West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401APJCP Report - The Situation after Six Years42342424387ENJournal Article19700101https://journal.waocp.org/article_24387_b4f5006ad99a07c5b816a6161a36ee72.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401The 36th International Symposium of The Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund ิDevelopments in Cancer Epidemiology42542624388ENJournal Article19700101https://journal.waocp.org/article_24388_87016151cc7d5d1a1d6e0f470bfa6bcc.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401What Do Cancer Registry and Household Expenditure Data in Japan Tell Us About Variation in Tumour Burden ?42743624389ENJournal Article19700101Data from the total of six Japanese Cancer Registries presently reporting to Cancer Incidence in Five Continents demonstrate marked variation in relative prevalence of cancers at particular sites, despite the genetic homogeneity of the Japanese population. Thus either major differences in registry procedures or local environment must be playing an important role and since the variation is clearly changing with time, the former must be considered likely. Over the last 25 year period, incidence rates for the esophagus have been generally increasing in Japan, except in Miyagi where they have been persistently high. Stomach cancer rates are on the decrease, although the trend is not so clear in Yamagata and Hiroshima, while colon and rectal cancers have both demonstrated consistent increment throughout the period surveyed, with a remarkable correlation between the two sites evident on cross-registry comparisons. Continued increases have also been apparent in lung, kidney, urinary bladder and prostate cancers in males and in breast, endometrium and thyroid neoplasms in females. Cervical cancer, in contrast, is decreasing, although a plateau may now have been reached in Miyagi. In the hepatopancreatic axis, patterns have generally showed elevation followed by a recent reduction, although without correlations among liver, gallbladder and pancreas rates at the cross-registry level. Common lifestyle factors may to some extent underly the increases seen in colon, breast, urinary bladder and thyroid incidence rates, given the significant relations apparent for these in the latest data across registries. Whether analysis of variation in dietary intake and exposure to other risk factors, for example using data for household expenditure, may provide clues to explaining the variation apparent across Japan is a question warranting further consideration. If so an expanded role for the cancer registry could well be envisaged. https://journal.waocp.org/article_24389_527b83260d0f9c1c8ed5e72a792adc8c.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Suppressive Effects of Okinawan Food Items on Free Radical Generation from Stimulated Leukocytes and Identification of Some Active Constituents: Implications for the Prevention of Inflammation-associated Carcinogenesis43744824390ENJournal Article19700101Okinawa prefecture in Japan is a distinct area characterized by unique traditional food habits and longevity. Prolonged exposure to activated leukocytes, playing pivotal roles in chronic inflammation-associated carcinogenesis, is known to lead to oxidative and nitrosative damage to macromolecules in the body since they are primary sources of free radicals, such as superoxide anion (O2 -) and nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we estimated anti-oxidative and anti-nitrosative activities of Okinawan food items by employing two cellular experimental systems: (1) phorbol ester-induced O2 - generation from differentiated HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells; and (2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO generation in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. A total of 138 food items, consisting of 42 samples unique to Okinawa and 96 common in the Japanese main island, were purchased at local markets in Okinawa and extracted with chloroform. When tested at a concentration of 100 ìg/ml, 38% (16/42) of the former showed 70% or more inhibition of O2 - generation while 21% (20/96) of the latter did so. In parallel, 64% (27/42) of the former showed significant NO generation suppression in contrast to 48% (46/96) of the latter . Twentyone active species were further tested at a concentration of 20 ìg/ml, and eleven species, including sugar cane, wild turmeric, and zedoary, were indicated to be most promising items with anti-oxidative and anti-nitrosative properties. In addition, some of the active constituents (chebulagic acid, a resveratrol derivative, and sesquiterpenoids) were identified. Our results suggest that food items typical in the Okinawa area have higher cancer preventive potential than those common in Japan.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24390_7e84018f97b9f7ed190c237aff5d9e84.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Respiratory Cancer Population-Based Survival in Mumbai, India44945424391ENJournal Article19700101Survival experience of patients with cancer of the larynx (ICD-32) or lung (ICD-34) registered by the Mumbai (Bombay) population based cancer registry, India, during the years 1992-94 was determined. The vital statistics of the patients were established by matching with death certificates from the Mumbai Municipal death register and by active methods such as telephone enquiry, reply-paid postal enquiry, house visits and scrutiny of case records. Of the 1905 (675 larynx and 1230 lung) eligible cases for analysis, 1480 were dead (450 larynx and 1030 lung) and 425 were alive (225 larynx and 200 lung). The overall 5-year observed and relative survival rates for laryngeal cancers were 29.1% and 36.4%, and for lung cancers were 12.5% and 15.9% respectively. On multivariate analysis, age, treatment and clinical extent of disease emerged as independent predictors of survival with both cancers. People aged 55 years and above had a relative risk of four or more for laryngeal cancer and 2.3 times and more for lung cancer death as compared to those aged less than 35 years. Early detection and prompt treatment should improve overall survival from lung as well as laryngeal cancer.