fruit Extract on Swiss Albino and C57 Bl Mice
In the present studies, the effect of Solanum lycopersicum extract on DMBA induced skin papillomas and B6F10 melanomas was studied. Topical single application of DMBA at the dose of 4 mg/kg b.wt. followed by 1 %croton oil for 16 weeks produced a 100% incidence of skin papillomas which started appearing from the 6thweek onwards. The mice which additionally received S. lycopersicum extract at 0.6 g/kg 2 day/week for 16 weeksshowed a significant decrease in the number and incidence of tumors (p< 0.05), with a delay in their appearanceto week 10. Histopathological examination showed well and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas inthe group which received DMBA + Croton oil treatment whereas hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia were moreprevalent in DMBA + Croton oil + Lycopersicum extract treated animals. In a second experiment the effect ofcyclophosphamide alone and in combination with S. lycopersicum extract was studied in B16F10 melanomatumour bearing mice. The inhibition rate was 25.9% in the cyclophosphamide treated group but this increasedto 37.7%with S. lycopersicum. The life span of tumour bearing animals was also increased. Thus in two models,S. lycopersicum extract exerted protective potential against skin tumors.
Chemoprevention
Solanum lycopersicum
skin papillomas
melanomas
2009
03
01
379
382
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24931_2d6be0121a715f0aba9dc9d5593d7e8b.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Stopping a Silent Killer in the Underserved Asian and Pacific Islander Community: A Chronic Hepatitis B and Liver Cancer Prevention Clinic by Medical Students
Objectives: To assess and alleviate the burden of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among lowincome,uninsured Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) in San Jose, California. Methods: From 2007 to 2008, weprovided free HBV testing and follow-up to 510 patients, 74% of whom were foreign-born Vietnamese. Patientswere tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and surface antibody. Chronically infected patients who elected toundergo follow-up monitoring were evaluated for liver damage (ALT), liver cancer (AFP), and HBV replication(HBV DNA). Results: Overall, 17% were chronically infected; 33% of these were unaware that they wereinfected. Of those who underwent follow-up monitoring, 100% had elevated ALT, 9% had elevated AFP, and24% had HBV DNA levels that exceeded the threshold for treatment. Patients who were candidates for antiviraltherapy were enrolled in drug assistance programs, and those with elevated AFP levels were referred for CTscans. Uninfected patients lacking protective antibodies were provided free HBV vaccinations. Conclusions:More liver cancer prevention in the medically underserved API community is needed, including universalscreening for HBV and follow-up for those chronically infected.
Asian and Pacific Islanders
Chronic hepatitis B
Liver cancer
prevention clinic
2009
03
01
383
386
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24932_33d7b52f75443ceacec3b9b49102541d.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Attitudes Towards and Beliefs about Colorectal Cancer and Screening using the Faecal Occult Blood Test within the Italian-Australian Community
Studies with minority ethnic communities worldwide reveal important differences in the content of beliefsabout cancer and attitudes towards screening. Current initiatives in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening highlightthe importance of identifying any illness-specific beliefs that might influence participation rates within thetargeted age-range. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 Italian-Australians aged between 50 and78 years, living in Adelaide, South Australia. Qualitative data from the interviews were analysed using frameworkanalysis. Participants articulated specific beliefs about the nature of cancer, risk factors, prevention possibilities,and variety of potential barriers and benefits to faecal occult blood testing (FOBT). Although participants’beliefs overlapped with conventional medical models of cancer, the results also demonstrated the presence ofspecific cultural perceptions that might influence FOBT participation. Our results suggest that models used toinform communication about cancer need to be sensitive to culture specific concerns. Within the context of theolder Italian-Australian community, there is a suggestion that self and response efficacy may be serious barriersto screening behavior and that bi-lingual, verbal delivery of information may be the most effective mode ofcommunication to increase screening participation.
colorectal cancer
beliefs
Screening
Italian-Australians
2009
03
01
387
394
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24933_2f42b05bdc3d575c048b58d76cb8659d.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Clinical Characteristics of Triple-negative Breast Cancer: Experience in an Asian Developing Country
Introduction: Triple negative (TN) breast cancers are defined by a lack of expression of oestrogen,progesterone, and HER2 receptors. They tend to have a higher grade, with a poorer outcome compared to non-TN breast cancers. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of TN breast cancer in anAsian country consisting of Malays, Chinese and Indians, and to determine the factors associated with this typeof breast cancer. Results: The incidence of TN breast cancer in the University Malaya Medical Center is 17.6%.There is no significant difference amongst the Malays, Chinese and Indians. In bivariate analysis, TN breastcancer was significantly associated with younger age and Grade 3. However, in multivariate analysis usinglogistic regression, TN breast cancer was only associated with Grade 3. Conclusion: The incidence of TN breastcancer in our study is similar to other studies, and associated with a higher grade.
