West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Cancer Prevention in the Asia Pacific Region83984425292ENJournal Article19700101Cancer incidences as well as the most prevalent cancer types vary greatly across Asian countries since people have differing health behaviors as well as lifestyle factors related to cancer risk. Countries have varying systems of government organization, laws, resources, facilities, and management strategies for addressing the cancer burden. Examples such as Korea and Japan with existing national cancer control programs need to focus on early screening and detection and quality of screening methods. If screening and detection increase to cover more than 50% of the target population, survival rate increases and thus the number of cancer patients detected increases resulting in higher medical cost. Thus, expansion of cancer screening, in addition to smoking prevention, immunization increase, and diet control awareness, are needed for cancer prevention strategies. Countries such as Thailand, China, Malaysia, and Turkey need to begin organized efforts to reduce cancer deaths through state-wide cancer screening programs. Strategies focused on increasing survival among cancer patients are also needed. In addition, government organizations and law regulations need to be in place as the first step towards cancer prevention. For the countries such as Nepal, Pakistan, Mongolia, and Iraq which do not have any cancer-related organizations in place, the first step that is needed is to raise public awareness about cancer; a public awareness campaign is the number one priority and should begin immediately. The easiest and most feasible step at this point is dissemination of cancer education materials during school health education and physical health screening. This must be started immediately because we need to avoid the development of existing cancers where patients will need to seek specialized cancer treatment facilities that are non-existent in these regions. In addition, hospitals need to take a step further and start undergoing registration of cancer prevalence and incidence cases beginning at the regional level. Through the hospital census, countries will be able to determine the magnitude of the cancer burden. Moreover, countries with professionals and researchers with advanced cancer research, education, and training also need to contribute through international cooperation.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Expression of ABCG2 and its Significance in Colorectal Cancer84584825293ENJournal Article19700101The expression of ABCG2 in colorectal cancer and its relationship with invasion and metastasis is still not clear. In our study, immunohistochemical staining of ABCG2 was therefore performed for 60 cases of primary colorectal cancer. ABCG2 positive cancer cells were found to be mainly positioned in the front of carcinomatous tissue or between carcinomatous and non-carcinomatous margin tissues. In carcinomatous tissues and non-carcinomatous margin tissues, high expression rates forABCG2 were 36.7% (22/60) and 3.3% (2/60) respectively, with significant difference (χ2=5773.3, P<0.001). The rates of high expression of ABCG2 were 30% (9/30) and 6.7% (2/30) in 30 cases with and without positive lymph nodes, respectively. (χ2=5.45, P<0.025). From the present results expression of ABCG2 may be important in the progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours84985325294ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> While it is well known that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is increased in colorectal adenoma and carcinoma, there is only limited information on its status in stromal tumours. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Immunohistochemical COX-2 staining was performed on a total of 42 confirmed gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) in the Pathology Department of Gaziantep University and the findings were compared with various other parameters. <br/><b>Results</b>: We found a statistically significant correlation between the tumor mitosis and COX-2 expression in GISTs. However, there was no relationship between COX-2 expression and death rate, presence of metastasis, tumour size, risk staging, usage of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and complete resection rate. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In the light of these findings, the usage of COX-2 inhibitors with or without tyrosine kinase inhibitors in GIST patients may be helpful in the adjuvant setting to prevent or delay recurrence. Moreover, we need more studies to define the status of COX-2 inhibitors in GISTs.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401A Clinicopathologic Study of Breast Lumps in Bhairahwa, Nepal85585825295ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Various types of lesion from inflammation to carcinoma can affect the breast. Some lesions are common in young females while others are more common in elderly age group. Early presentation and prompt diagnosis is essential to relieve anxiety of non-neoplastic conditions, and in casse of carcinoma, it can save the patient from metastases. Many cases related to breast lesions from the region are reported in the surgery clinics of this institute and various breast diseases are being managed in the clinical departments. Analysis of pattern and prevalence should provide a valuable guideline for clinicians in Nepal for comparison with other countries. <br/><b>Methods</b>: In the retrospective clinical study during a 9 year period, cases of breast lesions and lumps underwent fine needle aspiration cytology and Pap staining was done in alcohol fixed smears. A total of 65 doubtful cases were diagnosed through histopathological examinations by conventional methods. All those with undetermined and inconclusive material were excluded from the study. <br/><b>Results</b>: In the study of total 243 cases, inflammatory conditions 22.6%, fibrocystic change 41.2%, fibroadenoma 21.8%, other benign breast disease 4.5%, gynaecomastia 2.5% and carcinoma 7.4% were detected. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Fibrocystic change was the commonest lesion in this study with 33 years as the average age of presentation. However, malignancy was detected above 40 years of age.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Burden of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Iran; Bayesian Projection and Trend Analysis85986225296ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide. Iran is located in a low risk area but, while the true prevalence of HCC in Iran is unknown, it is not an uncommon malignancy. The aim of this study was to provide quantitative estimations of the burden of death due to HCC cancer in Iran and its trend during over recent decades for the Iranian population. <br/><b>Methods</b>: National death statistics reported by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOH&ME) from 1999 to 2004, stratified by age group, sex, and cause of death (ICD-9) were used to generate HCC mortality (ICD-9; 20) expressed as the mortality rate per 100,000 people. The Bayesian approach to correct for misclassification was employed and a time series model was applied to predict mortality. The burden of HCC, including years of life lost (YLL), was calculated using Iranian life expectancy. <br/><b>Results</b>: The rate of HCC mortality and YLL moderately increased from 1999 to 2004 but according to our prediction it seems that these rates are going to level off. Also HCC mortality and YLL was higher for older age, and was considerably greater in men than in women. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Burden of HCC is low in Iran because most of cases are due to HBV and this infection is less common in Iran than Southeast Asia and Africa and there is nomajor increase projected for the future. However, up to 40% of its death statistics are underreported. Screening can be advised for early HCC detection in chronic HCV and HBV carriers.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Epidemiology of Esophageal Lesions in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma86386525297ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is disturbing because of its aggressive clinical path and high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of premalignant lesions and cancer of the esophagus in patients with a history of head and neck SCC. <br/><b>Methods</b>: One hundred consecutive patients were investigated for diagnosis of superficial esophageal SCC. Lesions and their invasive depth for determination of the optimal method of treatment, and endoscopic examinations were carried out using Lugol chromoendoscopy. During endoscopy all abnormalities were investigated using approximately 10 ml of a 2% Lugol iodine solution sprayed over the entire esophageal mucosa using a spray catheter. <br/><b>Results</b>: The mean±SD of age was 59.1±11.0 years. The tumor location in most patients (in both men and women)was the glottis. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between male and female in glottis and tongue. Twenty percent of patients reported the history of alcohol consumption and 22 percent were smokers, with 20.3% of men and 28.6% of women having digestive symptoms. The most common symptom in men was dysphagy and in women was odynophagy. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: In common, men are at high risk for ESCC and a high percent of current tobacco smokers, passive smokers and the history of alcohol intake were observed. In conclusion people in these high-risk groups would greatly benefit by acquisition of knowledge about and participating in a screening program.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Knowledge and Barriers Towards Cervical Cancer Screening Among Young Women in Malaysia86787325298ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objectives</b>: This study examined the level of knowledge and barriers towards cervical cancer screening of female university students. Methodology: A cross-sectional design was used for 287 female students at a tertiary institution located in Selangor, Malaysia. A name list of all students in the all faculties were obtained from each faculty’s registrar and the ethics committee of the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, approved the study. Respondents completed a consent form before they were given the questionnaire consisting of four sections: socio-demographic characteristics (six questions); risk factor of cervical cancer (six); knowledge about cervical cancer and the Pap smear test (ten); and finally barriers to Pap screening (eleven). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 13. <br/><b>Results</b>: The prevalence of ever having had a Pap test was 6%. Majority of the participants had adequate knowledge about risk factors of cervical cancer. The highest knowledge about cervical cancer risk factor reported by the respondents was having more than one sex partner (77.5%), whereas the lowest was the relationship between HPV and cervical cancer (51.2%). Age, marital status, ethnicity, monthly family income and faculty were significantly associated with knowledge of cervical cancer screening (p=0.003; p=0.001; p=0.002; p=0.002; p=0.001 & p=0.002; respectively). The most common barriers of cervical cancer screening were the Pap smear test will make them worry (95.8%) whereas the least common barrier reported among participants was no encouragement from the partner (8.8%). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Some misconceptions and barriers in uptaking Pap smear test are still serious problems among young women. Although knowledge about cervical cancer screening is adequate they have a very poor practice of Pap smear test. The introduction of reproductive health subjects is warranted for all university students.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401DNA Damage Induction and Repair Inhibition Among Building Construction Workers in South India87588025299ENJournal Article19700101Construction industry workers are exposed to many known carcinogens in their complex occupational environment. Since there are no past studies on genotoxicity among this group in the Indian subcontinent, workers engaged in different construction sites at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, were assessed here. We enrolled 96 workers and 68 control subjects with similar mean age, smoking, tobacco chewing prevalence and alcohol consumption, for analysis of DNA damage in blood leucocytes by micronucleus (MN) and comet assays. DNA repair inhibition was also analyzed by assessing the XPD gene. Construction workers showed a significant increase in MN and comet tail length compared to controls with adjustment for smoking habits, tobacco chewing, alcohol consumption and years of exposure (P<0.05). The results indicated that chronic occupational exposure to cement during construction work could lead to increased levels of DNA damage and repair inhibition.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Gene Deletions with Risk of Head and Neck Cancer in Pakistan : A Case Control Study88188525300ENJournal Article19700101Polymorphic deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes involved in the detoxification of potentially carcinogenic agents may be risk factors for various cancers, including head and neck cancer (HNC). In the present case-control study we aimed to access possible associations of HNC with GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes in a Pakistani population. DNA was extracted from leukocytes of 388 cancer patients and 150 healthy controls by phenol-chloroform procedure. GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion variants were genotyped by multiplex PCR assay with CYP1A1 as an internal control and further analyzed by primer specific PCR assay and sequencing. Mean age of cases and controls was 48 (+16.6) years with a male to female ratio of 1:1. Cancer of the oral cavity (57%) was most prevalent in the sampled population followed by pharynx and larynx (30% and 13% respectively). A statistically significant (P<0.05) association was observed for both null genotypes in contribution to HNC as compared with the controls. The odds ratio (OR) for the GSTM1 null genotype was 2.3 with a 95% CI of 1.5-5.5 and for GSTT1 OR was 2.04 with 95% CI of 1.3-3.1. These results suggest that the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes are risk factors for HNC development among the Pakistani population.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Knowledge, Attitudes and Barriers for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccines among Malaysian Women88789225301ENJournal Article19700101A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 Malaysian women in the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinic in a selected hospital in Bangi, Selangor to determine the level of knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccines, attitudes toward HPV vaccination and barriers of being vaccinated. Factors associated with knowledge and attitudes were also addressed with a questionnaire. Seventy eight women (26%) had heard about the HPV virus and 65 about HPV vaccines (21.7%). Marital status was associated significantly with awareness of HPV and HPV vaccine (p=0.002, p=0.002; respectively), in addition to level of education (p=0.042). The percentages of women who reported correct answers for the questions on knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccine ranged from 12% to 25%. One hundred fifty nine respondents (53%) had a positive attitude toward HPV vaccination. Age, marital status, and level of education were associated significantly with attitude (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.002; respectively). The most important barriers reported were ‘unawareness of the vaccine’ ‘concerned about side effects’ and ‘afraid of needles’. This study found a very low level of knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccine. Education of population is highly recommended and barriers to being vaccinated should be dealt with seriously.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Egyptian Females with Breast Benign Lumps and Cancers89389625302ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Hepatocyte growth factor(HGF) also known as scatter factor (SF) and its receptor c-met play important roles in mammary differentiation and have been implicated in mammary carcinogenesis. <br/><b>Objective</b>: Estimation of the plasma level of HGF in females with benign breast lumps or breast carcinomas and correlating levels with important prognostic parameters. Subjects: Sixty eight adult premenopausal females were divided into control group of fifteen healthy volunteers and fifty-three patients subdivided into fifteen with benign breast lumps and thirty-eight with breast carcinomas. <br/><b>Methods</b>: A thorough clinical examination, plain chest x-rays, ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis, pre- operative fine needle aspiration cytology, estimation of fasting serum glucose, urea, creatinine and uric acid levels, alanine aminotransferase activities, C-reactive protein, HGF level and histopathological examination of the breast masses were performed. <br/><b>Results</b>: Significant increase in HGF levels was found in patients with benign breast lumps and in breast cancer patients when each was compared to controls and when cancer patients were compared to the benign breast lumps group. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: The serum level of HGF is an independent prognostic indicator for breast cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Comparison of Serum Survivin and Alpha Fetoprotein in Egyptian Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Hepatitis C Viral Infection89790325303ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Survivin is specific antiapoptotic gene product expressed in a variety of human neoplasmswhose overexpression might assist in early diagnosis and as a prognostic marker. <br/><b>Objectives</b>: The aim was to evaluate the plasma levels of survivin and alpha fetoprotein in patients with chronic hepatitis C viral infection (HCV) with and without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Subjects: 70 subjects were divided into: a control group (Group I) ( 20 healthy volunteers ) and two patients groups: Group II, HCV group (20 patients); and Group III, HCC with HCV(30 patients ). <br/><b>Methods</b>: Thorough physical examination, ultrasonography of the abdomen, laboratory investigations (liver profile, anti-HCV antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen, Alpha fetoprotein (chemiluminometry) and Survivin (ELISA)) were performed. <br/><b>Results</b>: There was a significant increase in survivin level in HCV patients (Group II) when compared to the control group (p=0.039), along with a significant increase in AFP in Groups II and III when compared to Group I (P<0.001 for both). AFP also distinguished between the two HCV groups. The best generated cut off value for AFP was 10.9 ng/ml and for survivin 13.7 pg/ml. Serum survivin diagnostic sensitivity was 53.3%, diagnostic specificity 62.5% and efficiency 58.6%, in contrast to 100%, 92.5% and 95.7%, respectively, for AFP. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: While survivin showed significant increase in the HCV group, its diagnostic performance was lower and it proved to be less reliable as a tumor marker for HCC than did AFP.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Differential miRNA Expression Profiles in Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas90591125304ENJournal Article19700101The urothelial carcinoma is the most common pathological type of bladder tumor. Creation of lists of miRNAs differentially expressed between this tumor type and normal tissue might help identify new diagnostic and prognostic markers. We therefore performed the present miRNA microarray analysis with 25 cases of bladder urothelial carcinomas and adjacent normal bladder tissue. The results showed a panel of 51 differentially expressed miRNAs with at least 2-fold differences in expression compared with the normal controls, including 20 up-regulated and 31 down-regulated examples. The expression levels of ten of the top dysregulated miRNAs, mir-1, mir-145, mir-143, mir-100, mir-200b, mir-708, mir-133a, mir-133b, mir-125b and mir-99 were experimentally verified using real-time RT-PCR analysis. These findings suggest that these miRNAs may be involved in bladder urothelial carcinoma pathogenesis and have potential as biomarkers.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Treatment Options for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer - Experience in an Asian Tertiary Hospital91391725305ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) is characterized by the presence of a large primary tumour (>5cm) associated with or without skin or chest-wall involvement (T4) or with fixed (matted) axillary lymph nodes in the absence of any evidence of distant metastases. These cancers are classified as stage IIIA and IIIB according to the AJCC Staging System. Treatment of choice involves combinations of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or hormonal therapy. Current guidelines recommend primary surgery or neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery. The primary objective of this study was to compare the outcome of LABC patients subjected to neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery and those who underwent surgery as the primary treatment and to determine prognostic predictors. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the response after neoadjuvant therapy and to determine the treatment compliance rate. <br/><b>Methods</b>: This retrospective study of Stage III breast cancer patients was conducted over a 5 year period from 1998 to 2002. The survival data were obtained from the National Registry of Births and Deaths with the end-point of the study in April 2006. The Kaplan Meier method was applied for survival analysis. Cox regression analysis by stepwise selection was performed to identify important prognostic factors. <br/><b>Results</b>: Out of a 155 evaluable patients, 74 (47.7%) had primary surgery, 62 (40%) had neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 10 patients (6.5%) were given Tamoxifen as the primary treatment, while 9 patients (5.8%) defaulted any form of treatment. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 9 patients defaulted further treatment, leaving 53 evaluable patients. Out of these 53 evaluable patients, 5 patients (9.4%) had complete pathological response, 5 (9.4%) a complete clinical response, and 26 (49.1%) had partial response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The 5-year survival in the primary surgery group was 56.7 % compared to 44.7% in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group (p<0.01). The important prognostic factors were race, size of tumour, nodal status, estrogen receptor status and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Patients who had primary surgery had better survival than those who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which may be due to bias in the selection of patients for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Out of a total of 155 patients, 25.1% defaulted part of the treatment, or did not receive optimal treatment, emphasizing the importance of psychosocial support and counselling for this group of patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Genotoxic Effects of Textile Printing Dye Exposed Workers in India Detected by Micronucleus Assay91992225306ENJournal Article19700101The textile printing industry in South India employs a great number of workers that may possibly be exposed to toxic compounds. In the present study, subjects from textile printing units were investigated for the presence of genetic damage in their peripheral blood lymphocytes using micronucleus assay. Proliferation was also investigated using a nuclear division index. It was found that the micronucleus frequency was considerably greater in exposed subjects than in non exposed control subjects, but division was not increased in a statistically significant way. For the time being, this investigation should be considered as a preliminary study in which the influence of potential confounders could be adequately assessed. However, our results are non-ambiguous, indicating a potential health risk in these workers.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Mutations in Childhood Acute Leukemias and their Association with Prognosis92392725307ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Introduction</b>: In recent years, Fms-like tyrosin kinase (FLT) 3 has been the subject of several studies as a prognostic marker. <br/><b>Objective</b>: In this study, the presence of FLT3 mutations in childhood acute leukemias patients and their association with prognosis were investigated. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: A total of 120 patients, 80 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 40 with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), were included. Real time polymerase chain reaction methods on a high resolution melting analysis device were used to determine FLT3 mutations. <br/><b>Results</b>: FLT3/ITD (internal tandem duplication) mutations were found in 6 (7.5%) of the patients with ALL and in 9 (22.5%) of those with AML, whereas no FLT3/TKD (trans kinase domain) mutation was evident in any case. There was no difference between the ALL patients positive and negative for FLT3/ITD with regard to overall survival (OS), event free survival (EFS) and disease free survival (DFS) (p=0.37, p=0.23, p=0.023, respectively). However, in FLT3/ITD positive and negative AML patients, there was a statistically significant difference in OS (p=0.0041), but not EFS and DFS (p=0.09, p=0.095, respectively). A significant difference was found between age and FLT3/ITD positivity (p=0.036). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: We found that FLT3/ITD positivity increased with age and that it was associated with decrease in OS in AML patients, providing further evidence that it is an independent factor negatively influencing prognosis.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Evaluation of Non-viral Risk Factors for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Thailand: Results from a Case-control Study92993225308ENJournal Article19700101Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is rare in most populations but common in Southern China and Southeast Asia. To understand the role of environmental exposures on risk of NPC, a case-control study was conducted among 327 newly diagnosed case of NPC and 327 controls matched to case on sex, age and geographic residence. Information was collected by interviewer about demographic variables, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, eating habits, past history of disease, family history of cancer and a lifetime history of every job that was held for one year or longer. The result indicates that cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of NPC (OR= 2.41, 95% CI 1.61-3.6). There was indication of increased risk with a history chronic ear or nose disease (OR= 2.71, 95% CI 1.45-5.06). Occupational exposure to wood dust was also associated with a higher risk (OR= 1.63 95% CI 1.02-2.61). Furthermore, lower education was found to be positively associated with NPC (OR= 2.71, 95% CI 1.45-5.06). There was no association between NPC and salted fish intake (OR= 1.38, 95% CI 0.84-2.25) or alcohol consumption (OR= 0.88, 95% CI 0.58-1.33). Our results suggest that cigarette smoking, past history of ear or nose disease and occupational exposure to wood dust may play a role in the development of NPC in the Thai population.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Characteristics of Breast Cancer in China93393725309ENJournal Article19700101Studies have showed an association between type 2 diabetes and breast cancer in Western countries. The association should be confirmed in an Asian population which has a lower incidence of breast cancer. Our study aimed to compare the clinicopathologic characteristics of breast cancers in women with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus in China. Each group included 143 cases, similar in parity, body mass index, family history, mode of diagnosis, menarche age and hormone receptors except for progesterone receptor (PR). The diabetic patients were older, with a mean age of 58.3±10 years and the percentage of postmenopausal patients was 52%, which was higher than non-diabetic patients. Significant differences were found in tumor stage, the amounts of lymph node and with metastasis, these persisting after adjustment for age. Furthermore, a positive association with higher TNM status and PR negative rate was noticed in premenopausal but not postmenopausal diabetic patients. Our results indicate that type 2 diabetes mellitus is a negative prognostic factor for breast cancer, especially in premenopausal women.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Indian Dental Surgeons Towards Tobacco Control: Advances towards Prevention93994225310ENJournal Article19700101Aims and <br/><b>Methods</b>: We assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices of dental surgeons in the city of Bangalore, Karnataka, concerning use of tobacco in their patients. A self-administered questionnaire was administered to all dental surgeons prior to a sensitization program on nicotine dependence. <br/><b>Results</b>: The dental surgeons who responded (n=100) reported a need for increasing sensitization on the issue of tobacco especially among health professionals. Only 33% knew that nicotine is the most addictive drug and knowledge was poor about pharmacological as well as non pharmacological methods of treatment of nicotine dependence. Only 52% asked all their patients about tobacco use. However, almost all dental surgeons agreed that there should be a ban on public use of tobacco. Implications: The results of this study call for sensitizing health professionals on a larger scale on the issue of tobacco use and its treatment.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Comparative Cost-Effectiveness of HPV Vaccines in the Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Malaysia94395125311ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objectives</b>: Cervical cancer(CC) had the second highest incidence of female cancers in Malaysia in 2003-2006. Prevention is possible by both Pap smear screening and HPV vaccination with either the bivalent vaccine (BV) or the quadrivalent vaccine (QV). In the present study, cost effectiveness options were compared for three programs i.e. screening via Pap smear; modeling of HPV vaccination (QV and BV) and combined strategy (screening plus vaccination). A scenario based sensitivity analysis was conducted using screening population coverages (40-80%) and costs of vaccines (RM 100-200/dose) were calculated. <br/><b>Methods</b>: This was an economic burden, cross sectional study in 2006-2009 respondents were interviewed from six public Gynecology-Oncology hospitals. Methods included expert panel discussions to estimate treatment costs of CC, Genital warts and Vulva Vagina Cancers by severity and direct interviews with respondents using costing and SF-36 quality of life questionnaires. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total of 502 cervical cancer patients participated with a mean age at 53.3±11.2 years and a mean marriage length of 27.7±12.1 years, Malays accounting for 44.2%. Cost/quality adjusted life year (QALY) for Pap smear in the base case was RM 1,215 and RM 1,100 at increased screening coverage. With QV only, in base case it was RM 15,662 and RM 24,203 when the vaccination price was increased. With BV only, the respective figures were RM 1,359,057 and RM 2,530,018. For QV combined strategy cost/QALY in the base case it was RM 4,937, reducing to RM 3,395 in the best case and rising to RM 7,992 in the worst case scenario. With the BV combined strategy, these three cost/QALYs were RM 6,624, RM 4,033 and RM 10,543. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) showed that screening at 70% coverage or higher was highly cost effective at RM 946.74 per QALYs saved but this was preceded by best case combined strategy with QV at RM 515.29 per QALYs saved. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: QV is more cost effective than BV. The QV combined strategy was more CE than any method including Pap smear screening at high population coverage.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Exploring Differences in Survival from Cancer among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians: Implications for Health Service Delivery and Research95396125312ENJournal Article19700101The aim of this study is to compare cancer survivals of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians and consider health-service and research implications Cancer registry data from South Australia were used to calculate disease-specific survivals for Indigenous (n=671) and sampled non-Indigenous (n=15,799) patients diagnosed during 1977-2007, using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression. Indigenous and non-Indigenous five-year survivals were respectively: 40% and 57% for all cancer sites combined; 61% and 80% for female breast; 34% and 56% for colon/rectum; and 63% and 73% for cervix; whereas one-year survivals for cancers of unknown primary site were 5% and 22% respectively. Conversely, although not statistically significant (p=0.262), lung cancer survival tended to be higher in Indigenous than non-Indigenous patients. For all sites combined, Indigenous patients had lower survivals up to 70-79 years. The relative risk of death in Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous patients was 2.0 after adjusting for socio-demographic factors and diagnostic period, reducing to 1.4 when also adjusting for prognosis by primary site. Relative risks were 3.7 and 2.7 respectively for Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous patients from Far North remote communities. We conclude that relative risks for Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous patients for all cancers combined are elevated, as seen in the Northern Territory and Queensland. Despite uncertain accuracy of recording of Indigenous status, independent studies show risk elevations and point to the need to prevent cancers, particularly those of high lethal potential, to detect cancers earlier, and to complete planned treatment. A concerted health-service response is needed to address contributing geographic, socio-economic and cultural factors.