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24391_9cbeee94865b6a4ea02e42e434cc4fcd.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Methodology to Identify Iranian Immigrants for Epidemiological Studies45545724392ENJournal Article19700101Determining ethnic differences in cancer patterns using administrative databases is often a methodological challenge for information on ethnicity or place of birth is commonly lacking. This paper describes the approach we used to identify Iranians residing in British Columbia (BC), Canada and who were registered within the BC Cancer Registry. A listing of common Iranian surnames and given names was generated from two sources: a residential telephone book (with a high density of Iranians) and a provincial breast cancer screening program (which allowed for the selection of women born in Iran). Surnames and given names were reviewed manually and the Iranian names were identified and coded as ‘highly probable’ and ‘probable’ Iranian. A name directory was then created and linked with the BC Cancer Registry to identify Iranian cancer cases. Using this method, 1729 surnames and 737 given names were selected from the telephone book, and 1881 surnames and 757 given names from the screening program. The majority of these names were coded as ‘highly probable’ Iranian (98% and 96% for surnames and given names, respectively). 12% of surnames and 10% of given names were common to both sources. A listing of the most common Iranian surnames and given names is provided. In conclusion, in the absence of other ethnicity data, surnames and given names can be very helpful to identify persons of specific ethnicities when these ethnic groups have distinctive names.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24392_ea07224866df693cacb13faa5ef5a5df.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Inhibition of Heinz Body Induction in an inVitro Model and Total Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Thai Plants45846324393ENJournal Article19700101Herbs have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries and known to possess antioxidant properties that may help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. We screen aqueous extracts from 20 medicinal plants in Thailand that were believed to possess anti-tumor activity, help immune-stimulating property and maintain blood stasis. The antioxidant activities were investigated in two bioassays. Firstly, we demonstrated inhibition of Heinz bodies induction caused by oxidants under in vitro condition. The percentages of Heinz body inhibition activity in plant extracts from Terminalia citrina, Cassia timoriensis, and Derris elliptica were the highest followed by Anamirta cocculus, and Oroxylum indicum respectively. In addition, we investigated total antioxidant activity in plant extracts by improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. The total antioxidant activity of the extract from Terminalia citrina was also the highest activity followed by Ficus pubigera, Derris elliptica, Anamirta cocculus, Caesalpinia sappan, and Oroxylum indicum respectively. Our results suggest medicinal Thai plants as valuable sources of antioxidants, which may have a potential anti-carcinogenic activity.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24393_b2ddbe317551d713729aa287061e9179.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401The ACE Gene Polymorphism is Associated with the Incidence of Gastric Cancer among H. pylori Seropositive Subjects with Atrophic Gastritis46446724394ENJournal Article19700101Studies of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism have provided evidence that the D/D genotype is associated with gastric tumor progression and numbers of lymph node metastases, but not with the overall risk of gastric cancer. The highest levels of circulating and tissue ACE activity were found in carriers of the D/D genotype. Here, we further investigated the association using 454 Japanese subjects undergoing a health checkup and 202 gastric cancer patients. The ACE polymorphism was not found to be linked with H. pylori seropositivity or gastric atrophy. However, among H. pylori seropositive subjects with atrophy, those with the I/D genotype had an increased risk of gastric cancer (OR=1.59; 95% CI, 1.02-2.48). We also established that the polymorphism did not lower the age at diagnosis of gastric cancer. Confirmation of the association between ACE polymorphisms and development of gastric cancer requires much larger studies, and the biological role also needs to be fully elucidated.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24394_a329ba1546db049e6784f3b38fad1ec2.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Karyotyping in Retinoblastoma - A Statistical Approach46847124395ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: Karyotype analysis in hereditary retinoblastoma is considered to be of marginal value in risk prediction due to uncertainities in the assessment of 13q14 deletions. However, it is a low cost genetic test for retinoblastoma in developing countries. In the present study, the results of karyotype analysis were refined by a statistical method to overcome limitations. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Karyotype analysis was performed by trypsin - Giemsa banding and naked eye karyotyping for 33 bilateral, 25 unilateral and one regressed retinoblastoma patients. The percentage of metaphases with 13q14 deletions in each case was plotted on a scatter diagram. Normalization of the data was achieved by log transformation and the results were statistically analyzed by one-sample‘t’ test using SPSS version 9.0. <br/><b>Results</b>: Seven samples had 13q14 deletion percentages above the cutoff value. One-sample‘t’ test showed significance (p< 0.001). By this method, two unilateral and five bilateral patients had 13q14 deletions, constituting 11.8 % of cases. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: For accuracy, statistical analysis should be considered as an adjunct in karyotyping.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24395_f853415c6da443b44a310cfe1fbd723b.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Control of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Morbidity in Northwest Iran47247324396ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> To investigate protocols of remission induction therapy for prevention of morbidity of acute myeloid leukemia. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The responses of 150 patients to “2+5” and “3+7” protocols during 1996-2003 were assessed and analyzed with the Chi- Square method. <br/><b>Results</b>: Complete remission was observed in 30% of cases treated with 2 days of daunorubicin and 5 days of cytarabine (2+5 regimen). Remission was increased to 52.5% when patients were treated with 3+7 regimens with the same drugs. Partial remission resulted in 25 and 10 percent of cases, respectively. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: As in previous studies the 3+7 regimen was demonstrated to be more effective than the 2+5 regimen in our hospital (p=0.0009).https://journal.waocp.org/article_24396_60db9b7c54a9e0c741ebc6fa8aab904b.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Cancer Profile of Hyderabad, Pakistan 1998-200247448024397ENJournal Article19700101Hyderabad is the third largest city of Pakistan, the second largest city of Sindh Province and one of the oldest cities of the sub-continent. This administrative headquarter is located just east of the River Indus and is an important commercial and industrial center. Once a provincial capital, it is at a distance of approximately 200-km from Karachi. This present study was conducted with the objective of providing the cancer profile of Hyderabad, which has an urban population of 2,840,653 (52.2% M, 47.8% F) annual growth rate 1.13. The city is inhabited by all ethnicities of the country, however the predominant ethnicity is Sindhi, followed by Mohajirs (post-partition immigrants from India), and a lesser extent other ethnicities of Pakistan viz. Baluchs, Punjabis and Pathans. The study includes two sets of patients. First the incident cancer cases, residents of Hyderabad, who reached Karachi for diagnosis or treatment. Second the incident cancer cases registered at the Aga Khan University Pathologybased Cancer Registry (APCR) Pathology collection points at Hyderabad and subsequently registered at APCR, during 1st January 1998 to 31st December 2002. The pathology department of the AKU has 3 centers in Hyderabad, which provide diagnostic pathology especially oncopathology services to the city. The age-standardized rates (ASR) for cancer (all sites) 1998 to 2002 in Hyderabad were 91.6/100,000 in males and 96.0/100,000 in females. The most common malignancies (ASR per 100,000) in males were oral cavity (11.8), lymphoma (10.6), lung (8.0), urinary bladder (6.8), prostate (4.8), liver (4.4), pharynx (4.2), colo-rectum (3.6), larynx (3.2), and skin (3.2). The cancers in females (ASR per 100,000) were breast (22.4), oral cavity (11.5), gall bladder (4.8), esophagus (4.2), cervix (3.6), ovary (3.4), colo-rectum (3.4), lymphoma (3.4), uterus (3.4), and thyroid (2.4). Tobacco-associated cancers were responsible for approximately 40.0% of the tumors in males and 20.0% in females. Histological confirmation remained 96.3%, with 44.5% presenting in grade II or I, 55.5% presenting as stage III and IV. Information on grade and stage of malignancy was available in 70% and 50% of the cases respectively. Males comprised 53.1%, and females 46.9% of the cases. The mean age of cancer all sites, both genders was 45.2 years (95% CI 44.4; 45.9), males 45.4 years (95% CI 44.3; 46.5); females 44.9 years (95% CI 43.9; 45.9). Conclusions drawn from this database must be interpreted with care, as it may be identified as data from selected medical institutions. Chances of selective collection bias are minimized as the data of the AKU pathology is collected from multiple centers in the city of Hyderabad, dispersed at distances, which allows adequate sampling from the entire city. There is a slight preponderance of lymphomas in males which we feel is a true higher risk, yet it may indicate an over representation of easily accessible sites in pathology based-data. Nonetheless, this is the first attempt to determine the cancer incidence pattern of Hyderabad, and should serve as a guideline for estimation of the cancer burden and risk assessment statistics of Pakistan and the cancer control program of the country.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24397_bf47a9c7f271baae69d1cf12e47a0d6f.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Clinicopathologic Predictors of Incomplete Excision after Loop Electrosurgical Excision for Cervical Preneoplasia48148424398ENJournal Article19700101The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting incomplete excision after the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for evaluation and treatment of cervical neoplasia. Patients with abnormal cervical cytology who underwent colposcopy and LEEP at Chiang Mai University Hospital between October 2004 and July 2005, were retrospectively evaluated. During the study period, 201 patients were eligible for analysis. All cone margin involvement was observed in 44% of the patients (95% CI, 37.3-51.4). Multivariate analysis revealed that invasive cancer on cytology (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] =3.