West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Physical Activity and its Relation to Cancer Risk: Updating the Evidence3993400327898ENJournal Article19700101Abstract: Scientific evidence for the primary prevention of cancer caused by physical activity of regularmoderate-intensity or greater is rapidly accumulating in this field. About 300 epidemiologic studies on theassociation between physical activity and cancer risk have been conducted worldwide. The objectives of this paperwere three-fold: (i) to describe briefly the components of physical activity and its quantification; (ii) to summarizethe most important conclusions available from comprehensive reports, and reviews of the epidemiologicindividual and intervention studies on a role physical activity in cancer prevention; (iii) to present proposedbiological mechanisms accounting for effects of activity on cancer risk. The evidence of causal linked physicalactivity and cancer risk is found to be strong for colon cancer - convincing; weaker for postmenopausal breastand endometrium cancers - probable; and limited suggestive for premenopausal breast, lung, prostate, ovary,gastric and pancreatic cancers. The average risk reductions were reported to be 20-30%. The protective effectsof physical activity on cancer risk are hypothesized to be through multiple interrelated pathways: decrease inadiposity, decrease in sexual and metabolic hormones, changes in biomarkers and insulin resistance, improvementof immune function, and reduction of inflammation. As there are several gaps in the literature for associationsbetween activity and cancer risk, additional studies are needed. Future research should include studies dealingwith limitations in precise estimates of physical activity and of a lack of consensus on what defines sedentarybehavior of individuals and those linked with the proposed biomarkers to cancer risk and controlled exerciseintervention trials.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Application of Health Behavior Theories to Breast Cancer Screening among Asian Women4005401327899ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Although breast cancer is a major public health worry among Asian women, adherence toscreening for the disease remains an obstacle to its prevention. A variety of psycho-social and cultural factorspredispose women to delay or avoidance of screening for breast cancer symptoms at the early stages when cureis most likely to be successful. Yet few interventions implemented to date to address this condition in this regionhave drawn on health behavior theory. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This paper reviews the existing literature onseveral cognitive theories and models associated with breast cancer screening, with an emphasis on the workthat has been done in relation to Asian women. To conduct this review, a number of electronic databases weresearched with context-appropriate inclusion criteria. <br/><b>Results</b>: Little empirical work was found that specificallyaddressed the applicability of health theories in promoting adherence to the current breast cancer preventionprograms Among Asian women. However, a few studies were found that addressed individual cognitive factorsthat are likely to encourage women’s motivation to protect themselves against breast cancer in this region ofthe world. The findings suggest that multi-level, socio-cultural interventions that focus on cognitive factors havemuch promise with this issue. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Interventions are needed that effectively and efficiently target thepersonal motivation of at-risk Asian women to seek out and engage in breast cancer prevention. Concerningimplications, personal motivation to seek out and engage in individual preventive actions for breast cancerprevention among Asian women is a timely, high priority target with practical implications for communitydevelopment and health promotion. Further studies using qualitative, anthropologic approaches shaped forimplementation in multi-ethnic Asian settings are needed to inform and guide these interventions.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Epidemiological Features of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection among Women Living in Mainland China4015402327900ENJournal Article19700101Cancer of the cervix is the third most common cancer in women worldwide, more than 85% of the casesoccurring in developing countries such as China. In China, since a national cancer registry is already set up butwith geographically limited data generated, the burden of cervical cancer is believed to be underestimated. Highriskhuman papillomavirus (HR-HPV) prevalence among women attending routine cervical cancer screeningprograms has been shown to correlate well with cervical cancer incidence rates based on independently obtainedHPV prevalence data as well as findings for the worldwide cervical cancer burden. Therefore, reviewing dataon HR-HPV prevalence in population-based screening studies and hospital-based case studies will be importantin the context of better understanding the cervical cancer burden and for the evaluation of the potential impactof HPV vaccination in the country. With the advent of prophylactic vaccines, significant progress is likely tobe made in cervical cancer prevention. This article reviews available data on the HPV epidemiology over a12-year time period (2001-2012) in mainland China under different epidemiological aspects: by age group ofstudy population, by ethnicity, by geographic area, as well as time period. The authors also review the potentialacceptability of HPV vaccination among Chinese women.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Colorectal Cancer Screening among Asian Americans4025403227901ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objectives</b>: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer for all US populations includingAsian Americans. CRC screening has considerable benefits to prevent CRC and reduce mortality. The purposeof this article was to review the published literature on rates of colorectal cancer screening and factors associatedwith colorectal cancer screening practice among Asian Americans. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Through searching electronicreference databases from 2000 to 2013, 30 articles were found on Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, andVietnamese Americans. Findings: Asian Americans had significantly low ratesfor CRC screening; KoreanAmericans reported the lowest rates, while higher screening rates were found among Japanese Americans.Older age, longer length of stay in the US, and having a physician’s recommendation were the most commonfacilitators to receiving screening. The common inhibiting factors were financial issues, employment status,and worries/fears about the procedure. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Despite a number of Asian Americans being vulnerableto CRC, individual Asian subgroups were underserved with CRC screening and intervention. Further studiesshould focus on each individual Asian subgroup and culturally proficient CRC screening intervention programsshould be developed for each.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701LKB1/AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Non-small-cell Lung Cancer4033403927902ENJournal Article19700101Links between cancer and metabolism have been suggested for a long time but compelling evidence forthis hypothesis came from the recent molecular characterization of the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway as atumor suppressor axis. Besides the discovery of somatic mutations in the LKB1 gene in certain type of cancers,a critical emerging point was that the LKB1/AMPK axis remains generally functional and could be stimulatedby pharmacological molecules such as metformin in cancer cells. In addition, AMPK plays a central role in thecontrol of cell growth, proliferation and autophagy through the regulation of mTOR activity, which is consistentlyderegulated in cancer cells. Targeting of AMPK/mTOR is thus an attractive strategy in the development oftherapeutic agents against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this review, the LKB1/AMPK/mTOR signalingpathway is described, highlighting its protective role, and opportunities for therapeutic intervention, and clinicaltrials in NSCLC.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Current Trends in Cancer Vaccines - a Bioinformatics Perspective4041404727903ENJournal Article19700101Cancer vaccine development is in the process of becoming reality in future, due to successful phase II/IIIclinical trials. However, there are still problems due to the specificity of tumor antigens and weakness of tumorassociated antigens in eliciting an effective immune response. Computational models to assess the vaccine efficacyhave helped to improve and understand what is necessary for personalized treatment. Further research is neededto elucidate the mechanisms of activation of antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, decreased TREG numberfunctionality and antigen cascade, so that overall improvement in vaccine efficacy and disease free survival canbe attained. T cell epitomic based in sillico approaches might be very effective for the design and developmentof novel cancer vaccines.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Estrogen Receptor α Roles in Breast Cancer Chemoresistance4049405227904ENJournal Article19700101Resistance to chemotherapy treatment, which may lead to limited efficacy of systemic therapy in breast cancerpatients, is multifactorial. Among the mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy treatment, there are those closelyrelated to estrogen receptor α, P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-related protein, glutathione S-transferasepi and topoisomerase-II. ERα is ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates gene expression and plays acritical role in endocrine signaling. In previous preclinical and clinical studies, positive ERα expression in breastcancer cells was correlated with decreased sensitivity to chemotherapy. This article reviews current knowledgeon the predictive value of ERα with regard to response to chemotherapy. Better understanding of its role mayfacilitate patient selection of therapeutic regimens and lead to optimal clinical outcomes.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Effect of Pre-Procedural State-Trait Anxiety on Pain Perception and Discomfort in Women Undergoing Colposcopy for Cervical Cytological Abnormalities4053405627905ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Colposcopy is the gold standard procedure for evaluating cervical cytological abnormalities.Although it is essentially a minimally invasive intervention, referral for colposcopy may cause significant distresson patients. In this study, we aimed to determine if pre-procedural anxiety levels have a significant associationwith procedure related pain and discomfort in women undergoing colposcopy for evaluation of abnormal cervicalcytology. We also assessed the impact of various clinical factors on anxiety, pain and discomfort in these patients.Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This prospective study was performed at the gynecologic oncology department of ZekaiTahir Burak Women’s Health Education and Research Hospital in Ankara, Turkey between January and June2013. After taking informed consent, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) form and a 14-item questionnairewere filled for women who were admitted to our outpatient colposcopy unit for evaluation of abnormal cervicalcytology. STAI scores were calculated for each participant. Immediately after the procedure, visual analogscale (VAS) scores for procedure-related pain and discomfort were obtained. Associations between STAI andVAS scores were investigated using correlation analyses. The effect of various contributing factors on anxiety,pain and discomfort were evaluated with linear regression analysis. The p values less than 0.05 were consideredstatistically significant. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total of 222 women met the inclusion criteria within the study period. Meanpatient age was 38.5±9.6. Median state and trait anxiety scores were 47 and 46, respectively. Median VAS scoresfor pain and discomfort were 4 for both variables. State anxiety had a significant correlation with procedurerelated discomfort (p=0.02). Colposcopy related pain VAS scores were significantly affected by state anxietylevel, marital status and prior gynecological examination (p<0.05). Colposcopy related discomfort VAS scoreswere significantly affected by state anxiety level, marital status, prior gynecological examination and educationalstatus. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Additional measures should be implemented in women that carry higher risk for experiencingpain and discomfort. Social, cultural and lifestyle issues may also affect women’s experiences during colposcopy,therefore further studies are needed to define specific determining factors in various populations.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization in the Surveillance of Urothelial Cancers: Can Use of Cystoscopy or Ureteroscopy be Deferred?4057405927906ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing may be useful to screen for bladder carcinomaor dysplasia by detecting aneuploidy chromosomes 3, 7, 17 and deletion of the chromosome 9p21 locus in urinespecimens. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of FISHin a multi-ethnic population in Asia. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Patients with haematuria and/or past history ofurothelial cancer on follow-up had their voided urine tested with FISH. Patients then underwent cystoscopy/ureteroscopy and any lesions seen were biopsied. The histopathological reports of the bladder or ureteroscopicmucosal biopsies were then compared with the FISH test results. <br/><b>Results</b>: Two hundred sixty patients wererecruited. The sensitivity and specificity of the FISH test was 89.2% and 83.4% respectively. The positive (PPV)and negative predictive values (NPV) were 47.1% and 97.9%. By excluding patients who had positive deletionof chromosome 9, the overall results of the screening test improved: sensitivity 84.6%; specificity 96.4%; PPV75.9% and NPV 97.9%. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: UroVysion FISH has a high specificity of detecting urothelial cancer ordysplasia when deletion of chromosome 9 is excluded. Negative UroVysion FISH-tests may allow us to conservehealth resources and minimize trauma by deferring cystoscopic or ureteroscopic examination.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701“Sandwich” Chemotherapy (CT) with Radiotherapy (RT) Improves Outcomes in Patients with Stage IE/IIE Extranodal Natural Killer (NK)/T-cell Lymphomas4061406627907ENJournal Article19700101The extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) shows high local or systemic failure rates whenradiotherapy (RT) is taken as the primary treatment, suggesting a role for chemotherapy (CT) added to RT forthis disease. However, the appropriate mode of combined modality therapy (CMT) has not been fully defined.A total of one hundred and twenty-one patients with ENKTL receiving sandwich CT with RT were reviewedbetween January 2003 and August 2012. The primary endpoints were the response rate, progression-free survival(PFS), overall survival (OS), and the relapse rate. After the initial CT, there were 84 (69.4%) patients in CR,22 (18.2%) patients in PR, 9 (7.4%) patients in SD, and 6 (5%) patients in PD, respectively. At the end of RT,the CR, PR, SD, and PD rates for all patients were 90.9% (n=110), 1.7% (n=2), 4.1% (n=5), and 3.3% (n=4),respectively. After a median follow-up of 42.3 months (3.5~112.3 months), the 5-year PFS was 74.7% (95% CI70.4%~79.0%), and 5-year OS was 77.3% (95% CI 67.9%~86.7%). Disease progression was documented in25 (20.7%) patients. The rates of systemic failure, local failure, and regional failure were 18.2%, 5.8%, 1.7%,respectively. Twenty death events (16.5%) were observed for the entire group of patients (18 deaths related toPD). Furthermore, CR to the initial CT and low Korean Prognostic Index (KPI) can independently predict longPFS and OS. The sandwich CMT achieved an excellent outcome for localized ENKTL with acceptable toxicity.We recommend it can be applied as the optimal choice for localized ENKTL.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Significance of CA19-9 in Predicting the Prognosis of Urothelial Carcinoma: A Hospital Based Study from Nepal4067406927908ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The present study was undertaken to establish any correlation of elevated levels of CA19-9 withtumor stage or grade of urothelial carcinoma. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This hospital based study was carriedout in the Department of Biochemistry of Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences between 1st July 2012 and31st December 2012. Approval for the study was obtained from the institutional research ethical committee.CA19-9 was assayed with an ELISA reader for all cases and expressed in U/ml with 37U/ml taken as the cut-offupper value for normal. <br/><b>Results</b>: Out of 20 cases enrolled, 15 were of urothelial carcinoma and the remaining5 were controls. There was marked difference between the mean values of CA19-9 in cases 40.2±19.3U/ml ofurothelial carcinoma and controls 7.98±7.34U/ml. The number of cases in Ta, TI, T2, T3, T4 stages of urothelialcarcinoma were 2, 6, 3, 3, 1 respectively. The percentage rise in CA19-9 was less with low grade tumors (22.2%)when compared with high grade tumors (66.6%) (p value 0.001*). The percentage of rise in CA19-9 for muscleinvasive tumors was very high when compared to superficial tumors. Similarly, the percentage of rise in CA19-9 for metastatic disease was very high when compared to non-metastatic disease and it was found statisticallysignificant (p value 0.001*). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Serum CA19-9 levels predicts the prognosis of urothelial carcinoma asit is almost invariably raised in tumors having metastatic spread.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Somatostatin Receptors 3, 4 and 5 Play Important Roles in Gallbladder Cancer4071407527909ENJournal Article19700101Expression changes of somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTRs) including SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR4and SSTR5 in the development of gallbladder cancer were assessed with attention to relationships with clinicalpathological characteristics. SSTRs in 29 gallbladder cancer and 25 normal gallbladder tissue specimens wereexamined by immunohistochemical staining. Differences between SSTRs expressions and clinical pathologicalparameters were analyzed by chi-square test. The five subtypes of SSTR were all expressed in gallbladder cancertissues and SSTR3 presented the highest expression. SSTR5 expression was increased significantly in gallbladdercancer (P<0.05) compared with that in normal gallbladder tissue. SSTR3 expression in highly and moderatelydifferentiated gallbladder cancer was significantly higher than that in poorly differentiated lesions (P<0.05).SSTR4 expression was lower in gallbladder cancer with lymph node metastasis than that in gallbladder cancerwithout lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Therfore, these results indicated that SSRT5, SSTR3 and SSTR4 mayplay important roles in the formation and development of gallbladder cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Gender Differences Associated with Pain Characteristics and Treatment in Taiwanese Oncology Outpatients4077408227910ENJournal Article19700101The purpose of this descriptive and comparative study was to examine gender differences relevant to painintensity, opioid prescription patterns and opioid consumption in Taiwanese oncology outpatients. The 92participants had been prescribed opioid analgesics for cancer-related pain at least once in the past week andwere asked to complete the Brief Pain Inventory – Chinese questionnaire and to recall the dosage of each opioidanalgesic that they had ingested within the previous 24 hours. For opioid prescriptions and consumption, allanalgesics were converted to morphine equivalents. The results revealed a significant difference between malesand female minimum pain thresholds (t = 2.38, p = 0.02) and current pain thresholds (t = 2.12, p = 0.04), withmales reporting a higher intensity of pain than females. In addition, this study found that males tended to useprescribed opioid analgesics more frequently than females on the bases of both around the clock (ATC) (t = 1.90,p = 0.06) and ATC plus as needed (ATC + PRN) (t = 2.33, p = 0.02). However, there was no difference betweenmales and females in opioid prescriptions on an ATC basis (t = 0.52, p = 0.60) or at an ATC + PRN basis (t =0.40, p = 0.69). The results suggest that there may be a gender bias in the treatment of cancer pain, supportingthe proposal of routine examination of the effect of gender on cancer pain management. These findings suggestthat clinicians should be particularly aware of potential gender differences during pain monitoring and theconsumption of prescribed opioid analgesics.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group F Polymorphisms Influence Risk of Glioma4083408727911ENJournal Article19700101We conducted an exploratory investigation of whether variation in six common SNPs of xerodermapigmentosum complementation group F (XPF) is associated with risk of glioma in a Chinese population. Sixsingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 207 glioma cases and 236 cancer-free controls by a384-well plate format on the Sequenom MassARRAY platform (Sequenom, San Diego, USA). The rs1800067G and rs2276466 G allele frequencies were significantly higher in the glioma group than controls. Individualswith the rs1800067 GG genotype were at greater risk of glioma when compared with the A/A genotype in thecodominant model, with an OR (95% CI) of 2.63 (1.04-7.25). The rs2276466 polymorphism was significantlyassociated with moderate increased risk of glioma in codominant and dominant models, with ORs (95% CI) of1.90 (1.05-3.44) and 1.55 (1.07-2.47), respectively. The combination genotype of rs1800067 G and rs2276466 Galleles was associated with a reduced risk of glioma (OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.19-0.98). These findings indicate thatgenetic variants of the XPF gene have critical functions in the development of glioma.