triple negative breast cancer
hormone receptors
HER2 over-expression
Prognostic factors
ethnicity
2009
03
01
395
398
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24934_5c3a7051d42086c298c4ad3d933d6aea.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Clinical Results of the Liquid-based Cervical Cytology Tool, Liqui-PREPTM, in Comparison with Conventional Smears for Detection of Squamous Cell Abnormalities
Objective: To compare the adequacy and efficacy of the liquid-based cytology tool Liqui-PREPTM (LP) withthe conventional Papanicolaou smear (CS) test, for the screening of squamous cell abnormalities. Methods:Data for 2,000 subjects screened with CS and 4,000 different subjects screened with the LP test were compared.Results: LP showed significant decrease in the rate of unsatisfactory smears (P<0.01) and the detection rate foratypical squamous cells was significantly higher (P<0.01). The rate of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesionwas also higher, but this did not reach statistical significance. The number of high-grade squamous intraepitheliallesions detected was increased with LP, and the histological correlation of LSIL lesions showed a higher positivepredictivevalue. The coexistence of abnormal colposcopic findings with abnormal smear results was higher forLP (P<0.004). Furthermore, high-risk HPV-DNA detection was found to be increased in atypical LP smearsthan in normal LP smears. Conclusions: The liquid-based cytology tool LP detected more squamous cell lesionsthan CS. Also it reduced the number of unsatisfactory results due to enhanced cell visualization, and improvedscreening for HPV-DNA.
cervical cancer
Pap smear test
Liquid-based cytology
Liqui-PREPTM
2009
03
01
399
402
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24935_81b418226b43d1bd845b89c50232a449.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Increased Serum Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in Turkish Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Purpose: To evaluate the serum levels of G-CSF in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and to comparewith values in healthy individuals. Patients and Methods: Thirty-three patients with hepatocellular carcinomaand 30 controls were included in the study. Histological confirmation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) wasperformed by core needle biopsy and patients with cirrhosis were classified according to the Child-Pugh score.The serum G-CSF levels of individuals in both groups were calculated as pg/ml and compared for Child-PughClass A, B and C patients with HCC. Results: Median ages of patients with HCC and control group individualswere 58 (range:47-78) and 56 (range 45-70), respectively. Sex distributions were approximately equal. The meanserum level of G-CSF in patients with HCC was 199.4±112.2, as compared to 24.0±8.8 in the controls (p < 0.001).In addition, on subgroup analysis, the serum levels of G CSF were increased with Child-Pugh Class A, B and C,although without statistical significance (p=0.253). Conclusion: Increased levels of G-CSF are observed in patientswith HCC. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the mechanism of G-CSF production and its effects onoutcomes.
Hepatocellular carcinoma
G-CSF
cirrhosis
Child-Pugh classification
2009
03
01
403
406
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24936_2584b0f01455791cfca3d9e5dc7212fd.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Gastric Cancer in Iran 1966-2006
This review was carried out to provide an up-to-date perspective on gastric cancer clinicoepidemiologicalcharacteristics, to explain geographical differences, and to define public health priorities for prevention andearly detection programs in Iran. A comprehensive search was conducted using different search engines andover 147 Persian medical journals from 1966 to December 2008. Inclusion criteria were published studies ongastric cancer clinical and epidemiological data. Abstracts only were excluded. Twenty five studies and twonational cancer registry reports were also included. The average gastric cancer incidence rates were reported tobe 15.2 (8.1 to 49.1) and 6.7(4.9-25.4) per 100,000 in males and females, respectively, with a ratio of 2.3:1 (1.5 to2.7). More than two thirds of them were diagnosed in stage IV. Crude mortality rates were estimated at 15.5 and8.4 per 100,000 in males and females. The trend for gastric cancer cases was increase from 1969 to 2004; antraladenocarcinomawas shifted to cardia adenocarcinoma in this period. The gastric cancer epidemiological aspectshave changed during 4 decades; a Western pattern has been started in Iran where the incidence rate ofadenocarcinoma of the most proximal cardia region and adjacent gastro-oesophageal junction has increased.Developing a gastric cancer early detection program, investigating gastric cancer risk factors, preventing patientand system delays, and providing national guidelines for treatment and palliation are all recommended.
Gastric cancer
Epidemiology
Incidence
mortality
early detection
Iran
2009
03
01
407
412
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24937_457dbbbabd3c97772567ef6106bac794.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Toward Prostate Cancer Early Detection in Iran
Background: The aim of this study was to document the epidemiological features of prostate cancer in Iranand to define its public health priorities for an early detection program. Methods: A review of published articlesfrom 1975 to October 2008 was conducted using different search engines and 147 Persian medical journals.Abstracts only were excluded. Inclusion criteria were studies on prostate cancer clinical and epidemiologicaldata. Results: In all, 40 full texts, 7 national reports, and 10 provincial reports were accessed. The incidence rateof prostate cancer was 9.6 (3.2 to16.0) per 100,000 in multi geographical settings. The crude prostate cancermortality rate was 4.5 per 100.000 in 2004. The prevalence of prostate cancer among patients with benignprostate hyperplasia (BPH) presentation was 6.3%. The overall prostate cancer detection rate was reported3.6% in male over 40 years old by population screening programs. Conclusion: The rate of prostate cancerincidence in Iran is significantly less than those in developed countries and similar to Eastern MediterraneanRegions. However, it is expected to rise dramatically in the future because of the anticipated increase in lifeexpectancy and percentage of old age groups. Therefore, prostate cancer control should be integrated into theNational Cancer Control Program focusing on prevention and early detection in men over 40 years old or withsymptomatic BPH. An appropriate PSA cut off point for screening should be defined by population pilot studies.
