West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Food and Play Preferences - Does Cancer Prevention Require Targeting the Child?27928024137ENJournal Article19700101Food preferences and habits regarding physical exercise and play regimens appear to become set relatively early in life, the mother being the major influence at this stage. Subsequently, the peer group takes on increasing importance, with continued roles for teachers and parents in providing an environment and guidance leading to adoption of a healthy or an unhealthy lifestyle. Since so many of the decisions that will determine exposure to risk and beneficial factors hinge on experience up to and through adolescence, the question arises as to whether more cancer prevention efforts should be directed at children and youths.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401National Cancer Center, Korea28128224138ENJournal Article19700101West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401First APOCP General Assembly Conference28328824139ENJournal Article19700101West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Research Meeting for International Collaborative Epidemiological Study of Host and Environmental Factors for Stomach and Colorectal Cancers in Southeast Asian Countries28928924140ENJournal Article19700101West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Smoking-Related Research in the Asian-Pacific Countries29130425247ENJournal Article19700101In addition to the obvious link between tobacco consumption and cancer of the lung and oral cavity, there isincreasing evidence that carcinogens in smoke many also have an impact in many other organ sites. The potentialdamage of second hand smoke, especially to children, also requires stress. While studies of gene polymorphisms forenzymes involved in carcinogen metabolism have pointed to a genetic background to smoking likelihood and clearlyincreased risk of cancer development in many organs for smokers with decreased detoxification potential, the questionof how to make best use of this information for practical prevention remains largely unexplored. Similarly, the factof peer group and family influence in determining initiation of adolescent smoking has yet to be translated into aconcrete strategy based on psychological understanding. Cessation programs for adult smokers on the other handcould make use of positive results from interventions in hospital settings, possibly married to screening programsfor early cancers. Political and socioeconomic questions are clearly very important and putting into action principlesof tobacco control efforts with collaboration between all of the interested parties must now be stressed. Governmentcan play a very positive role by control of sales and marketing, heavy taxation and smoking bans, and provision offunding for research and community interventions, while education and awareness are natural targets of NGOs.The academic research community can perhaps best contribute by further clarifying mechanisms underlying tobaccorelateddisease, possibly with an emphasis on chemoprevention in association with epidemiological assessment ofconfounding factors, and also very importantly the psychosociology of the tobacco habit.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401 Garlic ะ A Natural Source of Cancer Preventive Compounds30531124141ENJournal Article19700101Several epidemiological observation and a number of laboratory studies have indicated anticarcinogenic potential of garlic, which has been traditionally used from time immemorial for varied human ailments in different parts of the globe. The anticarcinogenic properties of garlic have been attributed to a wide variety of chemical compounds identified to be present in garlic but most studies have focused on specific thioallyl constituents. Garlic components have been found to block covalent binding of carcinogens to DNA, enhance degradation of carcinogens, have antioxidative and free radical scavenging properties and to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and immune responses. In view of the variety of effects produced by garlic and its chemical constituents, renewed interest has been generated in investigating its medicinal properties, particularly with reference to cancer prevention and prophylaxis. There are a number of mechanisms at work which jointly are responsible for eliciting the anticarcinogenic effects noted in laboratory studies in a wide range of experimental systems. This has opened up a new avenue for researchers in the field of cancer chemoprevention and merits further scrutiny to establish the role of garlic in prevention of human cancers.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Oxide Species-induced Stress, a Major Intrinsic Factor Involved in Carcinogenic Processes and a Possible Target for Cancer Prevention31331824142ENJournal Article19700101Reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species and their inducing stress are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological phenomena in aerobes, including humans. For multistage carcinogenic processes, reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species-induced stress (RONOSS) serves as a major intrinsic factor and is involved in every step. This means that free radicals, RONOSS and their inducing downstream events may be targets for cancer prevention. It is therefore of importance to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the participation of RONOSS in carcinogenesis and to apply the obtained results for establishment of strategies to control cancer development. Despite the large body of accumulated knowledge due to worldwide efforts dealing with this research field, there still remain numerous uncertainties. In this mini-review, we introduce two examples of such efforts, one concerning a renal carcinogen KBrO3 and the other dealing with hepatocarcinogenesis caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined diet, in order to give some idea about the current understanding of the roles of RONOSS in carcinogenesis.