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Clinical Character of Pediatric Head and Neck Rhabdomysarcomas: A 7-Year Retrospective Study4089409327912ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: The rhabdomysarcoma (RMS) is most common soft tissue carcinoma in children, mostly foundin the head and neck with high degree of malignancy. The current study aimed to summarize clinical data andevaluate treatment outcome of cases in a single hospital. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Forty-one (24 male, 17 female) children withnewly diagnosed RMS in Beijing Tong Ren Hospital were enrolled between November, 2004 and May, 2011. The.Students’ t and Chi tests were then performed on retrospectively reviewed clinical data, followed by survivalanalysis based on the Kaplan Meier method using SPSS 17.0 software. <br/><b>Results</b>: Of all cases, 32 were treated bycommon chemotherapy, and 3 cases with stage III RMS received high-dose chemotherapy and auto-peripheralblood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT). Side-effects in the former were: I grade for 62.5% (20/32), II gradefor 28.1% (9/32), III grade account for 9.275% (3/32). Side-effects of 3 cases with APBSCT: 2 were I grade, 1 wasIII grade. The median follow-up time of 41 RMS cases was 41 months. Four cases were lost to follow-up, 7 casesrecurred, and 5 cases died of cerebral metastasis, witha total survival rate was 86.5% (32/37). CR rate was 67.6%(25/37), PR was 18.9% (7/37). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Multidiscipline treatment including chemotherapy, radiotherapy,surgery and auto-PBSCT is highly recommended for pediatric patients with head and neck RMS.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Autophagic Degradation of Caspase-8 Protects U87MG Cells Against H2O2-induced Oxidative Stress4095409927913ENJournal Article19700101Oxidative stress induces apoptosis in many cellular systems including glioblastoma cells, with caspase-8activation was regarded as a major contribution to H2O2-induced cell death. This study focused on the roleof the autophagic protein p62 in H2O2-induced apoptosis in U87MG cells. Oxidative stress was applied withH2O2, and cell apoptosis and viability were measured with use of caspase inhibitors or autophagic mediators orsiRNA p62, GFP-p62 and GFP-p62-UBA (del) transfection. We found that H2O2 -induced U87MG cell death wascorrelated with caspase-8. To understand the role of p62 in MG132-induced cell death, the levels of p62/SQSTM1or autophagy in U87MG cells were modulated with biochemical or genetic methods. The results showed that theover-expression of wild type p62/SQSTM1 significantly reduced H2O2 induced cell death, but knockdown of p62aggravated the process. In addition, inhibition of autophagy promoted p62 and active caspase-8 increasing H2O2-induced apoptosis while induction of autophagy manifested the opposite effect. We further demonstrated thatthe function of p62/SQSTM1 required its C-terminus UBA domain to attenuate H2O2 cytotoxity by inhibitionof caspase-8 activity. Our results indicated that p62/SQSTM1 was a potential contributor to mediate caspase-8activation by autophagy in oxidative stress process.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Cyclin D1 Gene G870A Variants and Primary Brain Tumors4101410627914ENJournal Article19700101Alterations of cyclin D1, one of the main regulators of the cell cycle, are known to be involved in variouscancers. The CCDN1 G870A polymorphism causes production of a truncated variant with a shorter half-life andthus thought to impact the regulatory effect of CCDN1. The aim of the present study was to contribute to existingresults to help to determine the prognostic value of this specific gene variant and evaluate the role of CCDN1G870A polymorphism in brain cancer susceptibility. A Turkish study group including 99 patients with primarybrain tumors and 155 healthy controls were examined. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reactionrestrictionfragment length polymorphism analysis. The CCDN1 genotype frequencies in meningioma, gliomaand control cases were not significantly different (p>0.05). No significant association was detected according toclinical parameters or tumor characteristics; however, a higher frequency of AG genotype was recorded withinpatients with astrocytic or oligoastrocytic tumors. A significant association between AG genotype and gliobilastomamultiforme (GBM) was recorded within the patients with glial tumors (p value=0.048 OR: 1.87 CI% 1.010-3.463). According to tumor characteristics, no statistically significant difference was detected within astrocytic,oligoasltrocytic tumors and oligodentrioglias. However, patients with astrocytic astrocytic or oligoastrocytictumors showed a higher frequency of AG genotype (50%) when compared to those with oligodendrioglial tumors(27.3%). Our results indicate a possible relation between GBM formation and CCDN1 genotype.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Prognostic Value of MMP-9 in Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-analysis4107411327915ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: Matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) plays an important role in tumor cell invasion. Althoughit has been studied frequently in ovarian cancer, its prognostic impact is still equivocal. The aim of this studywas to more precisely estimate its prognostic significance. <br/><b>Method</b>:We searched Pubmed, Embase, OVID,Sciencedirect and CBM databases to identify eligible studies. Hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95%confidence intervals (95% CIs) were pooled across studies using fixed-effects or random-effects models. We alsoperformed subgroup analysis. <br/><b>Results</b>: 30 studies (n=2552 patients) focusing on prognosis or expression of MM-9were included. Increased expression of MMP-9 was associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients(HR=1.68, 95%CI 1.09-2.59, p=0.02). Besides, MMP-9 expression in ovarian cancer was significantly higher thannon-malignant tumors (OR=11.46, 95%CI 8.47-15.50, P<0.00001). Moreover, increased expression of MMP-9was significantly associated with FIGO stage (OR=4.85, 95%CI 2.60-9.04, P<0.00001), grade of differentiation(OR=3.34, 95%CI 2.46-4.54, P<0.00001), lymph node metastasis (OR=5.75, 95%CI 3.71-8.92, P<0.00001) andthere was no association with histological type of ovarian cancer. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Increased expression of MMP-9 was associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. Down-regulation of MMP-9 is an attractivetherapeutic approach which might improve outcome of ovarian cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Prognostic Significance of Human Epidermal Receptor (HER)-3 Immunohistochemical Expression in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer4115411927916ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Previous reports have shown that human epidermal receptor (HER)-3 overexpression may beassociated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer, but results have been conflicting. In this study,we sought to investigate the prognostic significance of HER-3 immunohistochemical expression in patients withmetastatic breast cancer. <br/><b>Methods</b>: We retrospectively analyzed HER-3 immunohistochemical expression profilesin 45 paraffin-embedded specimens from patients who had been treated between 1996 and 2006 in the Departmentof Oncology of the Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey. Membranous or cytoplasmic dominantexpression patterns of HER-3 were analyzed using the Rajkumar score and a cytoplasmic 4-point scoring system,respectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) served as the main outcome measures.<br/><b>Results</b>: The median PFS in the study participants was 9 months (interquartile range: 4.5-13 months), whereasthe median OS was 20 months (interquartile range: 7.5-28 months). Categorization of the patient populationaccording to HER-3 positive immunohistochemical expression did not reveal any statistically significant differencein terms of both PFS (p=0.70) and OS (p=0.81). The results of multivariable Cox regression analysis indicatedthat tumor size was the only independent predictor of PFS, whereas estrogen and progesterone receptor statuswas independently associated with OS. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: HER-3 immunohistochemical expression did not correlatewith outcomes in Turkish patients with metastatic breast cancer. Although our results suggest that HER-3expression in cancer specimens is not of prognostic significance, further prospective studies are warranted toconfirm these results.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Low-dose Radiation Induces Antitumor Effects and Erythrocyte System Hormesis4121412627917ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: Low dose radiation may stimulate the growth and development of animals, increase life span,enhance fertility, and downgrade the incidence of tumor occurrence.The aim of this study was to investigate theantitumor effect and hormesis in an erythrocyte system induced by low-dose radiation. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Kunming strainmale mice were subcutaneously implanted with S180 sarcoma cells in the right inguen as an experimental in situanimal model. Six hours before implantation, the mice were given 75mGy whole body X-ray radiation. Tumorgrowth was observed 5 days later, and the tumor volume was calculated every other day. Fifteen days later, all micewere killed to measure the tumor weight, and to observe necrotic areas and tumor-infiltration-lymphoreticularcells (TILs). At the same time, erythrocyte immune function and the level of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) were determined. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of EPO and VEGFR oftumor tissues. <br/><b>Results</b>: The mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation had a lower tumor formation rate than thosewithout low dose radiation (P < 0.05). The tumor growth slowed down significantly in mice pre-exposed to lowdose radiation; the average tumor weight in mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation was lighter too (P < 0.05).The tumor necrosis areas were larger and TILs were more in the radiation group than those of the group withoutradiation. The erythrocyte immune function, the level of 2,3-DPG in the low dose radiation group were higherthan those of the group without radiation (P < 0.05). After irradiation the expression of EPO of tumor tissuesin LDR group decreased with time. LDR-24h, LDR-48h and LDR-72h groups were all statistically significantlydifferent from sham-irradiation group. The expression of VEGFR also decreased, and LDR-24h group was thelowest (P < 0.05). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Low dose radiation could markedly increase the anti-tumor ability of the organismand improve the erythrocyte immune function and the ability of carrying O2. Low-dose total body irradiation,within a certain period of time, can decrease the expression of hypoxia factor EPO and VEGFR, which mayimprove the situation of tumor hypoxia and radiosensitivity of tumor itself.