Prostate Cancer
early detection
Iran
2009
03
01
413
418
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24938_2ceec72f64b69c7065721ed8182b4111.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Fruits, Vegetables and the Risk of Cancer: a Multisite Case-Control Study in Uruguay
Introduction: Previous studies have suggested that high intake of fruit and vegetables may decrease the riskof a wide range of cancers, but this evidence has been challenged by the results of recent studies. Methods: Tofurther explore the association between fruit and vegetable intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-controlstudy of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospitalcontrols. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)of cancer associations. Results: In the multivariable model higher intake of fruits and vegetables combined wasassociated with a decreased risk of cancers of the esophagus (odds ratio, OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.42-0.97), lung(OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.98), breast (OR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71), prostate (OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.92)and all sites combined (OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.87). When evaluated separately, fruit intake was more stronglyassociated with decreased cancer risk than vegetables. These inverse associations were mainly observed in men,among persons with high intake of meat, alcohol drinkers and among smokers. Conclusion: Our results providesome evidence that high intake of fruits and vegetables and particularly fruit may decrease the risk of cancer.However, because of the possibility that these findings could be due to residual confounding from intake ofmeat, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking, further studies in populations with a large number of participantswith low or no exposure to these potential confounding factors are warranted.
Diet
fruits
Vegetables
cancer
Epidemiology
2009
03
01
419
428
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24939_7fcab7713313f3f4a332ddcec7d9dc2c.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Meat Consumption and Cancer Risk: a Case-control Study in Uruguay
Introduction: There is strong evidence that high meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However,for other cancer sites there is currently less convincing evidence. Methods: To further explore associations betweenmeat intake and cancer risk we conducted a multisite case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls. We used unconditional logistic regressionto estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of cancer associated with meat intake. Results: In themultivariable model there was a significant increase in the odds of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx(OR=3.65, 95% CI: 2.21-6.01), esophagus (OR=3.36, 95% CI: 1.97-5.72), larynx (OR=2.91, 95% CI: 1.80-4.68),stomach (OR=2.19, 95% CI: 1.31-3.65), colorectum (OR=3.83, 95% CI: 2.37-6.20), lung (OR=2.17, 95% CI:1.52-3.10), breast (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.04-3.75), prostate (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.08-3.21), bladder (OR=2.11,95% CI: 1.20-3.72) and kidney (OR=2.72, 95% CI: 1.22-6.07) with high intake of red meat and similar findingswere found for total meat. In addition, intake of beef and lamb were also associated with increased risk ofseveral cancer sites. High intake of processed meat was associated with increased risk of cancers of the esophagus(OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.08-2.47), larynx (OR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.21-2.78), stomach (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.07-2.44),colorectum (OR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.49-3.11), lung (OR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.28-2.25) and breast (OR=1.53, 95% CI:1.01-2.30). Conclusion: Our results confirm earlier findings of increased risk of digestive tract cancers, butsuggest that meat consumption also increases the risk of several other cancers.
Diet
Meat
cancer
Epidemiology
2009
03
01
429
436
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24940_fdc21f9ea72e2cd3d0e1106cf564e346.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Efficacy of a Training Course Given by Midwives Concerning Cervical Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention
Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer type seen among women in most countriesand an important cause of mortality. Although it is a preventable disease, most women living in developingcountries cannot reach effective screening programs. It is essential that appropriate education about cervicalcancer is provided. Objective: This experimental field study was performed with the aim of evaluating theefficacy of training given to women about cervical cancer risk factors and primary and secondary preventionprecautions. Methods: The research focused on women between 25 and 29 years of age, literate, married andhaving social security. The study was conducted in the district of Evka 4 Health Care Center between the datesof April to August 2005. The women were given survey forms and questionnaires in order to determine theirsocio-demographic features and knowledge level about cervical cancer in the course of home visits. They weretrained and given a manual at the data collection stage. At a second visit, carried out three months later, thetrained women were again evaluated for their knowledge level about cervical cancer, risk factors and whetherthey had undergone a Pap smear test. Results: Together with the difference between pre-/post-training meaninformation scores related to women’s cervical cancer risk factors, the difference between the women’s havinga Pap smear test in the pre-/post-training period was found statistically significant. Only 16.3% of the womenstated that they had a Pap smear test in the post-training period. Conclusions: It was determined that thewomen were in need of knowledge about risk factors related to cervical cancer, prevention from and earlydiagnosis of cervical cancer, but there was no significant increase in the rate of having a Pap smear test despitethe increase in the knowledge level with the training given.