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401A Comparison of Risk and Protective Factors for Colorectal Cancer in the Diet of New Zealand Maori and non-Maori31932424040ENJournal Article19700101By international standards New Zealand (population 3.8 x 106) has a high rate of colorectal cancer, with approximately 2000 new cases occurring and approximately 1000 deaths each year. But within the New Zealand population, a lower incidence of colorectal cancer is reported for Maori than for non-Maori New Zealanders (22.2 and 43.7 per 100,000 respectively). Information from the New Zealand National Nutrition Survey 1997 shows that in comparison to non-Maori, Maori eat more in total, eat more red meat, drink more alcohol, consume more saturated fat, have a higher prevalence of obesity and have a lower proportion of individuals consuming a given level of fruit and vegetables per day. All these factors would be expected to increase colorectal cancer risk. Puha (sow thistle; Sonchus sp.) and watercress (Nasturtium officinale, N.aquaticum) are foods with plausible cancer protective properties which are components of the Maori, but not the non-Maori diet.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Preclinical Changes in Immunoreactivity and Cellular Architecture during the Progressive Development of Intracranial Neoplasms and an Immunotherapeutic Schedule with a Novel Biological Response Modifier, the T11TS / S-32533724041ENJournal Article19700101Among neoplasms, brain tumors are particularly “ difficult to treat” because of the partial immune privileged status of the brain and the presence of the blood brain barrier (Selmaj, 1996). Many details of progressive development of brain tumors remain unexplored and elucidation of consequent changes of the immune system with correlated cellular architecture and cell kinetics were the major objectives of the present course of investigations. Our studies have indicated that the primary resistance by the immune system to a growing tumor declines after a certain point, resulting in an immune suppressed state in a tumor bearing individual. The poor prognosis of malignant brain tumors with classical treatments like surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy has led to interest in immunotherapeutic protocols. In the present study, an attempt was made to determine the immunomodulatory and antitumor properties of a transmembrane glycopeptide of sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), known as S-LFA3 or T11TS. Young Druckray rat of both sexes aged 3-5 days were injected with N’-N’-ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) (i.p) to induce brain tumors and at 2,4,6,8 and 10 months of age were sacrificed for study of survival, tumor growth kinetics and immunological parameters like lymphocyte rosette formation, denoting CD2 – CD58 interactions and phagocytosis by peripheral macrophages and PMN hint at the changes during tumore development. In order to determine the immunomodulatory role of T11TS, 7 month old ENU induced animals and controls were injected with the compound (1 ml., i.p). The data obtained indicate that administration of T11TS results in increased survival of rats along with a decrease in growth kinetics of tumor cells to the normal level when compared to ENU induced animals of the same age. Pointers to mechanisms involving immunological investigations at the cellular level in these animals indicated improved lymphocyte function in terms of E-rosetting, augmented cytotoxicity and enhanced PMN and macrophage function in terms of phagocytosis. Finally histological examination showed complete reversal from the hyperplastic state to normal cellular homeostasis, indicating antitumor efficacy of T11TS, correlating very well with the data from survival and cell kinetic studies.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Inhibitory Effects of Heated Garlic on N-Ethyl-Nี-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced Carcinogenesis in the Duodenum and Jejunum of C57BL/6 Mice33934424143ENJournal Article19700101We examined the modifying effects of heated garlic (Allium sativum L.) on N-ethyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG)-induced duodenal and jejunal carcinogenesis in mice. Heated garlic powder used in this study was prepared as follows: unpeeled garlic bulbs were blanched in boiling water for 6 min, and then peeled, the cloves being crushed, homogenized, and finally freeze-dried. The garlic powder had almost undetectable alliinase activity and was rich in alliin (the main sulfur compound of heated garlic; 22.1 mg/g dry weight). Male C57BL/6 mice were given ENNG (100 mg/l) in drinking water for the first 4 weeks, and then basal diet (Group 1), or 10% (Group 2), 3% (Group 3) or 1% (Group 4) heated garlic in the diet for 30 weeks. At the termination of the experiment, the incidences of duodenal tumors in Groups 1-3 were significantly lower than those in Group 1, and the multiplicities in Group 2 were significantly lower than those in Group 1. Additionally, the incidences and/or multiplicities of the jejunal tumors in Groups 2 and 4 were also significantly lower than those in Group 1. In this study, we also examined changes in erythrocyte polyamine levels. Values for Group 1 were significantly greater than those in the control group, and this elevation in Group 1 were significantly inhibited by dietary heated garlic (10% in the diet; Group 2). These results indicated that the post-initiation-stage feeding of heated garlic, especially at 10% in the diet, inhibits ENNG-induced duodenal and jejunal carcinogenesis in mice.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Gastric Cancer: the Roles of Diet, Alcohol Drinking, Smoking and Helicobacter pylori in Northeastern Thailand34535224144ENJournal Article19700101The incidence of gastric cancer in the countries of South East Asia is variable, ranging from age-standardized rates of 20.9/105 (men) and 10.4/105 (women) in Hanoi, Vietnam to 4.1/105 (men) and 2.1/105 (women) in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The reasons for these differences are unknown. Possible explanations are differences in dietary habits, alcohol drinking, smoking and/or the prevalence of infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). A case-control study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailand, to study the role of these factors in gastric cancer carcinogenesis. 