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.03 to 9.00; P=0.02), invasive cancer on LEEP histopathology (aOR=9.73, 95%CI =3.95 to 23.9; P<0.001), and a cone length of less than 10 mm (aOR =1.95, 95%CI =1.04 to 3.66; P =0.03) were significant predictors for any cone margin involvement. For endocervical margin involvement, postmenopausal status and a cone length of less than 10 mm were significant predictors of incomplete excision. In contrast to endocervical margin involvement, postmenopausal status was significantly associated with a decreased risk of ectocervical margin involvement. Invasive cancer on histopathology was a significant predictor of both ecto- and endocervical margin involvement. In conclusion, invasive cancer either on cytology or LEEP specimens and a cone length of less than 10 mm are significant predictors of incomplete excision.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24398_f5a7ce4dd50527ca26cb281668df1c6f.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401The Metabolic Syndrome is Associated with Increased Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Development: The Self-Defense Forces Health Study48548924399ENJournal Article19700101The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic abnormalities linked to insulin resistance, has attracted much interest as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Hyperinsulinemia is also a postulated biological risk factor for colorectal carcinogenesis. We therefore here examined the relation between the metabolic syndrome and colorectal adenoma development. The study subjects were 756 cases of colorectal adenoma and 1751 controls with no polyps who underwent total colonoscopy during the period January 1995 to March 2002 at two Self Defense Forces (SDF) hospitals in Japan. The metabolic syndrome was defined with reference to abdominal obesity in combination with any two of the following conditions: elevated triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL); lowered HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dL); elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg); and raised fasting glucose (≥110 mg/dL). Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference of 85cm or more(Japanese criterion) or ≥ 90cm (Asian criterion). Statistical adjustment was made for age, hospital, and rank in the SDF. The metabolic syndrome was found to be associated with a moderately increased risk of colorectal adenomas whether either of the Japanese and Asian criteria was used; adjusted odds ratios with the Japanese and Asian criteria were 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.69) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.13-1.93), respectively. Increased risk was more evident for proximal than distal colon or rectal adenomas, and was almost exclusively observed for large lesions (≥ 5mm in diameter). Thus the metabolic syndrome appears to be an important entity with regard to the prevention of colorectal cancer, as well as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24399_5e2d320d7b4fdb8c1bc55fa4ab11e6ae.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401A Low Fat Diet Rich in Fruits and Vegetables May Reduce the Risk of Developing Prostate Cancer49049624400ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Diet has been implicated in prostate cancer risk and there is evidence of risk reduction with a healthy diet. The objective of this population-based case control study was to examine whether a low fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables can reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer in Mumbai, India. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Included in this study were microscopically proved cases of prostate cancer diagnosed during 1998 to 2000 and registered by Bombay Population Based Cancer Registry (n=594). The controls were healthy men belonging to the resident general population of Mumbai, India. Two controls for each case matched by age and place of residence were selected as the comparison group. Data on oil/fat consumption, fruits and vegetable consumption and other probable confounding factors were obtained by structured face-to-face interview. After exclusions, 390 cases and 780 controls were available for final analysis and confounding was controlled by multiple logistic regression. <br/><b>Results</b>: 58.7% of the control group consumed more than 3 kg of fruits and vegetables per week compared to 52.1% of the case group. Controlling for age and probable confounding factors, a statistically significant protective effect for prostate cancer was observed for those who consumed fruits and vegetables 2 to 3 kg (OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.3-0.8) and more than 3 kg (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.6) per week compared to those who consumed less than 2 kg per week. The linear trend for the protective effect was highly significant with increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables (p = 0.001). Even though not statistically significant, oil/fat consumption showed an elevated risk (OR 1.7, 95%CI 0.9-3.3) for those who consumed more than 2kg of oil/fat per month compared to those who consumed less than 1kg. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: The findings from this study support the hypothesis that a low fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of prostate cancer.