cervical cancer
midwife training
risk factors
Pap smear test
2009
03
01
437
442
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24941_a3c52c4526d209b9de40a1f45d1cdab6.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Lifetime Occupational Physical Activity and the Risk of Breast Cancer: a Case-control Study
Objective: Epidemiological studies have shown that physical activity is a protective factor for breast cancer,although research findings are inconsistent regarding menopausal status. To determine the impact of occupationalphysical activity for breast cancer, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Poland in 2003-2007.Methods: In total, data on physical activity of 858 invasive breast cancer cases and 1,085 controls were analyzed.Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression .Separate calculations were performed for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Occupational physicalactivity was measured by sitting time and job titles. The risk estimates were controlled for potential risk factorsand lifetime household and recreational activities. Results: A significantly decreased breast cancer risk wasfound among postmenopausal women declaring physically active jobs (requiring more than 80% of time spentstanding, walking) compared with those with low activity jobs (more than 80% of the working time spent in asitting position, during workhours) (OR=0.66; 95%CI 0.44-0.98, P trend=0.03). A similar inverse associationbetween occupational physical activity and breast cancer risk was also found when activity was evaluatedaccording to job titles provided by subjects. Postmenopausal women with physically demanding jobs, in particular,had a lower risk compared to those in sedentary occupations (OR=0.57; 95%CI 0.36-0.91, P trend=0.02).Conclusion: These findings support observations from previous studies that sufficiently high occupational physicalactivity may reduce breast cancer risk, particularly among postmenopausal women.
breast cancer
occupational physical activity
Case-control study
menopausal status
2009
03
01
443
448
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24942_6755cd0e4345a54d9a78b6061cdb0dd1.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder in a Tertiary Care Setting in a Developing Country
Background: Men have greater incidence and mortality rates than women for bladder cancer. Most bladdercancers are transitional cell carcinomas. Objectives: To determine the epidemiologic features of urinary bladdercancer cases presenting at a cancer hospital, from Dec. 1994 through Dec. 2004. Methods: Six-hundred andseven medical records were evaluated retrospectively at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital. Gender,age, histologic types, grade, stage, symptoms, risk factors, and patient follow-up were studied. Staging was donethrough the American Joint Commission on Cancer's criteria. Class of Case was established using the FacilityOncology Registry Data Standards, 2004. Results: Mean age: 55.5 years; men: 83%. Transitional cell- in 86%,squamous cell- in 4%, adeno- in 3%, and undifferentiated carcinoma in 7% of the cases. Stage: II in 18.3%, I in17.3%, III in 14.2%, IV in 26%, 0 in 6.3%, and not evaluable in 17.8% of the cases. Grades: G3 in 37.9%, G2 in25.2%, G1 in 9.7%, G4 in 2.8%, and undetermined in 24.4% of the subjects. Commonest presenting symptom:hematuria in 54.7% men and 52.9% women; risk factor: positive smoking history in nearly 35% males and 2%females. Average interval between diagnosis and last contact: 26.5 months; for analytic cases, 34.9 months.Conclusion: Urinary bladder cancer was seen primarily in males; transitional cell type was dominant. Majorityof the patients were symptomatic; smoking history was recorded mostly in men. Further, improving in stagingcould be useful in addressing the concerns about data reproducibility over time and use for surveillance purposes.
Urinary bladder cancer
Hematuria
smoking as a risk factor
2009
03
01
449
452
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24943_afc0e77f56e5dc578a1db04b2487df39.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Delays during the Diagnostic Evaluation and Treatment of Lung Cancer
Objective: The majority of lung cancers are diagnosed and treated at an advanced stage. This may, in part,be due to a long lag period between the onset of symptoms, achieving a diagnosis and initiation of treatment.This lag period is highly variable in the limited studies conducted till date and dependent on several modifiableand non-modifiable factors. This study was conducted to determine the average time period required at varioussteps for diagnosing lung cancer from the onset of symptoms at a tertiary referral centre in Northern India.Methods: Newly diagnosed, histologically proven cases of lung cancer were studied during the period of 2002-08. The delay was calculated as: (a) symptom-to-diagnosis delay, between the onset of symptoms to confirmeddiagnosis; (b) diagnosis-to-treatment delay, between diagnosis and treatment started; (c) symptom-to-treatmentdelay, between onset of symptoms and treatment. Results: Out of 165 patients studied (139 males, mean ± SDage, 57.6 ± 8.9 years; 26 females, 53.5 ± 11.1 years; 84.9% smokers with mean ± smoking pack-years of 37 ± 27.3,86.7% non small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and 13.3% small cell lung cancers (SCLC)). At the time of diagnosis,90.2% of NSCLC patients had stage IIIB or IV disease, while 81.8% of SCLC patients had extensive metastasis.A total of 28 (17%) patients had received antitubercular treatment (ATT) since onset of current symptoms. Themedian symptom-to-diagnosis delay, diagnosis-to-treatment delay, and symptom-to-treatment delay was 143days (range, 4 to 721), 20 days (range, 1-380) and 185 days (18 to 870) respectively. Delay in diagnosis wassignificantly higher in patients who had received ATT initially (mean difference 65.5 days, 95% confidenceinterval of difference, 24.46 to 106.6; p= 0.002). Patients with higher KPS score had shorter symptom to diagnosisdelay (p=0.075). Conclusion: In comparison with studies from European countries, there is an unacceptablelonger lag period from symptom onset to initiation of treatment in Indian patients with lung cancer. Inappropriatetreatment with ATT significantly prolongs this delay. These delays need to be shortened to the minimum possiblein order to improve prognosis.