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701MicroRNA-16 Inhibits Bladder Cancer Proliferation by Targeting Cyclin D14127413027918ENJournal Article19700101MicroRNA-16 (miR-16) has been demonstrated to regulate proliferation and apoptosis in many types ofcancers, but its biological function in bladder cancer remains unknown. Here, we found expression of miR-16 tobe downregulated in bladder cancer in comparison with the adjacent normal tissues. Enforced expression of miR-16 was able to inhibit cell proliferation in TCHu-1 cells, in line with results for miR-16 antisense oligonucleotides(antisense miR-16). At the molecular level, our results further revealed that cyclin D1 expression was negativelyregulated by miR-16. Therefore, the data reported here demonstrate that miR-16 is an important regulator inbladder cancer, which will contribute to better understanding of important mis-regulated miRNAs.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Allium Vegetables and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Evidence from 132,192 Subjects4131413427919ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To evaluate the relationship between allium vegetable intake and risk of prostate cancer. <br/><b>Methods</b>:A systematic literature search up to May 2013 was carried out in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science,Cochrane register, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, and the references ofretrieved articles were also screened. The summary relative risks with 95% confidence interval for the highestversus the lowest intake of allium vegetables were calculated. Heterogeneity and publication bias were alsoevaluated. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total of nine epidemiological studies consisting of six case–control and three prospectivecohort studies were included. We found a significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer for intake of alliumvegetables (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.70, 0.97). Moreover, in the subgroup analysis stratified by allium vegetable types,significant associations were observed for garlic (OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.64–0.91) but not onions (OR = 0.84, 95%CI 0.62–1.13). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Allium vegetables, especially garlic intake, are related to decreased risk of prostatecancer. Because of the limited number of studies, further well-designed prospective studies are warranted toconfirm the findings of our study.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Inflammation Enhanced X-irradiation-Induced Colonic Tumorigenesis in the Min mouse4135413927920ENJournal Article19700101Inflammation is potential risk factor of various human malignancies. Inflammatory bowel syndromes suchas ulcerative colitis are well known as risk factors for colon cancer. Here, we examined enhancing effects ofdextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-associated inflammation on X-irradiation induced colonic tumorigenesis in Minand wild-type (WT) mice. Animals were X-irradiated at 1.5 Gy at 5 weeks of age (at 0 experimental week) and2% DSS in drinking water was administered at 5 or 11 experimental weeks. Mice were sacrificed at 16 weeksand incidence and multiplicity of colonic tumors were assessed. Incidence of colonic tumors in Min mouse wasincreased from 33.3% to 100% (p<0.05) with X-irradiation alone, whereas no tumors were developed in WTmice. In DSS-treated Min mice, X-irradiation increased the number of colonic tumors. Total number of colonictumors was increased 1.57 times to 30.7±3.83 tumors/mouse with X-irradiation+DSS at 5 weeks comapared to19.6±2.9 in corresponding DSS alone group (p<0.05). When the duration of inflammation was compared, longerperiod of DSS effect promoted more colonic tumorigenesis. Collectively, we conclude that X-irradiation andDSS-induced inflammation act synergistically for colonic tumorigenesis.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Is Mammography for Breast Cancer Screening Cost-Effective in Both Western and Asian Countries?: Results of a Systematic Review4141414927921ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Mammography is considered the gold standard of breast cancer mass screening and manycountries have implemented this as an established breast cancer screening strategy. However, although theincidence of breast cancer and racial characteristics are different between Western and Asian countries, manyAsian countries adopted mammography for mass screening. Therefore, the objective of this research was todetermine whether mammography mass screening is cost-effective for both Western and Asian countries.Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: A systematic review was performed of 17 national mammography cost-effectivenessdata sets. Per capita gross domestic product (GDP), breast cancer incidence rate, and the most optimal costeffectivenessresults [cost per life year saved (LYS)] of a mammography screening strategy for each data setwere extracted. The CE/per capita GDP ratio is used to compare the cost-effectiveness of mammography bycountries. Non-parametric regression was used to find a cut-off point which indicated the breast cancer incidencerate boundary line determining whether mammography screening is cost-effective or not. <br/><b>Results</b>: We foundthat the cost-effective cut-off point of breast cancer incidence rate was 45.04; it exactly divided countries intoWestern and Asian countries (p<0.0014). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Mammography screening is cost-effective in most ofWestern countries, but not in Asian countries. The reason for this result may be the issues of incidence rate orracial characteristics, such as dense breast tissue. The results indicate that mammography screening should beadopted prudently in Asian countries and other countries with low incidence rates.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Manual Contouring Based Volumetric Evaluation for Colorectal Cancer with Liver Limited Metastases: A Comparison with RECIST4151415527922ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> To compare response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST) and volumetric evaluation(VE) for colorectal cancer with liver-limited metastasis. Patients and <br/><b>Methods</b>: VE of liver metastases wasperformed by manual contouring before and after chemotherapy on 45 pairs of computed tomography (CT)images in 36 patients who suffered from metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with liver metastasis only. Cohenkappa was used to compare the agreement between VE and RECIST. Pearson correlation was performed fortheir comparison after cubic root transformation of the aggregate tumor volumes. Logistic regression was doneto identify clinical and radiographic factors to account for the difference which may be predictive in overallresponse (OR). <br/><b>Results</b>: There were 16 partial response (PR), 23 stable disease (SD) and 6 progressive disease(PD) cases with VE, and 14 PR, 23 SD and 8 PD with RECIST. VE demonstrated good agreement with RECIST(κ=0.779). Discordant objective responses were noted in 6 pairs of comparisons (13.3%). Pearson correlationalso showed excellent correlation between VE and RECIST (r2=0.966, p<0.001). Subgroup analysis showed thatVE was in slightly better agreement with RECIST for enlarging lesions than for shrinking lesions (r2=0.935and r2=0.780 respectively). No factor was found predictive of the difference in OR between VE and RECIST.<br/><b>Conclusions</b>: VE exhibited good agreement with RECIST. It might be more useful than RECIST in evaluationshrinking lesions in cases of numerous and conglomerate liver metastases.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Colorectal Cancer Concealment Predicts a Poor Survival: A Retrospective Study4157416027923ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objectives</b>: Understanding the situation of cancer awareness which doctors give to patients might lead toprognostic prediction in cases of of colorectal cancer (CRC). <br/><b>Methods</b>: Subsets of 10,779 CRC patients were usedto screen the risk factors from the Cancer Registry in Pudong New Area in cancer awareness, age, TNM stage,and gender. Survival of the patients was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and assessed by Cox regressionanalysis. The views of cancer awareness in doctors and patients were surveyed by telephone or household. <br/><b>Results</b>:After a median observation time of 1,616 days (ranging from 0 to 4,083 days) of 10,779 available patients, 2,596 ofthe 4,561 patients with cancer awareness survived, whereas 2,258 of the 5,469 patients without cancer awarenessand 406 of the 749 patients without information on cancer awareness died of the disease. All-cause and cancerspecificsurvival were poorer for the patients without cancer awareness than those with (P < 0.001 for each, logranktest). Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that cancer concealment cases had significantly lowercancer-specific survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.299; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.200-1.407)and all-causesurvival (HR = 1.324; 95 % CI: 1.227-1.428). Furthermore, attitudes of cancer awareness between doctors andpatients were significantly different (P < 0.001). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Cancer concealment, not only late-stage tumor andage, is associated with a poor survival of CRC patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Biomarkers Screening Between Preoperative and Postoperative Patients in Pancreatic Cancer4161416527924ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To investigate discriminating protein patterns and potential biomarkers in serum samples betweenpre/postoperative pancreatic cancer patients and healthy controls. <br/><b>Methods</b>: 23 serum samples from PC patients(12 preoperative and 11 postoperative) and 76 from healthy controls were analyzed using matrix-assisted laserdesorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique combined with magneticbeads-based weak cation-exchange chromatography (MB-WCX). ClinProTools software selected several markersthat made a distinction between pancreatic cancer patients and healthy controls. <br/><b>Results</b>: 49 m/z distinctive peakswere found among the three groups, of which 33 significant peaks with a P < 0.001 were detected. Two proteinscould distinguish the preoperative pancreatic cancer patients from the healthy controls. About 15 proteins maybe potential biomarkers in assessment of pancreatic cancer resection. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: MB-MALDI-TOF-MS methodcould generate serum peptidome profiles of pancreatic cancer and provide a new approach to identify potentialbiomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of this malignancy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Prediction of Promiscuous Epitopes in the E6 Protein of Three High Risk Human Papilloma Viruses: A Computational Approach4167417527925ENJournal Article19700101A najor current challenge and constraint in cervical cancer research is the development of vaccines againsthuman papilloma virus (HPV) epitopes. Although many studies are done on epitope identification on HPVs,no computational work has been carried out for high risk forms which are considered to cause cervical cancer.Of all the high risk HPVs, HPV 16, HPV 18 and HPV 45 are responsible for 94% of cervical cancers in womenworldwide. In this work, we computationally predicted the promiscuous epitopes among the E6 proteins ofhigh risk HPVs. We identified the conserved residues, HLA class I, HLA class II and B-cell epitopes along withtheir corresponding secondary structure conformations. We used extremely precise bioinformatics tools likeClustalW2, MAPPP, NetMHC, EpiJen, EpiTop 1.0, ABCpred, BCpred and PSIPred for achieving this task.Our study identified specific regions ‘FAFR(K)DL’ followed by ‘KLPD(Q)LCTEL’ fragments which proved tobe promiscuous epitopes present in both human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, class II molecules and B cellsas well. These fragments also follow every suitable character to be considered as promiscuous epitopes withsupporting evidences of previously reported experimental results. Thus, we conclude that these regions shouldbe considered as the important for design of specific therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer in Ardabil Province During 2003-20114177418027926ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The aim of this research was to perform an epidemiologic survey of esophageal cancer in Ardabilprovince. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 661 patients diagnosed with EC werestudied from March 2002 to May 2011 e. The necessary data were collected with a checklist from the documentsin Ardabil Cancer Registry (ACR) and analyzed by statistical methods with SPSS.18 software. <br/><b>Results</b>: Of thetotal new cases of EC registered in ARC during study period, 430 (65.1%) of patients were male with the maleto female standard ratio was 1.18, with a statistically significant gender bias. The most common morphology ofEC was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, 68.8%) followed by adenocarcinoma (28.5%). It was observed that inmost of patients, EC lesions were in the middle third of esophagus. In addition, most patients were rural andabout 40% had smoking habits. The age-standardized incidence rate of cancers was 48.4 per 100,000 amongfemales and males. The annual incidence rates in males and females was 7.1 and 6.7 per 100,000; respectively.<br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Results showed that the prevalence and annual incidence rate of cancer in Ardabil province is lowerthan other areas of the country with a male predominance and a relatively high proprortion of adenocarcinomas.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Malignant Tumours of the Central Nervous System in Kazakhstan - Incidence Trends from 2004-20114181418627927ENJournal Article19700101In the article were observed the epidemiological aspects of malignant tumors of the central nervous system(MT CNS) in Kazakhstan in a retrospective study for the years 2004-2011. The material of the study wasconsolidated accounting data of oncology centers on patients with MT CNS (C70-72) with first time establisheddiagnosis. Calculated were crude, age, standardized (world standard), aligned and predicted incidence of MTCNS among both male and female populations. It was found that over the studied period, there were 4,604 casesof MT CNS. The average annual crude incidence rate of MT CNS in total population was 3.7±0.10/0000. Trends inaligned incidence rates in the whole country had a tendency to increase (T=+0.9%). Defined levels of morbidityMT CNS in the whole population in different regions of Kazakhstan: low up to 2.870/0000, the average from 2.87to 4.450/0000 and high from 4.450/0000 and above on the basis of which was given the space-time estimate. Age andsex differences in MT CNS incidence were also clearly establishedWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Role of Human papilloma virus Infection and Altered Methylation of Specific Genes in Esophageal Cancer4187419327928ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Evaluation of Human papilloma virus (HPV) and its association with promoter methylationof candidate genes, p53 and Aurora A in esophageal cancer. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: One hundred forty-oneesophageal tissue samples from different pathologies were evaluated for HPV infection by PCR, while thepromoter methylation status of p53 and Aurora A was assessed by methylation-specific restriction based PCRassay. Statistical analyses were performed with MedCalc and MDR software. <br/><b>Results</b>: Based on endoscopy andhistopathology, samples were categorized: cancers (n=56), precancers (n=7), esophagitis (n=19) and normals(n=59). HPV infection was found to be less common in cancers (19.6%), whereas its prevalence was relativelyhigh in precancers (71.4%), esophagitis (57.8%) and normals (45.7%). p53 promoter methylation did notshow any significant difference between cancer and normal tissues, whereas Aurora A promoter methylationdemonstrated significant association with disease (p=0.00016, OR:5.6452, 95%CI:2.18 to 14.6) when comparedto normals. Aurora A methylation and HPV infection was found in a higher percentages of precancer (66.6%),esophagitis (54.5%) and normal (45.2%) when compared to cancers (14.2%). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Aurora A promotermethylation is significantly associated with esophageal cancer, but the effect of HPV infection on this epigeneticalteration is not significant. However MDR analysis showed that the hypostatic effect of HPV was nullified whenthe cases had Aurora methylation and tobacco exposure. Further HPV sub-typing may give an insight into itsreduced prevalence in esophageal cancer verses normal tissue. However, with the present data it is difficult toassign any significant role to HPV in the etiopathology of esophageal cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Alpha (HIF-1α) as a Prognostic Indicator in Patients with Gastric Tumors: A Meta-analysis4195419827929ENJournal Article19700101Background and <br/><b>Objective</b>: Though researched for years, the prognostic role of hypoxia-inducible factor1 alpha (HIF-1α) in gastric cancer is still controversial. We thus undertook a systematic review to assess therelationship. <br/><b>Method</b>: A systematically literature search of Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, China BiologicalMedicine Disc and Cochrane Library was undertaken in February 2013, and the reference lists of articles wereretrieved. <br/><b>Results</b>: 12 trials (1,555 participants) were included to assess the association between HIF-1α expressionand survival. Summary hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated. HIF-1α expression was significantly correlatedwith poor overall survival of gastric cancer patients (HR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.13-1.58; P=0.0009), but not with poordisease free survival of gastric cancer patients (HR=1.67, 95%CI: 0.99-2.82; P=0.06). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: HIF-1α wasassociated with poor OS, but not DFS, especially for Asian patients. But studies evaluating relationships of HIF-1α with OS and DFS in non-Asian gastric cancer patients appear needed.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Relationships between Skin Cancers and Blood Groups - Link between Non-melanomas and ABO/Rh Factors4199420327930ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> This investigation focused on possible relationships between skin cancers and ABO/Rh bloodgroups. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Between January 2005 and December 2012, medical data of 255 patients withskin cancers who were admitted to Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Radiation Oncology and PlasticSurgery Outpatient Clinics were retrospectively analyzed. Blood groups of these patients were recorded. Thecontrol group consisted of 25701 healthy volunteers who were admitted to Kayseri Training and ResearchHospital, Blood Donation Center between January 2010 and December 2011. The distribution of the blood groupsof the patients with skin cancers was compared to the distribution of ABO/Rh blood groups of healthy controls.The association of the histopathological subtypes of skin cancer with the blood groups was also investigated.<br/><b>Results</b>: Of the patients, 50.2% had A type, 26.3% had O type, 16.1% had B type, and 7.5% had AB blood groupwith a positive Rh (+) in 77.3%. Of the controls, 44.3% had A type, 31.5% had 0 type, 16.1% had B type, and8.1% had AB blood group with a positive Rh (+) in 87.8%. There was a statistically significant difference in thedistribution of blood groups and Rh factors (A Rh (-) and 0 Rh positive) between the patients and controls. A totalof 36.8% and 20.4% of the patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) had A Rh (+) and B Rh (+), respectively,while 39.2% and 27.6% of the controls had A Rh (+) and B Rh (+), respectively. A significant relationship wasobserved between the patients with BCC and controls in terms of A Rh (-) (p=0.001). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Our studyresults demonstrated that there is a significant relationship between non-melanoma skin cancer and ABO/Rhfactors.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Serum CEA Level Change and Its Significance Before and after Gefitinib Therapy on Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer4205420827931ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: The aim of this study was to explore change and significance of serum carcino-embryonic antigen(CEA) before and after gefitinib therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). <br/><b>Methods</b>:Forty patients with advanced NSCLCs in Ⅲ~Ⅳ stages were selected as study objects given gefitinib therapycombined with routine local radiotherapy until tumor progression or intolerable toxicity. After treatment,all patients were divided into control and non-control groups according to the results of evaluation based onRECIST 1.1 (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors in 2009). Peripheral fasting blood from all patientswas collected in the early morning and serum CEA was assessed by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay(ECLIA) before and after treatment. Before treatment, patients were divided into high CEA group (CEA level > 50ng/mL) and low CEA group (CEA level ≤ 50 ng/mL). Adverse reactions were noted and progression-free survival(PFS) in both groups was recorded after long-term follow-up that ended in December, 2012. <br/><b>Results</b>: There wasno difference between control and non-control groups in CEA level before treatment (P>0.05), whereas serumCEA decreased more markedly lower in the control group after treatment (P<0.01). All patients were dividedinto high CEA group (26) and low CEA group (14) according to serum CEA level. There was no statisticallysignificant difference between two groups in adverse reactions (P>0.05) but the rate in former group was lower.Additionally, survival rates at 9 and 12 months in high CEA group were clearly higher than in the low CEAgroup (P<0.01). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Serum CEA level can serve as a biochemical index to evaluate the prognosis withgefitinib treatment for NSCLC.