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Impacts of Family History and Lifestyle Habits on Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Qatar96396825313ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Associations between family history of colorectal cancer (CRC) in first degree relatives and risk of developing cancer have been well defined, but interactions with environmental, lifestyle and dietary factors are much less clear. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate family history, lifestyle and dietary factors associated with developing colorectal cancer in an Arab population. Design: This matched case-control study was conducted from August 2008 to February 2009 in Al-Amal Hospital and Primary Health Care Centers in Qatar. Subjects and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The study covered 146 colorectal cancer patients from Al-Amal hospital and 282 healthy subjects matched by age and gender as controls from primary health care centers. The questionnaire included socio-demographic information, type of consanguinity, medical history, lifestyle habits, and dietary intake. Of the selected 185 colorectal cancer cases, 146 (78.9%) agreed to participate in the study, whereas from the 350 selected controls, 282 (80.6%) gave consent. <br/><b>Results</b>: The mean age of cases was 54.1±12.4 and of controls 53.1±13.1. Among the life style factors, being overweight and obese (60.2%; 30.1% p=0.006), having a smoking habit (26.7%, p=0.025), and consuming bakery items (78.8% p<0.001) and soft drinks (28.7% p<0.02), were positively associated with CRC. The majority of the studied cases and controls were consuming fresh fruits (87.7% vs 85.5%), fresh vegetables (95.2% vs 95%) and green salad (91.1% vs 89.4%) regularly. Family history of CRC (41.8%) was significantly higher in colorectal patients than in controls (29.1%) (p<0.01). Parental consanguinity was observed more frequently in colorectal cancer patients (35.6%). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that smoking, BMI, family history, consuming bakery and soft drinks were significant predictors of development of colorectal cancer. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: The present study revealed family history and parental consanguinity to be strongly associated with the development of colorectal cancer. Age, gender, a sedentary lifestyle, and being overweight were also positively linked with CRC risk.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Impact of Socio-economic Class on Colorectal Cancer Patient Outcomes in Kuala Lumpur and Kuching, Malaysia96997425314ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: Research over the past several decades has indicated that low socioeconomic class has a direct effect on health outcomes. In Malaysia, class distribution may differ with the region. The objective of this study was to compare the presentation and survival of colorectal cancer patients in two dissimilar cities, Kuala Lumpur and Kuching, Sarawak. <br/><b>Methods</b>: All patients diagnosed with a malignancy of the colon or rectum in Sarawak General Hospital and University of Malaya Medical Center from 1st Jan 2000-31st Dec 2006 were recruited. Data on presentation, socio-economic class and survival were obtained. The survival duration was categorized into more than three years or three years and less. Testing for significance was performed using the chi-square test, with p values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total of 565 patients in UMMC and 642 patients in SGH had a new diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma. Patients in Kuching had a longer duration of symptoms and more advanced stage at presentation, but this was not statistically significant. Lower socio-economic class was a significant factor for late and more advanced stage at diagnosis, as well as poorer three and five year survival rates. However, survival was lower for patients in Kuching compared to Kuala Lumpur, even after matching for socio-economic class. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: There is near-zero awareness of colorectal cancer screening in Malaysia. These findings support reaching out to communities of lower socioeconomic backgrounds to improve the colorectal cancer survival rates.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Clinico-Epidemiologic Study of the Metabolic Syndrome and Lifestyle Factors Associated with the Risk of Colon Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma97598325315ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The numbers of patients with colorectal cancer and associated deaths have been increasing in Japan, probably due to rapid lifestyle changes. Prevention is clearly important and the present study aimed to clarify risk factors and to promote colon cancer screening. <br/><b>Methods</b>: We investigated lifestyle factors, biochemical data, and pathological features of 727 individuals who underwent colonoscopy. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. <br/><b>Results</b>: Low-grade adenoma was more frequent among the elderly and in men. All of the men and 87.5% of the women with high-grade adenoma or adenocarcinoma were aged ≥45 and ≥50 years, respectively. In women, a larger waist circumference (≥80 cm) increased the odds ratio for colon adenoma or adenocarcinoma (colon tumors) by 1.033 (95% confidence index (CI), 1.001-1.066; p=0.040). Metabolic syndrome significantly increased the odds ratio of colon tumors in men, but not in women. Cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol, and increased physical activity were significant risk factors for colon tumors in men, with odds ratios of 1.001 (95% CI, 1.000-1.002; p=0.001), 1.001 (95% CI, 1.000-1.003; p=0.047), and 1.406 (95% CI 1.038-1.904; p=0.028), respectively. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Colon tumors have a high prevalence in the elderly. A larger waist circumference in women and metabolic syndrome in both men and women elevate the risk of colon tumors. In addition, smoking, drinking, and excessive physical activity are risk factors for adenoma and adenocarcinoma in men. For early detection of colorectal cancer, men older than 45 years and women older than 50 years with these risk factors are recommended to undergo colonoscopy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Hepatitis Viruses and Risk of Cholangiocarcinoma in Northeast Thailand98598825316ENJournal Article19700101Liver cancer is the most common cancer in males in Thailand and the third in females. A high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is estimated in the northeast of Thailand. Chronic infection with Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) is the major risk factor for development of CCA. It has been demonstrated that HCV infection is a risk factor for CCA in non - endemic area of OV infection. We examined the association of HBV and HCV and risk of CCA in the northeast Thailand. All cases of CCA were recruited between 1999 and 2001 from Nakhon Phanom provincial hospital and all community hospitals in the province. One control per case was selected, matched by sex, age (±5 years) and residence. 106 case-control pairs were obtained. Anti-OV, HBsAg, and Anti HCV were determined by ELISA. Among 103 age-sex-place of residence matched case-control pairs, there were 7, 0, 0, 96 pairs for anti-HCV (+) case vs. (-) control, (+) case vs. (+) control, (-) case vs. (+) control and (-) case vs. (-) control combinations (OR=7/0). Among 106 matched pairs, there were 9, 2, 4, 91 pairs for the similar four combinations of HBsAg (OR=2.25 (95%CI: 0.63-10.00)). If the subject had anti-HCV and/or HBsAg, the OR for CCA was 4.00 (95%CI: 1.29-16.44). Even after adjustment for anti-OV, risk for HBsAg and/or anti-HCV positive was still marginally increased with an OR of 4.69 although not reaching statistical significance (95%CI: 0.98-22.47). Hepatitis B and C virus infection may also play role in the development of CCA in northeast Thailand.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Serum IL-6 and Micrometry of Pap Smears in Women with Cervical Low-Grade Intraepithelial Lesions98999225317ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To assess serum IL-6 in women with or without low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) in Pap smears and correlate with the nucleo/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Manual micrometry was carried out on Pap smears for N/C ratios: Group A, negative findings (N=15); Group B, inflammation without abnormality (N=14); Group C, LSIL with inflammation (N=13). Serum IL-6 was measured in Groups B and C after treatment of nonviral genital infections. Women with pelvic inflammatory or systemic diseases were excluded. <br/><b>Results</b>: The N/C ratio was significantly higher in Group C vs Group B , both before and after treatment of nonviral infections and also vs group A (p < 0.001, Students t test). After treatment for non-viral infections serum IL-6 levels were >50pg/ml in 5/13 cases of Group C and significantly higher than levels in Group B (p<0.05), correlating positively with the N/C ratio in the 13 cases of LSIL (Pearson’s coefficient r=0.659, p<0.05). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: High peripheral circulating level of IL-6, despite prior treatment of nonviral infections, was observed in more than one third of women with persistent LSIL in Pap smears, and may serve as an additional biomarker for early cervical neoplasia. Long term follow up is indicated.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Type-specific Human Papillomavirus Distribution in Invasive Cervical Cancer in Korea, 1958-2004993100025318ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To describe the HPV genotype distribution and to investigate the underlying secular trend in the relative contribution of HPV types 16-18 in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) over a period of 47 years (1958-2004) in South Korea. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Paraffin embedded ICC samples were obtained from historical archives of two hospitals in Korea. HPV detection and genotyping was performed by SPF10 PCR, DEIA and LiPA25 assays (version 1). <br/><b>Results</b>: Of 874 ICC cases, 742 were considered suitable for HPV DNA testing after histological evaluation. Squamous cell carcinoma was the major histological type (93.0%). HPV was detected in 674 of the 742 specimens (90.8%). The five most common types identified as single types among HPV-positive cases were HPV16 (63.1%), HPV18 (8.5%), HPV33 (4.5%), HPV58 (3.9%) and HPV31 (3.0%). Multiple infections were detected in 5%. HPV16-18 together accounted for 72% of all HPV-positive cervical cancers with no statistically significant differences by time at diagnosis (adjusted model-p>0.05). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: This present study confirmed the role of HPV infection as the main factor in cervical cancer in Korea. HPV16-18 accounted for more than 70% in cervical cancer and there was no statistically significant secular trend for the past 50 years.