Lung cancer
Tuberculosis
treatment delay
2009
03
01
453
456
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24944_4572d5d72afdf463321d442f525e4ec3.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Factors Relating to Poor Survival Rates of Aged Cervical Cancer Patients: a Population-based Study with the Relative Survival Model in Osaka, Japan
Poor survival of older cervical cancer patients has been reported; however, related factors , such as theextent of disease and the competitive risk by aging have not been well evaluated. We applied the relative survivalmodel developed by Dickman et al to resolve this issue. Study subjects were cervical cancer patients retrievedfrom the Osaka Cancer Registry. They were limited to the 10,048 reported cases diagnosed from 1975 to 1999,based on the quality of data collection on vital status. Age at diagnosis was categorized into <30, 30-54, 55-64,and 65+ years. The impact of prognostic factors on 5-year survival was evaluated with the relative survivalmodel, incorporating patients’ expected survival in multivariate analysis. The age-specific relative excess risk(RER) of death was significantly higher for older groups as compared with women aged 30-54 years (RER, 1.58at 55-64 and 2.51 at 65+ years). The RER was decreased by 64.8% among the 55-64 year olds as an effect ofcancer stage at diagnosis, and by 43.4% among those 65 years old and over. After adding adjustment fortreatment modalities, the RER was no longer significantly higher among 55-64 year olds; however, it was stillhigher among 65 year olds and over. Advanced stage at diagnosis was the main determinant of poor survivalamong the aged cervical cancer patients, although other factors such as limitations on the combination of treatmentwere also suggested to have an influence in those aged 65 years and over.
cervical cancer
age
cancer stage
relative excess risk
2009
03
01
457
462
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24945_21dd79758e4b44fbbd8bb332ab501618.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Patients with Biliary Malignancies: the Aga Khan University Experience
Background: Gall bladder cancer (GBC) is a common malignancy in our country; very limited data exist onthis malignancy in Pakistan. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of all the admitted patients diagnosedwith GBC or cholangiocarcinoma in between 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2007. Results: A total of 245patients were admitted with diagnosis of GBC or cholangiocarcinoma. Sixty seven percent were females. Righthypochondrial pain (70.6%) and jaundice (49.8%) were the commonest symptoms, followed by nausea andvomiting (11.8%), weight loss (13%), fever (18.8%), anorexia (9.8%) and ascites (3.3%). Gall stones were seenin 132 (53.9%) patients. Pathological diagnosis was confirmed in 155 (63.2%) patients, adenocarcinoma (94.83%)being the predominant type. Metastasis was seen in 204 (83.3%) patients, with liver and abdominal lymph nodesbeing the frequent sites of metastasis. Most of the patients presented to the surgeons (42.9%) andgastroenterologists (35.9%) at their first visit. Only 89 (26.3%) patients were referred to medical oncologistsand 42 (16.7%) of the patients actually received chemotherapy. The patients who received chemotherapy cisplatinand gemcitabine demonstrated partial responses (40%). Common bile duct stricture was seen in 78 patients andstenting was successful in 73 patients. Fourteen (5.7%) patients are alive to date, one is receiving chemotherapy,and another is alive with advanced disease while 10 patients had incidental diagnosis after surgery. Of all 53.9%of patients have died and 38% are lost to follow up. Conclusion: Most of the patients with biliary cancerspresent late with advanced disease at our referral tertiary care hospital. Minority of the patients receivedchemotherapy and most of responses were observed with cisplatin and gemcitabine combination or capecitbinebased therapy.
gallbladder cancer
Symptoms
clinical details
2009
03
01
463
466
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24946_3385c5b9d2bba70d89a79de2e01d5c58.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance: a Survey among Thai General Surgeons
Purpose: A significant reduction in colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality is attributed to CRC screening andsurveillance. However, there is no national consensus on CRC screening and surveillance in Thailand. The aimof this study was to assess current practice in CRC screening and surveillance among Thai general surgeons.Methods: Between July and November 2008, a questionnaire was randomly sent to general surgeons nationwide,mainly to those who worked in the General Province Hospital or University Hospital. Their responses wereanalyzed. Results: One hundred and twelve general surgeons completed questionnaires (56% response rate);about 39% of them were colorectal surgeons. Ninety-four surgeons (84%) routinely offered CRC screening toan asymptomatic, average-risk population. Most surgeons started CRC screening in an average-risk patient atthe age of 50 years and did no screening in populations with age above 80 years. Colonoscopy is the most popularinvestigation used in CRC screening, followed by fecal occult blood testing and double contrast barium enema.When the surgeons themselves were subjected to CRC screening, colonoscopy was also the favorite investigationused. About 3-18% of surgeons showed interest in CRC screening with computed tomographic colonography.After curative CRC resection, most surgeons set up a surveillance program with examinations every 3 monthsin the first 2 years and performed post-CRC resection surveillance by colonoscopy at 1 year. Conclusions: Thereis a wide variation in CRC screening and surveillance among Thai surgeons. These results highlight the need toestablish evidence-based and cost-effective CRC screening and surveillance in Thailand.