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Bcl-2 Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancers in Iran4209421427932ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Breast cancer is among the five most common cancers and ranks first among cancers diagnosedin Iranian women. Screening and treatment of this disease with molecular methods, especially regarding highincidences at early age and advanced stage, is essential. Several genes with altered expression have been identifiedby cDNA microarray studies in breast cancer, with the Bcl-2 gene indicated as a likely candidate. In this study, westudied Bcl-2 gene expression levels in parallel tumor and non-tumor breast tissues. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Fortysamples including 21 tumor, 16 non tumor (marginal) and 3 benign breast tissues which were all pathologicallydiagnosed, were subjected to RNA extraction and polyA RT-PCR with the expression level of Bcl-2 quantifiedusing real-time PCR. <br/><b>Results</b>: There is higher expression levels of the Bcl-2 gene in tumor samples comparedwith marginal samples, but not attaining significance(p>0.05). Bcl-2 expression in 14 (66.7%) of the cases oftumor samples and 9 (56.3%) cases of the marginal samples were positive. Comparison of the expression of theBcl-2 gene in histological grade showed that a high expression of Bcl-2 was associated with a high histologicalgrade (p<0.41). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Our data suggests that dysregulated Bcl-2 gene expression is potentially involvedin the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Using gene expression analysis may significantly improve our ability forscreening cancer patients and will prove a powerful tool in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of the diseasewhilst aiding the cooperative group trials in the Bcl-2 based therapy project.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Clinical Significance and Prognostic Value of Pentraxin-3 as Serologic Biomarker for Lung Cancer4215422127933ENJournal Article19700101Purposes: Lung cancer is prevalent worldwide and improvements in timely and effective diagnosis areneed. Pentraxin-3 as a novel serum marker for lung cancer (LC) has not been validated in large cohort studies.The aim of the study was to assess its clinical value in diagnosis and prognosis. <br/><b>Methods</b>: We analyzed serumPTX-3 levels in a total of 1,605 patients with LC, benign lung diseases and healthy controls, as well as 493 nonlungcancer patients including 12 different types of cancers. Preoperative and postoperative data were furtherassessed in patients undergoing LC resection. The diagnostic performance of PTX-3 for LC and early-stageLC was assessed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) by comparing with serum carcinoembryonicantigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA 21-1). <br/><b>Results</b>: Levels of PTX-3 in serum were significantlyhigher in patients with LC than all controls. ROC curves showed the optimum diagnostic cutoff was 8.03ng/mL(AUC 0.823, [95%CI 0.789-0.856], sensitivity 72.8%, and specificity 77.3% in the test cohort; 0.802, [95%CI0.762-0.843], sensitivity 69.7%, and specificity 76.4% in the validate cohort). Similar diagnostic performanceof PTX-3 was observed for early-stage LC. PTX-3 decreased following surgical resection of LC and increasedwith tumor recurrence. Significantly elevated PTX-3 levels were also seen in patients with non-lung cancers.<br/><b>Conclusions</b>: The present data revealed that PTX-3 was significantly increased in both tissue and serum samplesin LC patients. PTX-3 is a valuable biomarker for LC and improved identification of patients with LC andearly-stage LC from those with non-malignant lung diseases.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Dosimetric and Clinical Predictors of Acute Esophagitis in Lung Cancer Patients in Turkey Treated with Radiotherapy4223422827934ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical and dosimetric factors associated withacute esophagitis (AE) in lung cancer patients treated with conformal radiotherapy (RT) in Turkey. Materialsand <br/><b>Methods</b>: In this retrospective review 104 lung cancer patients were examined. Esophagitis grades wereverified weekly during treatment, and at 1 week, and 1 and 2 months afterwards. The clinical parametersincluded patient age, gender, tumor pathology, number of chemotherapy treatments before RT, concurrentchemotherapy, radiation dose, tumor response to RT, tumor localization, interruption of RT, weight loss, tumorand nodal stage and tumor volume. The following dosimetric parameters were analyzed for correlation of AE:The maximum (Dmax) and mean (Dmean) doses delivered to the esophagus, the percentage of esophagus volumereceiving ≥10 Gy (V10), ≥20 Gy (V20), ≥30 Gy (V30), ≥35 Gy (V35), ≥40 Gy (V40), ≥45 Gy (V45), ≥50 Gy (V50) and ≥60Gy (V60). <br/><b>Results</b>: Fifty-five patients (52.9%) developed AE. Maximum grades of AE were recorded: Grade 1 in51 patients (49%), and Grade 2 in 4 patients (3.8%). Clinical factors had no statistically significant influence onthe incidence of AE. In terms of dosimetric findings, correlation analyses demonstrated a significant associationbetween AE and Dmax (>5117 cGy), Dmean (>1487 cGy) and V10-60 (percentage of volume receiving >10 to 60 Gy).The most significant relationship between RT and esophagitis were in Dmax (>5117 cGy) (p=0.002) and percentageof esophageal volume receiving >30 Gy (V30>31%) (p=0.008) in the logistic regression analysis. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Themaximum dose esophagus greater than 5117 cGy and approximately one third (31%) of the esophageal volumereceiving >30 Gy was the most statistically significant predictive factor associated with esophagitis due to RT.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701The Effect of Abraxane on Cell Kinetic Parameters of HeLa Cells4229423327935ENJournal Article19700101Abraxane (nab-paclitaxel) is a member of the group of nano chemotherapeutics. It is approved for metastaticbreast cancer and non small cell lung cancer. Trials for several cancer types including gynecological cancers,head and neck, and prostatic cancer are being studied. In this study, the antiproliferative and apoptotic effect ofabraxane was evaluated on HeLa cell line originated from human cervix carcinoma. Three different doses (D1=10nM, D2=50 nM, D3=100 nM) were administered to HeLa cells for 24, 48 and 72 h. The 50 nM dose of abraxanedecreased DNA synthesis from 4.62-0.08%, mitosis from 3.36-1.89% and increased apoptosis from 10.6-30% at72 h. Additionally, tripolar metaphase plates were seen in mitosis preparations. In this study, abraxane effectedcell kinetic parameters significantly. This results are consistent with other studies in the literature.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Sulforaphane is Superior to Glucoraphanin in Modulating Carcinogen-Metabolising Enzymes in Hep G2 Cells4235423827936ENJournal Article19700101Glucoraphanin is the main glucosinolate found in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae).The objective of the study was to evaluate whether glucoraphanin and its breakdown product sulforaphane, arepotent modulators of various phase I and phase II enzymes involved in carcinogen-metabolising enzyme systems invitro. The glucosinolate glucoraphanin was isolated from cruciferous vegetables and exposed to human hepatomacell line HepG2 at various concentrations (0-25 μM) for 24 hours. Glucoraphanin at higher concentration (25μM) decreased dealkylation of methoxyresorufin, a marker for cytochrome P4501 activity; supplementation ofthe incubation medium with myrosinase (0.018 U), the enzyme that converts glucosinolate to its correspondingisothiocyanate, showed minimal induction in this enzyme activity at concentration 10 μM. Quinone reductaseand glutathione S-transferase activities were unaffected by this glucosinolate; however, supplementation of theincubation medium with myrosinase elevated quinone reductase activity. It may be inferred that the breakdownproduct of glucoraphanin, in this case sulforaphane, is superior than its precursor in modulating carcinogenmetabolisingenzyme systems in vitro and this is likely to impact on the chemopreventive activity linked tocruciferous vegetable consumption.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Mll3 Genetic Variants Affect Risk of Gastric Cancer in the Chinese Han Population4239424227937ENJournal Article19700101It is reported that the expression level of MLL3 in gastric cancer tissue highly correlates with tumorprogression. However, whether MLL3 genetic variants are associated with the risk of gastric cancer remainsunclear. In this study, we conducted a genotyping analysis for MLL3 in 314 cases of gastric cancer and 322controls from the Chinese Han population. 4 SNPs (rs6943984, rs4725443, rs3800836, rs6464211) were selectedfor the present analysis. We found 2 SNPs (rs6943984, rs4725443) of MLL3 gene were significantly associatedwith the risk of gastric cancer : the rs6943984 with the minor allele A and rs4725443 with the minor allele Crevealed strong associations with increased gastric cancer risk [P < 0.001, OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.48~2.64 andP <0.001, OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.54~3.24]. Haplotype analysis of the four SNPs showed that haplotype A-T-A-C,G-T-G-C, and G-C-A-C increased the risk of gastric cancer (P <0.001, P=0.18, and P<0.001, respectively), whilehaplotype G-T–A-C significantly reduced the risk of gastric cancer (P <0.001). We concluded that MLL3 variantsare significantly associated with gastric cancer risk. Our results for the first time provided new insight intosusceptibility factors of MLL3 gene variants in carcinogenesis of gastric cancer of the Chinese Han population.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Association of XRCC3 Thr241Met Polymorphisms and Gliomas Risk: Evidence from a Meta-analysis4243424727938ENJournal Article19700101The relationship between the X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) Thr241Met polymorphismand gliomas remains inclusive or controversial. For better understanding of the effect of XRCC3 Thr241Metpolymorphism on glioma risk, a meta-analysis was performed. All eligible studies were identified through asearch of PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase) and Chinese BiomedicalLiterature Database (CBM) before May 2013. The association between the XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphismand gliomas risk was conducted by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). A total of ninecase-control studies including 3,533 cases and 4,696 controls were eventually collected. Overall, we found thatXRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of gliomas (T vs. C: OR=1.10,95%CI=1.01-1.20, P=0.034; TT vs. CC: OR=1.30, 95%CI=1.03-1.65, P=0.027; TT vs. TC/CC: OR=1.29,95%CI=1.01-1.64, P=0.039). In the subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, the significant association was foundin Asian under four models (T vs. C: OR=1.17, 95%CI=1.07-1.28, P=0.00; TT vs. CC: OR=1.79, 95%CI=1.36-2.36, P=0.00; TT vs. TC/CC: OR=1.75, 95%CI=1.32-2.32, P=0.00; TT/TC vs. CC: OR=1.11,95% CI=1.02-1.20).This meta-analysis suggested that the XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism is a risk factor for gliomas, especiallyfor Asians. Considering the limited sample size and ethnicities included in the meta-analysis, further large scaleand well-designed studies are needed to confirm our results.