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24400_a7b601f0c997bc002f71fa45f7d46c44.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Analysis of Gastrointestinal Malignancies at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, Pakistan49750024401ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objectives</b>: To determine the pattern of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies in northern Pakistan. Design: A retrospective pathology based tumour registry data analysis. Place and Duration: January 1992 to December 2001 at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: All histologically diagnosed malignant tumours of GI tract registered with the tumour registry were retrieved from the case files. Basic epidemiological data regarding each case was collected from the request forms and then analysed for the site of involvement, age distribution and histological types of tumours. <br/><b>Results</b>: During the study period a total of 2279 patients had GI tract malignancies, constituting 10.8% of all malignant tumours diagnosed in this period. Males were more frequently affected than females (M:F ratio 2.3:1). Peak incidence was in the 50-60 year age group. Colorectal tumours were most frequent (44.6%), followed by stomach (24%), esophagus (22.6%), anal (4.6%) and small intestinal (3.7%) malignancies. Ten cases of malignant tumours of the appendix, 6 in females and 4 in males were also found. The histological pattern was predictable. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant increase (P<0.01)in registration of stomach, anorectal and small intestinal tumours over the period studied,whereas esophagus and colorectal tumours remained the same. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Colorectal tumours are more frequent in our material as compared to other developing countries. Peak incidence is in slightly younger age group and cases in <20 years age group are also more frequent as compared to Western studies.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24401_29fe799052fb984dd3c49d70c06338e5.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Chromosome 3p Alterations in Northeastern Thai Women with Cervical Carcinoma50150424402ENJournal Article19700101The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) among normal cervixes, cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINs) and invasive cervical cancers (ICCs). DNA samples (136) were obtained from 31 normal cervixes, 49 CINs and 56 ICCs. Four polymorphic microsatellite markers (D3S1300, D3S1351, D3S1478 and D3S4103) covering the chromosome 3p arm, were employed. LOH at one or more loci were identified in: 9/31 (8.1%) normal cervixes, 17/49 (14.6%) CINs and 26/56 (22.1%) invasive cancers. The incidence of the LOH at 3p varied for each locus and ranged from 5.6% for D3S1351 to the highest rate of 16.6% for D3S1300. We thus found that LOH of chromosome 3p can occur in normal cervixes and that incidences increase in CINs and ICCs. Deletion in the 3p14.2 (D3S1300) and 3p21.2 (D3S1478) regions might be an early event and, in fact, necessary for cervical cancer progression. The loss of function of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) located in these regions may have a sequential effect in cervical cancer carcinogenesis.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24402_ed17b95a1abb30085e7cd44010815933.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Iron, Cholesterol, and the Risk of Cancer in an 18-year Cohort50550924403ENJournal Article19700101The iron catalyzed oxidation of serum lipids is hypothesized to generate oxidative stress, which appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of many cancers. Previous research has obtained conflicting results regarding the independent contribution of cholesterol and iron on cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to test for an interaction between iron and cholesterol on cancer risk. The present cohort study was an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) database linked with the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study. Baseline serum iron and total cholesterol values were obtained on 7,448 adults, who were followed for the development of cancer over 18-21 years. Population weights were applied to create Cox proportional hazard models of time to the development of cancer for the entire U.S. adult population (n=72,602,523). Control variables included: age, race, gender, smoking, body mass index, chronic cough, chronic hepatitis, chronic/recurrent colitis or enteritis, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Independent elevations of either iron or total cholesterol were not significantly related to the development of cancer in the adjusted model. However, the combination of iron and total cholesterol above the 75th percentile was associated with a significant increase in the risk of all cancers (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.00-1.94). Iron and cholesterol above the 80th and 85th percentiles increased the hazard ratio for cancer further to 1.51 (CI 1.10-2.08) and 1.61 (CI 1.07-2.43), respectively. These results support the theory that the iron induced oxidation of serum lipids is important in the pathogenesis of cancer.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24403_5daa77f68bb032fc3dc3f646ed4da047.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Decrease in the Esophageal Cancer Incidence Rate in Mountainous but Not Level Parts of Cixian County, China, Over 29 Years51051424404ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Cixian county has one of the highest incidence rates of esophageal cancer (EC) in China, as well as the world. In 1974, the Cixian population-based cancer registry system was established, so that there is now information on esophageal cancer cases over almost 30 years. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Data from Cixian Cancer Registry were checked and analyzed using SPSS 11.5. <br/><b>Results</b>: From 1974 to 2002, a total of 18,471 new esophageal cancer cases were registered in Cixian, 11,068 in males and 7,403 in females. The age standardized incidence rate (ASR) for males was 208.77 per 100,000, while for females it was 120.47 per 100,000. There was a clear trend for decrease overall in the incidence rate of esophageal cancer over the 29 years (X2=19.94, P<0.001). As to the geographic distribution, the incidence rate in mountainous and hilly areas showed a significant decline (X2 = 195.00 and X2 = 46.08, respectivbely, both P<0.001). Data for esophageal cancer incidence in level land areas in contrast were relatively steadily, with increase in recent years. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Esophageal cancer has decreased in Cixian county during the last 29 years, but this is due to change in mountainous and hilly areas. Compared to other regions in the world, Cixian county still has a very high incidence of ECs.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24404_2b45fa1b69b8678a0a5963c4f6f53485.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Ethanolic Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis in the Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinogenesis Model by Modulation of Bcl-2, Bim, Caspase 8 and Caspase 351552024405ENJournal Article19700101Induction of apoptosis is one of the most active strategies in cancer chemoprevention and the ability of medicinal plants in this regard has attracted major research interest. The present study was designed to investigate the apoptosis inducing capacity of an ethanolic neem leaf extract (ENLE) during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis using the apoptosis-associated proteins Bcl-2, Bim, caspase 8 and caspase 3 as markers. Topical application of DMBA to the hamster cheek pouch for 14 weeks resulted in well developed squamous cell carcinomas associated with increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Bim, caspase 8 and caspase 3. Administration of ENLE inhibited DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis, as revealed by the absence of neoplasms, with induction of Bim and caspases 8 and 3 and inhibition of Bcl-2 expression. Our results suggest that the chemopreventive effects of ENLE may be mediated by induction of apoptosis.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24405_f42b2221a955a71cb8d94ca54cabc467.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Reproducibility of a Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire in Chaoshan Area, China52152624406ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To examine reproducibility of assessed intake of foods and nutrients according to a semi-quantitativefood frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) in adult doctors and nurses residing in Chaoshan area of China. Subjects:The SQFFQ was administered first in October to December of 2004 to 120 adult doctors and nurses living in Chaoshanarea of China and was then re-administered to 102 three months later between January and March of 2005 (SQFFQ1 and SQFFQ 2). <br/><b>Methods</b>: Reproducibility was evaluated in terms of consumption of 10 food groups and energyand 34 macro- and micro-nutrients based on the SQFFQ from the 102 doctors and nurses. <br/><b>Results</b>: For intake offoods, Pearson’s correlation coefficients (CCs) with log-transformation and energy adjustment (minimum – median- maximum) range from 0.43 (eggs) – 0.84 - 0.90 (teas). Spearman’s rank CCs with energy adjustment rangedfrom 0.77 (cereals) – 0.84 - 0.94 (milks). Kappa statistics with energy adjustment ranged from 0.53 (vegetables) -0.63 - 0.82 (teas). For consumption of nutrients, Pearson’s correlation coefficients (CCs) with log-transformationand energy adjustment (minimum – median - maximum) range from 0.83 (docosahexaenoic acid and oryzanin) -0.88 - 0.90 (linolenic acid, vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin E, calcium, sodium, selenium and magnesium). Spearman’srank CCs with energy adjustment ranged from 0.81 (oryzanin and vitamin C) – 0.86 – 0.90 (sodium). Kappastatistics with energy adjustment ranged from 0.49 (protein) - 0.60 - 0.77 (sodium). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Substantially highreproducibility was observed; it is possible to use the tailored, relatively simple, but comprehensive, self-administeredSQFFQ to facilitate assessment of the association between lifestyle and health/disease in large-scale epidemiologicalstudies.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24406_21cf2bcb612cac11fea2197f549632c8.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Immunohistochemical Evaluation of p27 (kip1) in Pleomorphic Adenomas and Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas of the Minor Salivary Glands52753024407ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> p27(kip1), a universal cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is a useful marker for predicting clinical aggressiveness with various human tumors. In this study, p27 expression was investigated in pleomorphic adenomas (PAs) and adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) of minor salivary glands to evaluate its utility for differentiation purposes. At the same time, the correlation between p27 and ACC grading was evaluated. Materials & <br/><b>Methods</b>: Clinicopathological features of 22 patients (11 ACCs, 11 PAs), including age, sex and size of tumor were obtained from medical records. Immunohistochemical staining with p27(kip1) was performed for each specimen and p27 labelling indices were determined with a computer-assisted image-analyzing system (CAS 200). Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Students t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA were applied for statistical analyses using SPSS 11.5. <br/><b>Results</b>: p27 LIs for all PAs were above 25% whereas for ACCs they were under 25% (except one case). p27 expression (LI and intensity) was significantly lower in ACCs than PAs. The correlation between p27 expression and ACC grading was not significant. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Overall, these findings suggest that reduced expression of p27 might be correlated with the development of ACC and could be an indicator of malignant behavior.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24407_3f268358052952e5aca8c7cadd2b82a0.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) in Pakistan: An Emerging Epidemic?53153424408ENJournal Article19700101There has been a recent concern among oncological clinicians and pathologists of our region regarding the disproportionate increase in the number of patients presenting with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This prompted us to conduct a thorough, hospital-based epidemiological study in a major referral center of Pakistan. A total of 780 specimens were collected over last half decade from cases classified as adult Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Out of these 780, 596 (76.4 %) were diagnosed as DLBCLs. The gender ratio was 2.3: 1 (M: F) and the median age was 47.2 years, with an age range of 15-85 years. Nodal-NHLs constituted 42.2 % of all adult NHLs, with the cervical lymph nodes as the most frequent nodal site of presentation. The most frequent extranodal site was the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), followed by the head and neck. In conclusion, we document an astonishingly high number of DLBCL amounting to an emerging epidemic in Pakistan, with a consideration of probable etiopathogenetic factors. https://journal.waocp.org/article_24408_34cc6bc74eedfba48ae8560b9eb76e79.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Alpha Fetoprotein for Screening for Hepatocellular Cancer in Populations with Viral Hepatitis B: an Appraisal of Thai Reports53553624409ENJournal Article19700101Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a common gastrointestinal malignancy in hepatitis cases which is difficult to detect in early stages. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker which has been introduced for screening but in Southeast Asia where the rate of hepatitis B seropositivity is very high, the diagnostic benefit is still doubtful. Here, a literature review of three Thai reports was conducted, covering 4,295 cases. The overall diagnostic activity showed sensitivity, specificity, false positives and false negatives of 73.5 %, 98.9 %, 26.5 % and 1.1 %, respectively. Thus the sensitivity is insufficient for screening purposes and serum AFP can not be recommended for hepatitis B carriers over standard tests.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24409_19208934dc9ae9633cfb8e03a69c3f4b.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Demographic and Anatomical Survey of Colorectal Polyps in an Iranian Population53754024410ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: Asian countries generally have low incidences of colorectal cancers (CRCs). One approach to prevention is based on recognition and removal of polyps. The aim of this study was to determine basic demographic features, anatomic distribution and characteristics of colorectal polyps in a local Asian population for comparison with western data. <br/><b>Methods</b>: We here performed a retrospective chart review of 194 patients with colorectal polyps detected by endoscopy [total colonoscopy in 136 cases (73.1%), and flexible sigmoidoscopy in the remainder] during 1992 -2005, focusing on descriptive statistics for categorical variables, including distribution pattern and histology. Cold biopsy in 14 cases, piecemeal endoscopic resection in 5 patients, and usual snare polypectomy in the remainder were performed. Patients with polyposis syndromes were excluded from the analysis. <br/><b>Results</b>: The average age of patients was 43.2 yr (range 2-80) with 71% being males. Most of the polyps were presented in 5th decade (p=0.029). A total of 32 (17.2%) had synchronous proximal polyps (15% adenomas), and 154 cases had solitary polyps. The vast majority of the polyps were left sided and the most frequent type was adenoma (63%), with a villous component in 37.1%. Coexistent cancer was seen in 10.9% of cases. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: In this Iranian population, the majority of polyps are left sided. The incidence of adenomas and their histology appear comparable to data for western patients, but with a significantly lower rate for synchronous neoplastic lesions.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24410_7b2c862b2b9509c23cfd817b8908a0e9.