colorectal cancer
Screening
Surveillance
Survey
Thai surgeons
2009
03
01
467
470
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24947_54c19f0725fdd9bc8af65e35f9c2e61b.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Obesity and Kidney Cancer Risk in Women - a Meta-analysis (1992-2008)
We conducted a quantitative summary analysis to assess whether obesity carries higher relative risk inwomen than men. The studies included in this quantitative review were all cohort and case-control studies,which provided information on kidney cancer risk associated with obesity/overweight, published between 1992and 2008. The details of studies have been identified through searches on the MEDLINE database. We firstestimated the risk associated with a unit increase in BMI (1 kg/m2) for individual studies using logit-linearmodel. After deriving the natural logarithm of the risk per unit of BMI for all studies, we calculated a pooledestimate and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) as a weighted average of the risk values obtained inindividual studies, by giving a weight proportional to its precision. A total of 28 studies (15 cohort studies and 13case-control studies) provided kidney cancer risk according to BMI in women. The relative risks (RR), whichshowed statistical significance, ranged from 1.04 to 1.12 per unit increase in BMI in various cohort studies. Thepooled risk was 1.06 (95% CI=1.05-1.07) per unit increase in BMI based on cohort studies. Among all thestudies, which reported association in both men and women, the pooled risk was slightly higher in women. Inconclusion, the present analysis reported slightly a higher kidney cancer risk due to obesity in women than men.Increasing prevalence of obesity with higher proportion among women may be responsible for the rising incidencerates in women.
Obesity
kidney cancer risk
Meta-analysis
2009
03
01
471
478
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24948_6910dd57bf6512c40c1fbfd64a2fb094.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Prognostic Significance of the C-erbB-2 Expression in Turkish Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
Background: The prognostic value of c-erbB-2 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)remains controversial. The prevalence of c-erbB-2 expression in NSCLC and relation to disease prognosis weretherefore investigated. Methods: Eighty-nine patients with NSCLC diagnosed at Baskent University, AdanaHospital, Medical Oncology Department, between 2000-2005 were investigated. Expression of c-erbB-2 wasevaluated by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded sections. Characteristics of patients, histology andstage of the disease were obtained from clinical records. Results: C-erbB-2 expression was detected in 18 patients(20.2%). Median survival of the patients with c-erbB-2 negative was 13 months, as compared to 6 months for cerbB-2 positive cases (p=0.02), the relative risk of death being 1.96 times higher. No correlation was foundbetween c-erbB-2 positivity and stage of the disease or histology of the tumor (p>0.05). Conclusions: C-erbB-2positivity may indicate shorter survival and can be regarded as an unfavorable prognostic factor in NSCLC.Immunohistochemistry seems to be a readily applicable, inexpensive methodology for determining c-erbB-2expression in NSCLCs.
C-erbB-2 expression
immunohistochemical staining
non-small cell lung cancer
2009
03
01
479
482
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24949_070877eb4b8f43bc72230f9355dd20cb.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
A Cross-border Comparison of Hepatitis B Testing Among Chinese Residing in Canada and the United States
Background: The Western Pacific region has the highest level of endemic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infectionin the world, with the Chinese representing nearly one-third of infected persons globally. HBV carriers arepotentially infectious to others and have an increased risk of chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellularcarcinoma. Studies from the U.S. and Canada demonstrate that immigrants, particularly from Asia, aredisproportionately affected by liver cancer. Purpose: Given the different health care systems in Seattle andVancouver, two geographically proximate cities, we examined HBV testing levels and factors associated withtesting among Chinese residents of these cities. Methods: We surveyed Chinese living in areas of Seattle andVancouver with relatively high proportions of Chinese residents. In-person interviews were conducted inCantonese, Mandarin, or English. Our bivariate analyses consisted of the chi-square test, with Fisher’s Exacttest as necessary. We then performed unconditional logistic regression, first examining only the city effect as thesole explanatory variable of the model, then assessing the adjusted city effect in a final main-effects model thatwas constructed through backward selection to select statistically significant variables at alpha = 0.05. Results:Survey cooperation rates for Seattle and Vancouver were 58% and 59%, respectively. In Seattle, 48% reportedHBV testing, whereas in Vancouver, 55% reported testing. HBV testing in Seattle was lower than in Vancouver,with a crude odds ratio of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.56, 0.94). However after adjusting for demographic, health careaccess, knowledge, and social support variables, we found no significant differences in HBV testing between thetwo cities. In our logistic regression model, the odds of HBV testing were greatest when the doctor recommendedthe test, followed by when the employer asked for the test. Discussion: Findings from this study support the needfor additional research to examine the effectiveness of clinic-based and workplace interventions to promoteHBV testing among immigrants to North America.