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Effects of Parafibromin Expression on the Phenotypes and Relevant Mechanisms in the DLD-1 Colon Carcinoma Cell Line4249425427939ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Parafibromin is a protein encoded by the HRPT2 (hyperparathyroidism 2) oncosuppressorgene and its down-regulated expression is involved in pathogenesis of parathyroid, breast, gastric and colorectalcarcinomas. This study aimed to clarify the effects of parafibromin expression on the phenotypes and relevantmechanisms of DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells. <br/><b>Methods</b>: DLD-1 cells transfected with a parafibromin-expressingplasmid were subjected to examination of phenotype, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migrationand invasion. Phenotype-related proteins were measured by Western blot. Parafibromin and ki-67 expressionwas detected by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. <br/><b>Results</b>: The transfectants showed higherproliferation by CCK-8, better differentiation by electron microscopy and ALP activity and more apoptoticresistance to cisplatin by DNA fragmentation than controls. There was no difference in early apoptosis by annexinV, capase-3 activity, migration and invasion between DLD-1 cells and their transfectants. Ectopic parafibrominexpression resulted in down-regulated expression of smad4, MEKK, GRP94, GRP78, GSK3β-ser9, and Caspase-9.However, no difference was detectable in caspase-12 and -8 expression. A positive relationship was noted betweenparafibromin and ki-67 expression in colorectal carcinoma. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Parafibromin overexpression couldpromote cell proliferation, apoptotic resistance, and differentiation of DLD-1 cells.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Efficacy and Safety of Endostar® Combined with Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcomas4255425927940ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of tumors, and approximately 40-50%of patients with STS develop metastatic disease. The median overall survival of those patients was 12 monthsand their 5-year survival rate was 8%. Therefore, study on more effective treatment, especially the targetingtherapies, is urgently needed. <br/><b>Objective</b>: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Endostar® combined withchemotherapy in patients with advanced STS. <br/><b>Methods</b>: A retrospective case-series study was conducted inCancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital. A total of 71 patients suffering from advanced STS (IIB - IV) wereincluded, of whom 49 cases treated with chemotherapy alone were defined as the control group and the rest 22cases treated with the traditional chemotherapy combined with Endostar® were defined as the test group. Theshort-term therapeutic effects including objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and safetywere evaluated in the two groups. In the follow-up, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)were also observed. <br/><b>Results</b>: In the test and control groups, the ORR was 18.2% and 12.2%, respectively (P =0.767), and the DCR was 86.4% and 61.2%, respectively (P=0.034). The median time to progression in the testand control groups was 120 days and 70 days with significant difference (P = 0.017), while the median overallsurvival was 452 days and 286 days without significant difference (P = 0.503). The one-year survival rate in thetest group and control group was 56.2% and 35.4%, respectively, while the two-year survival rate was 30.2% and26.5%, respectively. No significant difference in the side effects was found between the two groups. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:Endostar® combined with chemotherapy resulted in a higher DCR and longer PFS in the patients with advancedSTS, and the toxicity was tolerable.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Predictive and Prognostic Roles of Ribonucleotide Reductase M1 in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer Treated with Gemcitabine: A Meta-analysis4261426527941ENJournal Article19700101Increasing scientific evidence suggests that ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) may be a powerful predictorof survival in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy afteroperative resection, but many existing studies have yielded inconclusive results. This meta-analysis aimedto assess the prognostic role of RRM1 in predicting survival in patients with pancreatic cancer treated withgemcitabine. An extensive literature search for relevant studies was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Web ofScience, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases from their inception through May 1st, 2013. This meta-analysiswas performed using the STATA 12.0 software and crude hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were calculated. Eight clinical studies were included in this meta-analysis with a total of 665 pancreaticcancer patients treated with adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy, including 373 patients in the high RRM1expression group and 292 patients in the low RRM1 expression group. Our meta-analysis revealed that highRRM1 expression was associated with improved overall survival (OS) of pancreatic cancer patients (HR=1.56,95%CI=0.95-2.17, P<0.001). High RRM1 expression also was linked to longer disease-free survival (DFS) thanlow RRM1 expression (HR=1.37, 95%CI=0.25-2.48, P=0.016). In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggests thathigh RRM1 expression may be associated with improved OS and DFS of pancreatic cancer patients treated withadjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Detection of RRM1 expression may be a promising biomarker forgemcitabine response and prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Combined Effects of Curcumin and Triptolide on an Ovarian Cancer Cell Line4267427127942ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> As natural medicines in Asia, curcumin and triptolide extracted from different drug plants haveproven to possess anticancer potential and widely used for anti-cancer research. The present study attempted toclarify that curcumin and triptolide synergistically suppress ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro. <br/><b>Methods</b>: To testsynergic effects, cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed after curcumin and triptolide combination treatmenton ovarian cancer cell lines. Synergistic effects on apoptosis induction were determined by lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) leakage assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP) loss assay and flow cytometry analysis. Critical regulators of cell proliferation and apoptosis relatedwere analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. <br/><b>Results</b>: We showed that the combination of curcumin andtriptolide could synergistically inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth, and induce apoptosis, which is accompanied byHSP27 and HSP70, indicating that HSP27 and HSP70 play the important role in the synergic effect. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:From the result present here, curcumin and triptolide combination with lower concentration have a synergisticanti-tumor effect on ovarian cancer and which will have a good potential in clinical applications.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Value of Postoperative Radiation Therapy for Regional Control after Dissection in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cases4273427827943ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: We aimed to define clinicopathologic risk factors associated with regional recurrence (RR) andthus the effectiveness of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for neck control for head and neck squamous cellcarcinomas (HNSCCs) with differing cervical lymph node status. <br/><b>Methods</b>: A retrospective study was performedin 196 HNSCC patients with pathologically positive neck node (N+) to evaluate the high-risk factors for RR andto define the role of PORT in control after neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy (PORT). <br/><b>Results</b>:Overall, the RR rate after neck dissection and PORT was 29%. Extracapsular spread (ECS) was confirmedto be the only independent risk factor for RR. There were no significant risk factors associated with RR in theECS- group. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 45%, which descended to 10% with the emergence ofRR. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: ECS remains a determined risk factor for RR after neck dissection and PORT in patients withN+. PORT alone is not adequate for preventing RR in the neck with ECS after neck dissection. More intensivepostoperative adjuvant therapies, especially combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are needed to preventregional failure in HNSCC patients with ECS.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Tyrosine 1045 Codon Mutations in Exon 27 of EGFR are Infrequent in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas4279428227944ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The activation and inactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases are tightly regulated to ensure faithfulreplication of cells. After having transduced extracellular growth activating signals, activated EGFR is subjectedto downregulation either by clathrin mediated endocytosis or c-Cbl mediated proteasome degradation dependingon the ligand concentration. c-Cbl is an ubiquitin ligase which requires a phosphorylated tyrosine residue atposition 1045 in the cytoplasmic domain of EGFR to interact and add ubiquitin molecules. While activatingmutations in exons 19 and 21 have been associated with the development of several cancers, the status of mutationsat tyrosine 1045 coding exon 27 of EGFR remain to be investigated. Consistently, defective phosphorylation at1045 has been associated with sustained phosphorylation of EGFR in non-small lung carcinomas. Hence in thepresent study we investigated the genetic status of the tyrosine 1045 coding site within exon 27 of EGFR geneto explore for possible occurrence of mutations in this region, especially since no studies have addressed thisissue so far. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Tumor chromosomal DNA isolated from thirty five surgically excised oralsquamous cell carcinoma tissues was subjected to PCR amplification with intronic primers flanking the tyrosine1045 coding exon 27 of EGFR gene. The PCR amplicons were subsequently subjected to direct sequencing toelucidate the mutation status. <br/><b>Results</b>: Sequence analysis identified no mutations in the tyrosine 1045 codon ofEGFR in any of the thirty five samples that were analyzed. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: The lack of identification of mutation inthe tyrosine 1045 codon of EGFR suggests that mutations in this region may be relatively rare in oral squamouscell carcinomas. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to have explored the genetic status of exon27 of EGFR in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue samples.