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Ethnicity Greatly Influences the Interleukin-1 Gene Cluster(IL-1b Promoter, Exon-5 and IL-1Ra) Polymorphisms: A Pilot Study of a North Indian Population54154624411ENJournal Article19700101There is considerable evidence that polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of cytokine genes are highly influenced by ethnicity. Polymorphisms in interleukin 1-a (IL-1a) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) genes, respectively encoding a potent inflammatory agent and an antagonist, which combines with IL-1 receptors competitively, have been associated with a number of diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, kidney diseases, and cancer. In this study, we therefore evaluated the distribution of interleukin-1 gene cluster (IL-1a žpromoter region, exon-5 and IL-1Ra) gene polymorphisms in 206 healthy north Indian subjects, using PCR-based restriction analysis. We also constructed various haplotypes and estimated the linkage disequilibrium (LD). We found that genotype and allelic frequencies for these cytokines were conspicuously different when compared among different ethnic populations. The haplotype ‘T-E1-1’ predominated (41.7%) while the least common was ‘C-E2-2’ (2%) in our population. Genetic linkage between three loci of IL-1 gene showed strong association among the variants in controls (D´=0.42, p< 0.001). Our results suggest that the frequency and distribution of the polymorphisms in India are substantially different from other populations and ethnic groups. Thus they signify an impact of ethnicity and provide a basis for future epidemiological and clinical studies.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24411_11c160408bc21a4200a864cede13b0a8.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Obesity, Breast Cancer and the Role of Adipocytokines54755224412ENJournal Article19700101Obesity is a worldwide problem which impacts the risk and prognosis of some of the more common forms of cancer, including breast cancer in post-menopausal women. As the basis for understanding the potential mechanisms of obesity and cancer relationship has advanced, a number of new hypotheses have emerged. The adipocytokines are a complex group of biologically active polypeptides. Leptin is a growth hormone, secreted by adipose tissue, whose levels are normally elevated in obese individuals and may have a promoting effect on carcinogenesis and metastasis of breast cancer, possibly in an autocrine manner. Leptin interferes with the insulin signaling pathway and in type 2 diabetes plasma leptin levels are found to be correlated with the degree of insulin resistance, a relationship independent of body mass. This relationship might provide a mechanistic explanation for promotion potential.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24412_c0b7021386c55db43bc822b9149d2e7c.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Diet and Lifestyle Intervention among Patients with Colorectal Adenomas: Rationale and Design of a Malaysian Study55356024413ENJournal Article19700101Comprehensive evaluation of the large body of consistent evidence from laboratory, epidemiologic and clinical studies has led to the conclusion that modification of the dietary and lifestyle patterns of populations has considerable potential for reducing cancer risk. This paper describes a randomized-controlled trial involving a diet and lifestyle intervention for patients with history of colorectal adenomas. The primary aim of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention with reference to recurrence of adenomatous polyps over a two year period - the first year being the intervention period and the second year of the study allowing for post-intervention follow-up. Subjects found to fit the inclusion criteria are recruited and randomized to two groups: the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group subjects will attend a monthly lecture-discussion session for 10 months and small group counseling on modification of lifestyle behavior and diet as well as receive educational materials which were adapted from the WCRF Diet and Health Recommendations for Cancer Prevention. Control subjects will be provided with the usual care given to such patients. One hundred and sixteen patients who were diagnosed with colorectal adenomatous polyps in the previous twelve months at the Hospital Kuala Lumpur have already been enrolled in this trial. Baseline data collection is on-going.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24413_69c49a3b2cc63cce703e377255d61637.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Molecular Structure of BRCA1-estrogen Receptor Alpha-estrogen Complex: Relevance to Breast Cancer?56156224414ENJournal Article19700101Recent studies indicate that BRCA1, the first breast cancer susceptibility gene to be identified and cloned, interacts with and regulates the activity of estrogen receptor alpha. The availability of genetic tests for BRCA gene mutations has prompted cancer geneticists to generate information about genetic risk and inform women with a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer of preventive measures. However, knowledge on the human BRCA1- estrogen receptor alpha-estrogen complex is limited. Here, the author focuses on its 3D molecular structure and properties.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24414_e01c840a4efd4f6d2ce341d1b83cb30e.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73686420050401Thyroid Cancer with Skull Enlargement: A Lesson Learned?56356424415ENJournal Article19700101A case of endemic goitre associated with thyroid cancer and huge enlargement of the scalp is reported in a Brazilian mulatto from an iodine deficient Central west region of the country. On admission, osteolytic metastases of follicular thyroid carcinoma were found scattered in the parietal bones. Impressive images from old files could illustrate and emphasize the hurdle-like role of poverty and inadequate social and cultural attitudes before the fight against cancer in regions with limited resources. Even in developed countries, goitres still occur in areas with iodine prophylaxis. Another concern is insufficiency of reliable data on the incidence and pattern of head and neck tumours in developing countries.https://journal.waocp.org/article_24415_b2b3ff6a331bd592bc5243228eec8789.pdfWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736864200504014th APOCP Regional Conference Towards Health Promotion and Disease Prevention:Thinking Globally, Acting Locally
APOCP Satellite Meeting56556624416ENJournal Article19700101