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Comparison of Cystoscopy with Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images Used in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Patients with Bladder Tumors1001100425319ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: To compare diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) with cystoscopy in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with bladder tumor and to investigate any histopathological correlation. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Totally 59 patients, between 31-85 years (mean age 60±13) referred to our clinic due to a hematuria complaint were enrolled and evaluated by upper urinary system pathology and then DW-MRI (average 7 days) and cystoscopy. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of images were calculated. <br/><b>Results</b>: While a mass in bladder was determined with cystoscopy in 43 out of 59 patients,the mass was not deternined in 16 of the patients(n=34 malign,n=9 benign).While a mass was determined in 40 out of 59 patients with DW-MRI,the mass was not determined in 19 of the patients(n=40 malign,n=19 benign). Regarding ADC values, mean ADC values of 34 patients who were diagnosed with a bladder tumor (1.05±0.22 x 10-³mm²/s), were significantly lower than the mean ADC values obtained from the normal bladder wall (1.830 ±0.18 x 10-³mm²/s) whereas a statistically significant difference was found (p<0.001). ADC values in 9 patients with a benign lesion (1,73±0.12 x 10-³mm²/s), were not found statistically different from the mean ADC values obtained from the normal bladder wall (1.78±0.2x10-³mm²/s) (p>0.05).A significant difference was determined between ADC values of benign lesions and the ADC values of malign lesions (p<0.001). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: According to cystoscopy, values of DW-MRI’s related with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were found, respectively 90%, 93% and 91%. As the DW-MRI is a non-invasive and a rapid technique, and does not contain ionized radiation and because it is accepted as an important marker of tumor cellularity, it may be used as an alternative in future diagnosis and follow-up of bladder tumors.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Association of Genetic Variants of the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene (Fok-I, Taq-I & Bsm-I) with Susceptibility of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in a North Indian Population1005100825320ENJournal Article19700101Several genetic studies worldwide have recommended VDR as candidate gene for determining risk of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). We investigated the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and the risk of BPH in an Indian male population. Three polymorphic sites of VDR gene, viz., Fok-I, Taq-I and Bsm-I were genotyped in 160 BPH patients and 160 controls. Logistic regression models were used to determine the genetic effects using SPSS statistical software. A statistically significant association between VDR genotype (Taq-I and Bsm-I) and BPH (p=0.02 & 0.03) was obtained. In exploratory analyses, we also examined the association with responder and non-responder subgroups of patients for association of VDR (Taq-I) genotype with drug responsiveness. Our results established that Taq-I and Bsm-I genetic variants of VDR gene influence susceptibility BPH in Indian population. VDR genotypes specifically, Taq-I polymorphic variant is significantly associated with the improvement of BPH patients with standard drug therapy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Lived Experiences of Nursing Students with Mothers/Fathers with Cancer: Phenomenologic Approach1009101425321ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: The aim of this research was to describe subjectively the lived experiences of students with mothers/fathers with cancer using a phenomenologic qualitative research method to explore life experiences of students about cancer and educational effects of it. <br/><b>Methods</b>: The research was carried out between April and October 2008 at Odemis Health School with students training in 2007-2008 in classes 1, 2, 3 and 4. The sample was 4 students with parents having a cancer. <br/><b>Results</b>: Assessing the results, stressed fear of death, fear of loss, communication changeover in family, role changeover in family as experiences. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Subjects interpreted these in terms of future nursing education practice and expressed desires to provide more information to patients in their care. In this context, this research results contribute to professional nursing education.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Chemopreventive and Hepatoprotective Effects of Embelin on N-Nitrosodiethylamine and Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Preneoplasia and Toxicity in Rat Liver1015102025322ENJournal Article19700101Embelin, an active constituent isolated from the fruits of Embelia tsjeriam–cottam was investigated for its chemopreventive and hepatoprotective effects against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) induced liver preneoplasia or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage. Rats received NDEA, 1ppm/g b.w. in drinking water for 6 weeks or CCl4, 0.7ml/kg i.p. once a week for 4 weeks and embelin 50mg, 100mg/kg b.w. orally prior, during and after exposure to NDEA/CCl4 for 20 or 5 weeks, respectively. Embelin treatment significantly prevented NDEA or CCl4 induced increase in biochemical marker enzymes: glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, glutathione-S-transferase, lipid peroxidase as well as hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminuria and glutathione depletion. This was further substantiated by marked decrease in incidence of preneoplastic foci, and inflammatory cells on histopathological and transmission electron microscopic analysis. The present study suggests embelin is a promising chemopreventive and hepatoprotective agent.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Perceived Benefits of Cervical Cancer Screening among Women Attending Mahalapye District Hospital, Botswana1021102725323ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objectives</b>: The objectives of the study were to describe women’s perceived benefits regarding cervical cancer and their association with socio-demographic characteristics. <br/><b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted by questionnaire survey. A total of 300 participants were selected by convenience sampling techniques. <br/><b>Results</b>: Participants’ mean age was 37 years (SD=11) and their cervical cancer screening rate was 39%. The majority (87%) either agreed or strongly agreed that ‘screening is important to be done’, while 75% believed screening could find changes in the cervix before full cancer arises and 84% that when found early cervical cancer can be easily cured. Comparing between ever screened and never screened, both groups agreed or strongly agreed that screening is important (88.8% versus 87.3%), and can find changes before they become cancer (83% versus 69.8%) and that cervical cancer is easily curable when detected early (92.4% versus 79.5%). Some 42.4% ever screened and 36.1% never screened responded not sure to whether cervical cancer decreases chances of an abortion. We did not find any socio-demographic variables which were significantly associated with perceived benefits of cervical cancer screening. Perceived benefits was not a significant predictor for cervical cancer screening (OR=1.291, p=0.33). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: The screening rate is still far too low compared to the National target of greater than 75%. Therefore, despite awareness of the perceived benefits of cervical cancer, the reasons why at risk women fail to participate in cervical cancer screening needs to be adequately explored.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Catalase, Carbonic Anhydrase and Other Biochemical Parameters in Esophageal Cancers in Turkey1029103225324ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: The main aim of our investigation is to show possible changes in antioxidant balance and selected biochemical parameters in esophageal cancers. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This study was performed for the determination of levels in 25 patients diagnosed as having cancer in the Yuzuncu Yıl University (Medical Oncology) and 15 healthy volunteers at same department with negative cancer signs. <br/><b>Results</b>: The activity levels of catalase of sick and health groups were 33.8±4.31 (EU/gHg)-1, 122.4±31.7 (EU/gHg)-1 ,respectively. Th differance between the average levels was significant (p<0.001). CA (carbonic anhydrase) activity was 2.19±0.12 (EU/gHg)-1, 2.46±0.32 (EU/gHg)-1 in groups at same order with no statistical significance (p>0.05). The levels of albumin, globulin, ferritin, ALT, LDH, glucose, CRP, AST and uric acid were also determined in sick and healthy groups: 4.04±0.24, 4.04±0.43 gr/dl (p>0.05); 4.46±0.82, 3.17±0.10g/dl (p>0.05); 175.4±29.1, 260.4±15.45g/dI (p<0.001); 12.7±1.13, 19.5±1.91 ng/ml (p<0.001); 317.6±13.8, 298.0±12.1 mg/dl (p>0.05); 106.5±12.1, 89.7±2.2 (p>0.05), 5.94±1.04, 4.41±0.28 U/L (p>0.05); 19.4±1.68, 19.5±1.91 mg/dl (p>0.05); 30.0±3.24, 10.5±0.64 mg/dl (p<0.01) respectively. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Consequently, in diagnosis of esophageal cancer, CA, CRP, uric acid and antioxidant examinations may be very important factors. Additional studies are needed to further address this important issue.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Frequent MSI Mononucleotide Markers for Diagnosis of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer1033103625325ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Failure in the DNA mismatch repair system is commonly accompanied by microsatellite instability and leads to colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to find the most frequent of five mononucleotide markers in order to devise the simplest diagnostic strategy for identification of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) who were defined by defects in mismatch repair system. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: 78 patients with colorectal cancer were recruited for this investigation. Five mononucleotide markers, NR-27, NR-21, NR-24, BAT-25 and BAT-26, were used as a pentaplex panel to determine MSI status. <br/><b>Results</b>: Two out of five mononucleotide markers, NR-21 (25.6%) and BAT-25 (23.1%) showed more instability than the others. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: In defining individuals with colorectal cancer, BAT25 and NR-21 may provide diagnostic assistance.