Asian and Pacific Islanders
Chronic hepatitis B
Liver cancer
prevention clinic
2009
03
01
483
490
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24950_91fdf4063fb40d577944d9cf0e0fc671.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Incidence and Epidemiological Features of Cancers of the Genitourinary Tract in Izmir between 1993-2002
Background: There is a relative lack of epidemiological data on cancer in Turkey, which is a large countrywith a population of 71 million. The first population-based registry in the country is Izmir Cancer Registry(ICR) which was not established until 1992. The present study, aiming to address the gap in this kind ofepidemiological data for this part of the world, reports the incidence of cancers of the genitourinary tract inIzmir province over a ten year period. Methods: Cancer incidence data for 1993-2002 was obtained from theICR database, which employs a population based registry system, and actively collects data by followinginternational registration rules. Annual crude and age standardized incidence rates were calculated for thewhole period and also for ear lier and later periods. Results: The age-standardized incidence rate (worldpopulation) for all sites was 198.3 per 100,000 for males and 116.4 per 100,000 for females. The most commonprimary sites for men were lung (35.6%), bladder (7.8%), colon and rectum (6.1%), larynx (5.7%) and prostate(5.4%). For women, the principal cancers were breast (28.7%), colon and rectum (7.2%), corpus uteri (5.3%),cervix uteri (4.8%) and lung (4.7%). Urogenital cancers accounted for 11.2% of all new cancer cases for the1993-2002 period in Izmir. Of the total, 89.6% were observed in males and 10.4% were diagnosed in females.Carcinoma of the bladder was the most common among the urogenital cancers in Izmir province (Agestandardized incidence rate, world standard population17.1 per 100 000). Conclusions: Bladder cancer incidenceswere quite high, especially for men, and appear to be increasing. Prostate cancer has lower incidence rates ascompared to western countries, but the trend is for rise. Although there might be an underestimate of incidences,owing to an inability to use data from death certificates, the overall profile is an accurate reflection of incidencein this region of Turkey and provides adequate information for planning strategies for cancer control.
Genitourinary tract cancers - epidemiology - incidence and mortality - Izmir
Turkey
2009
03
01
491
496
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24951_cffca125633fa1f210483bbc592e5536.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Comparison of Survival between Patients with Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) and Sporadic Cancer
Background: Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) appears to have a better prognosis thansporadic cancer. In the present study we evaluated the clinical outcomes of HNPCC patients with their sporadiccolorectal cancer counterparts arising from the general population recorded in a population-based cancer registryin Iran. Patients and methods: The population studied consisted of 121 individuals including 61 patients withsporadic colorectal cancer and 60 with HNPCC who were followed-up between 2003 and 2008 in TaleghaniHospital Tehran. The subjects with HNPCC were screened according to Amsterdam criteria II and BethesdaGuidelines. Subjects with sporadic cancer had no familial history of colorectal cancer. Observed survival wasestimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log rank test. Multivariate analysis wasperformed using Cox’ regression analysis. Results: In the HNPCC group, 85.0% showed tumors in the colon, vs.68.9% in the sporadic cancer group. The 5-year survival was 82.5% in the HNPCC study group compared withonly 56.4% in the sporadic colorectal cancer group (P=0.044). The age distribution at diagnosis of sporadicpatients was significantly higher than HNPCC patients (mean 50.1 years vs 44.3 years P=0.008). The hazardratio for sporadic cases was 2.93 (95% CI 1.06-8.11) compared with the HNPCC group (P=0.038). Conclusion:Our findings corroborate the results of previous studies which showed overall survival of colorectal cancer inpatients with HNPCC is better than with sporadic CRC patients.
survival
HNPCC
sporadic colorectal cancer
2009
03
01
497
500
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24952_020ecb3df6e10bbca6688366f17e9dfa.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Novel PNLIPRP3 and DOCK8 Gene Expression and Prognostic Implications of DNA Loss on Chromosome 10q25.3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Our previous study of gene alterations in 29 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using AP-PCR amplified with59 different 10-mer arbitrary primers and gene cloning, indicated DNA alterations by DNA fingerprints from34 primers. Among these, the altered DNA fragment from primer U-8 predominated (62%). The aim of thisreport is to identify the gene alterations on chromosomal banding and gene expression in these patients, includingthe association of these alterations with patient demographic data. Seven different sequences, mapped tochromosomes 5q33.3, 7q31.33, 7q34, 9p24.3, 10q25.3, 13q31.3, and 16p11.2, were identified by gene cloning andnucleotide sequencing. Novel PNLIPRP3 gene over-expression and DOCK8 gene under-expression were observedin 41% and 44% of these patients, respectively, which point to an association of these genes and the developmentof HCC. Likewise, allelic loss on chromosome 10q25.3 was associated with shorter survival among HCC patients(P=0.03); this indicated that allelic loss on chromosome 10q25.3 may serve as a prognostic marker in patientswith HCC.