131 gastric cancer cases and 262 matched controls were recruited for the study. Information on dietary habits, alcohol drinking and smoking were collected by a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were available from 111 cases and 232 controls for H. pylori assay. Using an unconditional logistic regression model controlling for age and sex, we assessed the effects of dietary habits, alcohol drinking, smoking and H. pylori infection on the risk of gastric cancer. A high intake of salt (OR=1.8; 95%CI 1.1-3.0) and fermented foods (OR=1.9; 95%CI 1.1-3.3) was found to be associated with an increased risk. Preference for spicy food was not associated with gastric cancer risk in this population. Although there were negative associations between gastric cancer and vegetable and fruit intake, they were rather weak (OR 0.8 for both) and non significant. There were also weak (non-significant) associations with smoking and alcohol consumption, and no association with H. pylori infection (OR=0.6; 95%CI 0.4-1.0). Infection of H. pylori was associated with various indicators of crowding. West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Methionine Synthase Reductase Gene A66G Polymorphism is Associated with Risk of Colorectal Cancer35335924145ENJournal Article19700101A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate the significance of methionine and folate related polymorphisms, with 72 colon and 70 rectal cancer cases and 241 non-cancer controls. The polymorphisms examined were in the genes for methionine synthase reductase (MTRR A66G), methionine synthase (MTR A2756G) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C). An unconditional logistic regression model was applied for estimating the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The age-sex adjusted OR for the MTRR GG genotype as compared with the AA and AG genotypes was 2.77 (95% CI: 1.39-5.53, p = 0.004), whereas adjusted ORs for other polymorphisms were not statistically significant. When the ORs for environment factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, body-mass-index, and physical exercise) were calculated according to each polymorphism, no substantial difference was observed except with the MTRR polymorphism. The ORs for the MTRR GG genotype seemed to be modified by the extent of environmental exposure. In conclusion, the present study showed that the GG genotype of MTRR A66G is a risk factor for colorectal cancer in Japanese, while MTHFR and MTR polymorphisms are not. The conclusions, however, need further evaluation in terms of micronutrient status and additional confirmatory studies are required with datasets for various ethnic groups.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Altered Expression of Fas (APO-1, CD95) and Fas Ligand in the Liver of Mice Infected with Schistosoma Japonicum and Schistosoma Mansoni: Implications for Liver Carcinogenesis36136624146ENJournal Article19700101Epidemiological studies have associated infection with Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni with increased risk of cancers of the liver and colon, although the mechanism of carcinogenesis remains unestablished. The livers of mice experimentally infected with S. japonicum or S. mansoni were analysed for expression of Fas (CD95/APO-1) and Fas ligand immunohistochemically and for apoptotic cell death by the TUNEL method. Fas expression was significantly decreased in hepatocytes around the inflammatory area of egg granulomas; this decrease was most prominent during the chronic phase of infection. Fas ligand was expressed in hepatocytes inside and outside granulomas, especially from mice at the early stage of infection, but not in hepatocytes from uninfected mice. Abnormal proliferation and Fas ligand expression were also observed in capillary bile ducts inside egg granulomas. Apoptotic cell death of inflammatory cells and, less frequently, of hepatocytes was found both inside and around granulomas. The rate of apoptotic cell death was high during the early stage of infection with S. mansoni, but decreased during the chronic phase of infection. Our results suggest that schistosome infection causes alterations of the Fas-Fas ligand system, one of the major apoptotic pathways, in mouse liver.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Use of Wild Rodents for Environmental Monitoring - Comparison of Rats in Bangkok and Rural Areas of Thailand36736824147ENJournal Article19700101There is a great deal of concern regarding the hazard potential of human exposure to toxic substances and carcinogens as well as infectious agents in the environment. For monitoring purposes fish are well established with regard to aquatic pollution. However, for the human environment, mammalian species might be considered more relevant. As the various types of rats are one of the most common animals sharing human habitants they are natural candidates. In the present study, numbers of such wild rats were trapped in the metropolis of Bangkok and country regions of Thailand for comparison of lesions in the liver and lung which might provide indicators of carcinogens or other hazardous agents in the environment. Glutathione S transferase P form positive foci could be detected in livers, comparable to the laboratory rat case, but without any significant link to site of capture. In contrast, fatty liver and inflammation/cirrhosis were significantly more frequent in animals from the metropolis. Parasite infection also tended to be more prevalent, along with leptospirosis. Inflammatory change was similarly found in the lungs but without any variation between the city and countryside groups. These results suggest that wild rats could be employed as monitors of environmental agents of toxicological significance. West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401Calendar for 2003/200436937024148ENJournal Article19700101West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention. Vol. 6. Weight Control and Physical Activity.37037124149ENJournal Article19700101West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-73683420020401The Tobacco Atlas.37137224150ENJournal Article19700101