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Midwives Roles in Women’s Improvement of Protective Behaviour against Breast Cancer Whether they have a Family History of Cancer or Not1037104324779ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine roles of midwives in helping women improve behavior for protection against breast cancer and towards early diagnosis whether they have a family history of cancer or not. Materials and methods: The study was planned in order to evaluate the efficacy of education about the risk factors of breast cancer and primary and secondary protection (early diagnosis) measures given to the women between the ages of 20-49, literate, married and who had or did not have cancer cases in their families. It was carried out in the region of Çamkule Levent Kara Health Care Center between March 2006 and April 2007. <br/><b>Results</b>: Age, educational and economic status of the women with or without a cancer case in their families have been equivalent and a statistically significant difference has not been determined between both of the groups (p>0.05). The cancer risk perception of the women having a cancer case in their families (75.8%) was higher than in those wwithout (62.8%) (p<0.005). Although they were also better informed about protection against cancer and early diagnosis, they do not participate to a greater extent in the practices of early diagnosis-scanning of breast cancer and they do not turn the information into attitude or behavior. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: The results of the study showed that midwives have significant responsibilities for directing all women towards protection against breast cancer and early diagnosis programs.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Projections of Number of Cancer Cases in India (2010-2020) by Cancer Groups1045104924780ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Introduction</b>: Recently, NCRP (ICMR), Bangalore, has published a report on Time Trends in Cancer Incidence Rates. The report also provided projected numbers of cancer cases at the India country level for selected leadingsites. <br/><b>Objective</b>: In the present paper, an attempt has been made to project cancer cases for India by sex, years and cancer groups. Sources of data: The incidence data generated by population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) at Bangalore, Barshi, Bhopal, Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai for the years 2001-2005 formed the sources of data. In addition, the latest incidence data of North Eastern Registries for the year 2005-06 were utilized. <br/><b>Methods</b>: The crude incidence rate (CR) was considered suitable for assessing the future load of cancer cases in the country. The Linear Regression method (IARC 1991) was used to assess the time trend and the projection of rates for the periods 2010-2020. For whichever sites where trends were not found to be significant, their latest rates were taken into consideration and assumed to remain same for the period 2010-2020. <br/><b>Results</b>: The total cancer cases are likely to go up from 979,786 cases in the year 2010 to 1,148,757 cases in the year 2020. The tobacco-related cancers for males are estimated to go up from 190,244 in the year 2010 to 225,241 in the year 2020. Similarly, the female cases will go up from 75,289 in year 2010 to 93,563 in the year 2020. For the year 2010, the number of cancer cases related to digestive system, for both males and females, are estimated to be 107,030 and 86,606 respectively. For, head and neck cancers, the estimates are 122,643 and 53,148 cases, respectively. and for the lymphoid and hematopoietic system (LHS), for the year 2010, are 62,648 for males and 41,591 for females. Gynecological-related cancers are estimated to go up from 153,850 in 2010 to 182,602 in 2020. Among males and females, cancer of breast alone is expected to cross the figure of 100,000 by the year 2020.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401No Association of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)C609T Polymorphism and Risk of Hepatocellular CarcinomaDevelopment in Turkish Subjects1051105724781ENJournal Article19700101NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the two-electron reductionof numerous quinoid compounds into their less toxic form, thus NQO1 protecting cells against oxidative stress.The gene coding for NQO1 has a single nucleotide polymorphism (C→T) at nucleotide position 609 (prolineto serine substitution at position 187 in amino acid sequence (P187S)) (rs1800566) of the NQO1 cDNA whichresults in very low enzimatic activity, so it would be expected that individuals with the homologous NQO1C609T polymorphism would have a susceptibility developing cancer. Previous studies of the association betweenfunctional NQO1 C609T polymorphism and several human cancers have had mixed findings but associationof NQO1 C609T polymorphism with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development has yet to be investigated.In this study, we aim to evaluate the the association of NQO1 C609T with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) development among Turkish population. NQO1 C609T polymorphism was investigated in 167 confirmedsubjects with HCC and 167 cancer-free control subjects matched on age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumptionby using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Thereis no association between the allel or genotype of NQO1 C609T polymorphism and HCC development riskin the Turkish subjects examined (p>0.05). Our result demonstrate for the first time that the NQO1 C609Tpolymorphism is not a genetic susceptibility factor for HCC in the Turkish population. Independent studies areneed to validate our findings in a larger series, as well as in patients of different ethnic origins.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Validation of Treatment Efficacy of a Computer-assisted Program for Breast Cancer Patients receiving Postoperative Adjuvant Chemotherapy1059106225326ENJournal Article19700101Aim: To validate the clinical value of a computer assisted program (CAP), (visit website; http://xinenhuang.blog.sohu.com for details) for breast cancer patients who receive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer after mastectomy who received postoperative chemotherapy in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Research Institute were recruited in this study. All eligible patients are divided into three groups: group A, regimen of practical chemotherapy consistent with CAP prediction; group B, partly consistent with CAP prediction; group C, inconsistent with CAP prediction. Overall survival (OS) was compared among groups A, B and C to determine the efficacy of CAP. <br/><b>Results</b>: From November 1992 to July 2007, 310 female breast cancer patients were recruited into this study, with 112, 106 and 89, respectively, in groups A, B, and C. Prognosis of group A was better than both group B and C, with significantly different survival curves between group A and B (p=0.0004) and group A and C (p=0.0046). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Validation showed our CAP to provide clinically valuable information on adjuvant chemotherapy for postoperative breast cancer patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Association of an MDR1 Gene (C3435T) Polymorphism with Acute Leukemia in India1063106625327ENJournal Article19700101The multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene product P-glycoprotein is a membrane bound protein that functions as an ATP-dependent efflux pump, transporting exogenous and endogenous substrates from the cells. Since it plays an important role in chemotherapy, there is an increasing interest in the possible significance of genetic variation in MDR1. Our main objective was to study the MDR1gene polymorphism at C3435T with reference to development and progression of acute leukemia. The present study included 290 acute leukemia cases, comprising of 147 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 143 acute myeloid leukemia and 249 age-sex matched control samples for the analysis of MDR1 C3435T polymorphism, by the PCR-RFLP method. The MDR1 genotype distribution revealed an elevated frequency of the TT genotype in ALL cases (51.7%) as compared to controls (28.9%), whereas AML group did not show any association. The mean white blood cell count, blast% and LDH levels were increased in ALL patients with the CC genotype. No deviation was observed with respect to haemoglobin, platelet count and disease free survival in ALL patients. The association of CC genotype with clinical variables in ALL indicated that the CC genotype with high expression might be eliminating antileukemic drugs (anthracyclines, Daunorubicin, Vincristeine, Mitoxanthrone) which are P-gp substrates, leading to lower intra cellular drug concentrations and a poor prognosis. Such an association with the CC genotype was not observed in AML. In conclusion, these results suggested that the MDR1 TT genotype might influence risk of development of acute lympoblastic leukemia and the CC genotype might be linked to a poor prognosis of ALL.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Glutathione S-transferase (GST) Gene Variants and Risk of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Report in a North Indian Population1067107225466ENJournal Article19700101Glutathione S-transferases may be over expressed in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) but association of GST polymorphism with susceptibility to the disease is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine relationships between polymorphisms in the GSTM1, T1 and P1 genes with risk of symptomatic BPH and response to standard therapy. The study population comprised 160 symptomatic BPH patients with BPE (benign prostatic enlargement) and LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms) and 200 age-matched controls. Patient inclusion criteria were: age >50 years; prostate size >30cm3; AUA (American Urological Association) score >7; and PVR volume ≤200 ml. Patients were treated with α-adrenergic blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors for 6 months and subdivided based on significant improvement in parameters between pre and post combined therapy. The GSTT1 and GSTM1 variants genotyped with multiplex-PCR, whereas GSTP1 polymorphisms were determined with PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism). We observed a lack of any association with GSTT1 (p=0.45, OR=2.25, 95% CI=1.71-2.22) and GSTP1 (p=0.92 and 0.99) genes. There was a significant positive association with null alleles of the GSTM1 (p=0.000, OR=2.24, 95%CI =1.46-3.42) gene. Combined analysis of the three genotypes demonstrated further increase in the risk of symptomatic BPH (p=0.009, OR=8.31 95%CI=1.71-40.4). Polymorphisms of GST genes were not associated with rates for responders and non-responders. GSTM1 deletion is significantly associated with the increased risk of symptomatic BPH, but none of the GST polymorphisms appears associated with response to standard BPH therapy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Alcohol Dehydrogenase-2 and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 Genotypes, Alcohol Drinking and the Risk for Stomach Cancer in Chinese Males1073107725328ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To investigate the relationship among alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) genetic polymorphisms, alcohol consumption, and the susceptibility of stomach cancer in Chinese males. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Three hundred and eighty-two stomach cancer patients and 382 healthy controls from Taixing and Changshu city of Jiangsu province were enrolled in this study. ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes were examined by PCR and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). <br/><b>Results</b>: (1) In no drinkers, compared with ALDH2G/G carriers, ALDH2 G/A (OR=1.67, 95%CI: 1.01-2.78) carriers showed a significantly elevated risk of developing stomach cancer. No association was found between ADH2 genotypes and risk of stomach cancer. (2) ALDH2 A allele carriers with cumulative amount of alcohol consumption ≥2.5 (Kg * years) were at a higher risk of developing stomach cancer compared with those with cumulative amount of alcohol consumption <2.5Kg (Kg * years) (OR=2.72, 95%CI:0.89-8.31) and ALDH2 G/G carriers with cumulative amount of alcohol consumption <2.5 (Kg * years) (OR=2.46, 95%CI=0.90-6.72) or ≥2.5 (Kg * years) (OR=2.53, 95%CI=0.86-7.49). (3) Compared with individuals with ADH2 A/A and ALDH2 G/G genotypes, ADH2 G and ALDH2 A allele carriers were not at a high risk of developing stomach cancer, with regard to the status of alcohol consumption, and even cumulative amount of alcohol consumption ≥1.5 (Kg * years) (OR =1.65, 95%CI:0.56-4.82). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: ADH2 and ALDH2 polymorphisms and alcohol drinking may not play an important role in the development of stomach cancer in Chinese males.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401The Role of Immunohistochemistry in Predicting Behavior of Astrocytic Tumors1079108425329ENJournal Article19700101The purpose of this study was to analyze the significance of p53, bcl-2 and EGFR expression in the grading and biological behavior of astrocytic tumors, especially in the Indian population. A total of 117 cases of astrocytomas graded using the WHO grading system published in 2007 were immunolabeled using p53, EGFR and bcl-2 monoclonal antibodies and analyzed with respect to grade and other relevant parameters. The 117 cases included 16 cases of pilocytic astrocytomas and 25, 15 and 61 cases of diffuse fibrillary astrocytomas WHO grade II, anaplastic astrocytomas WHO grade III and glioblastomas (GBM), respectively. Our results showed that p53 alterations is an early event in astrocytic gliomagenesis, but is not significant in the evolution of pilocytic astrocytomas. Bcl-2 expression did not correlate with grade and no statistical correlation was seen with p53 expression. EGFR protein expression correlated with the severity of tumor grade. Of the GBM cases, 47.5% were p53 positive only, 18% were EGFR positive only, 16.5% were negative for both and 18% were positive for both. The mean age in the dual positive category was significantly higher when compared to the others. EGFR and p53 alterations are not mutually exclusive and mightn act synergistically to promote progression. We also noted a significantly higher p53 expression in females in GBMs. Though most of our findings correlated with those of previous studies, some differences were noted, especially in the pattern of immunoexpression in GBMs, perhaps because of ethnicity.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Awareness of Cervical Cancer Among Female Students of Premier Colleges in Kolkata, India1085109025330ENJournal Article19700101In the absence of any nationwide cervical screening program, cancer of cervix remains a major public health problem for India. We here assessed knowledge levels of female college students about cervical cancer, its risk factors, the human papillomavirus (HPV) etiologic agent and Pap (Papanicolaou) smear testing for screening. We conducted a questionnaire survey of the students (N=630), aged 17 to 24 years, in Kolkata, India. Only 20% correctly identified cervix cancer as the most prevalent female cancer in India, while 43% were aware of the ages of occurrence. Though 41% thought sexual activity to be associated with cervical cancer, its risk factors, like, ‘smoking’, ‘having multiple sex partners’, ‘cervical infections’, ‘early onset of sexual intercourse’, ‘multiple parity’ were recognized by 29%, 3%, 4%, 13% and 15%, respectively. The terms ‘Pap test’ and HPV had been heard by 11% and 15 % of the students, respectively, and 75% of the students desired to have protective vaccination. Bivariate analysis revealed that educational stream, standard of the college and family size were significantly associated with knowledge levels. Additionally, multivariate regression analysis indicated city students were more knowledgeable than those from outside the city. It is imperative that women gather adequate knowledge on cervical cancer for the success of any program to control the disease. Wide and effective spreading of awareness about the disease among women must form an integral part of public health policy of government.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Evolution in the Management of Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: The Experience of Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India1091109825331ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To conduct a retrospective analysis of disease free survival (DFS) of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) in relation to evolution of treatment and related factors. <br/><b>Methods</b>: A total of 3,892 cases of LACC treated at the Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India, during 1990-1999 were analyzed. Management of LACC including concurrent chemo-radiation (CCRT) has evolved through trials conducted at the institute. DFS and risk of second cancer were elicited using actuarial and Kaplan-Meier methods, respectively. <br/><b>Results</b>: A majority belonged to stage III (54%) and complete follow-up at 5-years was 90%. DFS at 5, 10 and 15-years were 58%, 49% and 42% for stage IIB and 43%, 35% and 31% for stage III, respectively. External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) alone as treatment modality reported the poorest 5-year DFS (37%). Addition of chemotherapy to EBRT resulted in marginal increase in survival (41%) but inclusion of brachytherapy to EBRT enhanced survival (58%) significantly (p<0.001). CCRT with brachytherapy as a planned component resulted in the best DFS (69%), irrespective of disease stage. In a carefully selected group of patients who were suitable for salvage surgery, the long-term DFS was 71%, 63% and 63% at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively, for stages IIB and III together. Complete response was achieved in 67% and 15% of them recurred. Remote metastasis occurred in 13%. The cumulative risk of developing any second cancer was 0.5% at 5 years, 1.9% at 10 years and 2.8% at 15 years of follow up. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Our data indicates satisfactory treatment outcome even in advanced disease and with the present state of knowledge, the recommended standard treatment for LACC is careful pre-treatment evaluation followed by CCRT which includes brachytherapy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Mutational Profile of the CAV-1 Gene in Breast Cancer Cases in the Ethnic Kashmiri Population1099110525332ENJournal Article19700101The role of caveolae and the caveolin proteins in cancer has been the subject of extensive research. It has been suggested that Caveolin-1 may contribute to certain steps of carcinogenesis in various types of cancer. Therefore in our study we focused on the potential clinical relevance of Caveolin-1 in 130 malignant breast tissue specimens along with their adjacent normal tissues. Using allele specific PCR we were able to rule out the mutation status of all the samples and then we did the conventional PCR-SSCP and sequencing of the mutated samples along with the normal adjacent tissues. Caveolin-1 was identified in a screen for genes involved in breast cancer progression and we demonstrated 29.2% mutational status in our Kashmiri ethnic population. We were able to detect 38 mutations out of which 22 were missense, 4 were nonsense, and 12 were frame shifts. Ten novel Cav-1 mutations (missense and frameshift). We conclude that the gene encoding CAV-1 plays an important role in the promotion of mammary tumorigenesis in Kashmir.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Instillation for Primary and Recurring T1G3 Bladder Cancers1107111025333ENJournal Article19700101Instruction: With T1G3 bladder cancer, it remains unresolved whether the best treatment option is bladder preservation or total cystectomy. To assess the feasibility of the first option, we performed a clinical evaluation of the efficacy of intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for prevention of T1G3 bladder cancer recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt). <br/><b>Methods</b>: A total of 30 patients with T1G3 bladder cancers received 6 to 8 weekly instillations of BCG followed in some cases by further applications at monthly intervals. <br/><b>Results</b>: Recurrence occurred in 13 cases. There were 6 patients with progression, total cystectomy being performed for 5 of these. Further BCG-including treatments were performed in 7 patients, and all of them were alive at the end of the follow-up period. Finally, bladder preservation proved successful in 24 of 30 cases. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Intravesical instillation of BCG in high-risk T1G3 cases, including additional BCG treatment, proved effective and satisfactory in our series. Therefore, this option warrants emphasis with regard to its relative merit compared to total cystectomy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Parotidectomy: A Review of 112 Patients Treated at a Teaching Hospital in Pakistan1111111325334ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical presentation, histopathology and complications following parotid surgery. <br/><b>Methods</b>: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 112 patients who underwent parotidectomy from January 2000 to February 2010. Data including age, sex, clinical signs and symptoms, histology and complication were collected from medical records. <br/><b>Results</b>: Of the total, 82 (74%) had benign lesions, 30 (36%) had malignant tumors. The most common benign tumor was pleomorphic adenoma (57%), and the most common malignant tumor was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (16%). Analysis of the correlation between fine-needle aspiration cytology and final histology revealed that fine-needle aspiration sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to 86.6%, 97.56% and 94.64% respectively. The most common complication following parotidectomy was transient facial nerve palsy (18.7%). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Superficial parotidectomy is associated with a decrease incidence of transient facial nerve dysfunction compared with that of total parotidectomy. High grade or advanced tumour is a predictor of poor outcome which may require adjuvant therapy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Clinical Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Vinorelbine/Epirubicin (NE) with Fluorouracil/Epirubicin/Cyclophosphamide (FEC)1115111825335ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To compare the safety and efficacy of a combination of vinorelbine and epirubicin (NE) with fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (FEC) as a postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Breast cancer patients were treated postoperatively in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Research Institute from 1997 to 2006 with either the NE regimen (vinorelbine 40mg/m2 iv on day 1 and day 8, epirubicin 50mg/m2 iv on day 1 and day 2, and a cycle repeated every 21-28 days for totally 4-6 cycles) or the FEC regimen (5-Fu 500mg/m2 iv gtt on day 1, epirubicin 50mg/m2 iv on day 1 and day 2, CTX 500mg/m2 iv on day 1 and a cycle repeated every 21-28 days for totally 4-6 cycles). Toxicity was evaluated after each cycle of chemotherapy. <br/><b>Results</b>: Main side effects in both NE and FEC groups were neutropenia and gastrointestinal syndrome, with a 5 year survival rate of 87.9% in the NE and 85.2% in the FEC group. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: NE regimen is safe with good long-term survival rate, and thus could be recommended as a postoperative chemotherapy regimen for breast cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Efficacy and Safety of Endostar Combined with Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors1119112325336ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: Endostar® is a proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII that has been shown to have antitumor activity, with a favorable toxicological profile. We conducted this study to investigate its efficacy and safety when combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors. <br/><b>Methods</b>: From July 2006 to September 2008, 45 patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed solid tumors were enrolled into this study. All received Endostar at a dose of 7.5 mg/m2/day as an intravenous infusion for more than 7 days, in combination with chemotherapy. Patients were treated until tumor progression or unacceptable toxicity. <br/><b>Results</b>: No treatment related death occurred in this study. Main reported toxicities included: mylosuppression (82.2%), hepatic impairment (42.2%), anorexia (20.0%), nausea (24.4%), vomiting (22.2%), diarrhea (20.0%), febrile (20.0%) and fatigue (24.4%). No complete response was observed. Two patients (2/42) had partial response, twenty-one (21/42) remained stable, and nineteen (19/42) had progressive disease. Median time to tumor progression was 3.0 months (range, 0.5-12.0). Median overall survival was 30.0 months (95% confidence interval: 20.0-40.0) and 1 year survival rate was 81.0%. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Our study revealed that toxicity of Endostar combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors was tolerable with moderate efficacy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Continuity of Care and Colorectal Cancer Screening by Vietnamese American Patients1125113125337ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates among Asian Americans are 30-50% lower than among Whites. Using practice management and electronic medical records data from a community health center, we examined the association of CRC screening with continuity of care and comorbidity. These variables have not previously been studied in Asian American and limited-English proficient populations. <br/><b>Methods</b>: After obtaining IRB approval, we extracted data in 2009 on age-eligible Vietnamese patients who had one or more clinic visits in the prior 24 months. Our analysis examined associations between CRC screening (per current US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines) and clinic site, demographics, insurance status, continuity of care, comorbidities, and provider characteristics. <br/><b>Results</b>: We identified a total of 1,016 eligible patients (604 at Clinic 1 and 412 at Clinic 2). Adherence to CRC screening was lower for patients who were male; lacked insurance; had only one medical visit in the past 12 months; and had no assigned primary care provider. Our multivariable models showed higher screening rates among patients who were female; had public health insurance; and had more than one medical visit in the past 12 months, regardless of “high” or “low” continuity of care. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: We found no association between higher continuity of care and CRC screening. Additional primary care systems research is needed to guide cancer screening interventions for limited-English proficient patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Enhanced Calreticulin Expression Triggers Apoptosis in the MCF-7 Cell Line1133113625338ENJournal Article19700101Calreticulin, since its discovery as a ubiquitous protein of endoplasmic reticulum, has become recognized as a multifunctional luminal resident protein affecting many cellular functions ranging from development to death of a cell. However its role in cancer and significance for therapy remains to be clarified. Here to examine its effects, the calreticulin gene was over expressed in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines and influence on apoptosis was examined through an MTT assay. Upon culture in a suitable medium, cells transfected with the calreticulin gene were significantly more susceptible to apoptosis compared to controls. These findings therefore render a novel mechanism by which cancerous cells can be triggered to undergo death by upregulation of a protein resident in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Codon72 Polymorphism in the P53 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Oral Lichen Planus Lesions in a Thai Population1137114125339ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which autocytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs) trigger apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. Activated CTLs can produce Fas ligand and by binding to Fas lead to apoptosis. This Fas pathway and the action of p53 tumour suppressor gene are important in producing apoptosis. Current data demonstrate a link between these two factors at the transcriptional level. <br/><b>Objective</b>: The purpose of this study was to investigate the p53 polymorphism at codon 72 which results in encoding of either proline or arginine. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Our study used 97 OLP cases and 94 control blood samples from non-OLP individuals and performed PCR-RFLP. <br/><b>Results</b>: Compared to control individuals, we found a significant increase in occurrence in OLP patients of the proline encoding cytosine allele (adjusted odd ratio (95% CI)=2.29 (1.42-3.70) and p=0.001). In addition, in individuals with the non-erosive type of OLP, the same situation was evident (OR=2.29, 95% CI (1.38-3.78), p=0.001). Furthermore, we noted a significantly higher prevalence of homozygosity [OR=3.17, 95% CI(1.58-7.25), p=0.001) for the p53 pro allele in the OLP group, which indicates a recessive mode of inheritance. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Our data suggest a strong association between the pro/pro genotype and OLP, and that the process of apoptosis, in which p53 plays a role, is a factor in OLP pathogenesis.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401An Approach to Children’s Smoking Behaviors Using Social Cognitive Learning Theory1143114925340ENJournal Article19700101This review article discusses the theoretical principles of social cognitive learning theory and children’s risk-taking behavior of cigarette smoking, along with preventive initiatives. Social cognitive learning theorists examine the behavior of initiating and sustained smoking using a social systems approach. The authors discuss the reciprocal determinism aspect of the theory as applied to the importance of individual factors, and environment and behavioral interactions that influence smoking behavior. Included is the concept of vicarious capability that suggests that smoking behavior is determined in response to and interaction with feedback provided by the environment. The principle of self-regulatory capability asserts that people have control over their own behavior and thus that behavior change is possible. The principle of self-efficacy proposes that high level of self-efficacy of an individual may decrease the behavior of attempting to or continuing to smoke. Examples of initiatives to be undertaken in order to prevent smoking in accordance with social cognitive learning theory are presented at the end of each principle.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Experience and Outcome of Population-based Cancer Registration in Basrah-Southern Iraq in 2005-20081151115425341ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Introduction</b>: This paper describes recent population-based cancer registration In Basrah-Southern Iraq and presents a profile on the outcome over a period of four years (2005-2008). <br/><b>Objectives</b>: During these four years, extensive work was done to create a culture of a scientific approach to cancer, to enhance adequate cancer registration and subsequently to quantify the risk and enhance actions for its control within a national strategy. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Since 2005 cancer cases which are diagnosed and/ or treated at any of the major hospitals and governmental diagnostic facilities in Basrah are reported to the Cancer Control Centre (the main registration office). Additional cases are also notified from the Cancer Registration Section at the Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Basrah (which compiles histopathologically ascertained cases) and from haematological laboratories. To back up these sources, all accessible records for the period in question at the level of Basrah governorate (hospitals, registries, laboratories, specialized oncology centres and early detection centres) were checked for verification of all newly diagnosed cancer cases. For this purpose, individual records of every diagnosed case were examined and every case of cancer was identified and added to the pool of cases. Data on all reported cases were re-fed on an excel programme and carefully checked for repetition and apparent errors. The verified cases were used in this paper to present an estimate of the incidence of cancer in Basrah during 2005-2008. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total of 8,748 cases were compiled, 72.9% being inhabitants of Basrah governorate and 27.1% from outside. The reported numbers for the years 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 were 1,850, 2,155, 2,410, and 2,333, respectively, males and females accounting for 48.1% and 51.9% of cases. The five leading cancers during 2005-2008 were those of breast, urinary bladder, lymphomas, lung and bronchus and leukaemias. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Population-based registration is a strong prerequisite for a dynamic strategy on cancer control encompassing prevention, treatment, and registration. It is the only means to deal effectively and sensibly with an ever increasing health problem. Doctors’ roles in cancer registration are crucial.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736811420100401Review of Cancer Registration and Cancer Data in Iran, a Historical Prospect1155115725342ENJournal Article19700101Cancer data reporting in Iran dates back to 1960, when the first report of cancer frequency data was prepared and published by the late Prof. Abdollah Habibi, an Iranian pathologist working at the Cancer Institute of Iran.The next data came from two registries, one in the Caspian littoral and the other in Fars province. This paper reviews all activities regarding cancer registry and cancer data in Iran since the early seventies. The authors consider the results published by the different bodies interested in cancer data and make conclusions on prospects for further needs and challenges for cancer registration as a fundamental infrastructure component of a comprehensive cancer control program in Iran.