genetic alterations
AP-PCR
10q25.3
HCC
Prognostic factor
2009
03
01
501
506
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24953_4960bb1d68d524b134c3eb2e1107e68a.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Eliminating the Threat of Chronic Hepatitis B in the Asian and Pacific Islander Community: A Call to Action
Chronic hepatitis B in the Asian and Pacific Islander (API) population is among our nation’s greatest ethnicand racial health disparities. Despite comprising 4.3% of the population, API make up a disproportionate halfof the 1.2-2 million Americans living with chronic hepatitis B. As many as two-thirds of API are not aware oftheir infection because they have not been tested. This lack of knowledge prevents them from undergoing lifesavingliver cancer screening and potential treatment. Likewise, those not protected are unaware that theyshould be vaccinated. Instead, there is a pervasive lack of awareness among API and healthcare providers. Newconcerted public health actions are needed to eliminate this major health disparity.
Liver cancer
Hepatitis B
Asian and Pacific Islander
health disparity
2009
03
01
507
512
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24954_fe3f7df7b9a6edd5e16cd6b1794486f1.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Building Partnership in Oral Cancer Research in a Developing Country - Processes and Barriers
Background: The rising burden of cancer in the developing world calls for a re-evaluation of the treatmentstrategies employed to improve patient management, early detection and understanding of the disease. There isthus an increasing demand for interdisciplinary research that integrates two or more disciplines of what mayseemed to be highly unrelated and yet very much needed as strategies for success in research. This paper intendsto present the processes and barriers faced in building partnerships in oral cancer research in a developingcountry. Methods: A case study was undertaken in a developing country (Malaysia) to assess the strengths andweaknesses of the situation leading to the formation of a multidisciplinary research partnership in oral cancer.Following the formalization of the partnership, further evaluation was undertaken to identify measures thatcan assist in sustaining the partnership. Results: The group identifies its strength as the existence of academia,research-intensive NGOs and good networking of clinicians via the existence of the government’s network ofhealthcare provider system who are the policy makers. The major weaknesses identified are the competinginterest between academia and NGOs to justify their existence due to the lack of funding sources and welltrained human resource. Conclusions: With the growing partnership, the collaborative group recognizes theneed to develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) and guidelines for the sharing and usage of resources inorder to safeguard the interest of the original partners while also attending to the needs of the new partners.
oral cancer
partnership
team science
Malaysia
2009
03
01
513
518
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24955_36b2339dc0bc7f570414de6f05ca174b.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Women’s Cancers in Developing Countries: From Research to an Integrated Health Systems Approach
The article focuses on two women’s cancers, breast and cervical cancer, that are much more deadly indeveloping countries than in developed countries. Early detection can make a significant difference for thetreatment outcome of these two cancers and there are now cost-effective tools for prevention and screening. Theauthors propose a new public health approach to these two cancers in developing countries where resources foreffective cancer control are very limited and offer a framework for putting women’s cancers in developingcountries on the global public health agenda. The key areas are: 1. Proposals for a new, integrated public healthapproach to women’s cancers (breast and cervical) in resource poor settings; 2. Reviews of the evidence forcost-effective screening and early detection of breast and cervical cancer, and discussion of some of the lessonslearned from HIV/AIDS on an integrated health systems approach; 3. Outlines of ways to make a priority ofwomen’s cancers in developing countries on the political agenda of international agencies.
Women’s cancers
global public health- developing countries
cancer control- healthcare systems
2009
03
01
519
526
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24956_86420bb4380ef22743f87381410194dd.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
India Can Do More for Breast and Cervical Cancer Control
In India breast and cervical cancers are the commonest cancers and have high annual age-adjusted rates inall the registries. In order to have significant improvement in cancer control in India there needs to be adisproportionate focus on women’s breast and cervical cancer. In most women cancer has spread at the time ofpresentation. Simple, inexpensive and cost-effective screening methods are available for both the cancers andcompliance to investigation and treatment has been reported to be more than 70%, and more than 80%,respectively for those diagnosed. Screening on a large scale though cost-effective will be challenging economicallyas well as programmatically. However, there is a need to strategize and select appropriate high-risk groups,have standardized guidelines for screening and treatment, and concentrate on what is do-able.
Women’s health
India
Cancer Cervix
Cancer Breast
2009
03
01
527
530
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24957_e7069247becda13e087c2d5472daf81e.pdf
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
1513-7368
1513-7368
2009
10
3
Screening for Cervical Cancer - Which Common Technique is the Most Cost-effective Choice?
Screening is the basic practice in cancer prevention for cervical cancer. In the gynecology field , there areseveral alternative techniques for screening for pre-cancerous lesions for cervical cancer, including the Papsmear, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA testing and combined Papsmear and VIA. In this work, the author focused on cost effectiveness and puts forward an argument that theVIA is the most preferable choice on this basis.
Women’s health
Cancer Cervix
Screening
Cost effectiveness
2009
03
01
531
532
https://journal.waocp.org/article_24958_3b5cdf899838f92af5b2752b169eb94e.pdf