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Breast Cancer Frequency and Exposure to Cadmium: A Meta- Analysis and Systematic Review4283428727945ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> In this meta-analysis we review evidence suggesting that exposure to cadmium is a cause ofbreast cancer. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: We conducted Medline/PubMed and Scopus searches using selectedMeSH keywords to identify papers published from January 1, 1980 through January 1, 2013. Data weremerged and summary mean differences were estimated using either a random-effects model or a fixed-effectsmodel. <br/><b>Results</b>: There were 13 studies including 978 exposed cases and 1,279 controls. There was no statisticallysignificant difference in the frequencies of breast cancer between cadmium-exposed and control groups, and thesummary estimate of mean difference was 0.71 (95%CI: 0.33-1.08). However, stratification showed that therewere statistically significant differences in the frequencies of breast cancer between cadmium-exposed and controlgroups among Asian compared with Caucasian population, and the summary estimates of mean difference were1.45 (95%CI: 0.62-2.28) vs. 0.25 (95%CI: -0.09-0.6), respectively. There was a difference in the frequencies ofbreast cancer between cadmium-exposed and control groups in peripheral venous blood sampling methods,and the summary estimate of mean difference was 1.41 (95%CI: 0.46-2.37). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Data indicate that thefrequencies of breast cancer might be an indicator of early genetic effects for cadmium-exposed populations.However, our meta-analysis was performed on population-based studies; meta-analysis based on individualdata might provide more precise and reliable results. Therefore, it is necessary to construct an internationaldatabase on genetic damage among populations exposed to cadmium that may contain all raw data of studiesexamining genetic toxicity.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701CEA and CA 19-9 are Still Valuable Markers for the Prognosis of Colorectal and Gastric Cancer Patients4289429427946ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive effect of preoperative CEA and CA 19-9levels on the prognosis of colorectal and gastric cancer patients. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: CEA and CA 19-9 wereevaluated preoperatively in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer (n=116) and gastric cancer (n=49).Patients with CEA levels <5 ng/mL were classified as CEA Group 1, 5-30 ng/mL as CEA Group 2 and >30 ng/mL were classified as CEA Group 3. Similarly the patients with a CA 19-9 level <35 U/mL were classified as CA19-9 Group 1, with 35-100 U/mL as Group 2 and with >100 U/mL as Group and 3. TNM stages and histologicgrades were noted according to histopathological reports. Patients with a TNM grade 0 or 1 were classified asGroup A, TNM grade 2 patients constituted Group B and TNM grade 3 and 4 patients constituted Group C.Demographic characteristics, tumor locations and blood types of the patients were all recorded and these datawere compared with the preoperative CEA and CA19-9 values. <br/><b>Results</b>: A significant correlation between CA19-9 levels (>100 U/mL) and TNM stage (in advanced stages) was determined. We also determined a significantcorrelation between TNM stages and positive vlaues for both CEA and CA 19-9 in colorectal and gastric cancerpatients. In comparison between CEA and CA 19-9 levels and age, gender, tumor location, ABO blood group,and tumor histologic grade, no significant correlation was found. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Positive levels of both CEA andCA 19-9 can be considered to indicate an advanced stage in colorectal and gastric cancer patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Clinical Significance of Serum p53 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Patients with Acute Leukemia4295429927947ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Pretreatment serum p53 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were assessedusing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients with acute leukemia to analysis their roles incharacterization of different subtypes of the disease. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Serum samples from thirty twopatients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and fourteen patients with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) wereanalysed, along with 24 from healthy individuals used as a control group. <br/><b>Results</b>: The results demonstrateda significant increase of serum p53 and EGFR in patients with AML (p<0.0001) compared to the controlgroup. Also, the results showed a significant increase of both markers in patients with ALL (p<0.05, p<0.0001respectively). Sensitivities and specificities for these variables were 52% and 100% for p53, and 73.9%, 95.8%for EGFR. Serum p53 and EGFR could successfully differentiate between M4 and other AML subtypes, whilethese variables failed to discriminate among ALL subtypes. A positive significant correlation was noted betweenp53 and EGFR. Negative significant correlations were observed between these variables and both of hemoglobin(Hg) content and RBC count. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Mutant p53 and EGFR are helpful serological markers for diagnosisof patients with AML or ALL and can aid in characterization of disease. Moreover, these markers may reflectcarcinogenesis mechanisms.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701B-cell Lymphoma 2 rs17757541 C>G Polymorphism was Associated with an Increased Risk of Gastric Cardiac Adenocarcinoma in a Chinese Population4301430627948ENJournal Article19700101Aim: Apoptosis has been considered as a fundamental component in cancer pathogenesis, and related geneticfactors might play an important role in gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (GCA) genesis. <br/><b>Methods</b>: We conducteda hospital based case–control study to evaluate the genetic effects of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs): BCL2 rs17757541 C>G, BCL2 rs12454712 T>C, FAS rs2234767 G>A, FASL/FASLG rs763110 C>T,ERBB2 rs1136201 A>G and VEGFR2/KDR rs11941492 C>T on the development of GCA. A total of 243 GCAcases and 476 controls were recruited for the study and genotypes were determined using a custom-by-design48-Plex SNPscanTM Kit. <br/><b>Results</b>: The BCL2 rs17757541 C>G polymorphism was associated with increased riskof GCA. However, there was no significant associations with the other five SNPs. Stratified analyses indicateda significantly increased risk of GCA associated with the BCL2 rs17757541 C>G polymorphism among males,older patients and those with a history of smoking or drinking. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: These findings indicated that thefunctional polymorphism BCL2 rs17757541 C>G might contribute to GCA susceptibility. However, our resultswere limited by small sample size. Future larger studies are required to confirm our current findings.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Breast Cancer Awareness among Saudi Females in Jeddah4307431227949ENJournal Article19700101Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy of women worldwide. It is the leading cause of female cancerrelated disability and mortality. In Saudi Arabia breast cancer ranks first among cancerous diseases in females.In the Gulf region, and especially in Saudi Arabia, few studies have been conducted to address breast cancerawareness. The purpose of the current study was therefore to investigate the level of breast cancer awarenessamong Saudi females in Jeddah, focusing on knowledge of breast cancer warning signs, risk factors, screeningprograms and breast self-examination (BSE). The design of this study was an exploratory correlational analysis.The sample comprised 200 Saudi females aged 20 and older living in Jeddah. Data were collected using face-tofaceinterviews. Breast cancer awareness was measured using a modified Arabic version of the Breast CancerAwareness Measure (Breast CAM) version 2. Descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson’s Product Momentcorrelation coefficients and ANOVA test were used to answer study questions. Out of 200 participants, 50.5%were aware of breast lump as a warning sign of breast cancer, 57.5% claimed that family history was riskfactor, 20.5% had undergone breast screening, 79% heard about BSE, and 47.5% knew how to perform BSE.Findings indicated that Saudi females level of awareness of breast cancer is very inadequate. Public awarenessi nterventions are needed in order to overcome an ever-increasing burden of this disease among Saudi females.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Perception of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Japanese University Students Who Have Never Had a Pap Smear: A Qualitative Study4313431827950ENJournal Article19700101This study aimed to explore attitudes towards cervical cancer screening among Japanese university studentswho had never had a Pap smear. Four focus-group discussions, each with 15 female university students, tookplace in November and December 2009. Discussions were recorded and transcripts were analyzed to extractattitudes of young women towards cervical cancer screening. The four themes that emerged were: i) a low senseof reality about cervical cancer; ii) a lack of knowledge about both cervical cancer and Pap smears; iii) a lackof motivation to get screened, and iv) a reluctance to visit the gynecologist. Participants who were interested inundergoing screening for cervical cancer cited the influence of conversations with friends and family, a diagnosisof cancer within their family, and relevant information from the media. The results indicate the importanceof getting young women more interested in cervical cancer screening and overcoming their tendency to avoidvisiting a gynecologist.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Hookah Smoking: Characteristics, Behavior and Perceptions of Youth Smokers in Pune, India4319432327951ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Hookah smoking has been referred to as a global tobacco epidemic by public health officials.This study aimed to investigate the characteristics, behaviour and perceptions related to hookah smoking amongthe youth smokers in Pune. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Two hundred and eighty established hookah smokers participated in thisstudy. Data was collected using a 29-item questionnaire, constructed using three main domains: Characteristics(socio-demographic and personal), behaviour and perceptions (about harmful effects in comparison to cigarettesmoking). <br/><b>Results</b>: The results indicated that the mean age of starting hookah smoking was 17.3 years; 75% ofparticipants did not have parental acceptance; light–headedness, dizziness and headache were most commonreported nicotine effects, post hookah smoking. Hookah smoking on a daily basis was reported by 24.6%participants. The mean time of hookah session was 1 hour and 19 minutes. 68.2% participants were reported tosmoke hookah in hookah-cafes and 35.7% participants were found to share the hookah. Some 66.7% participantshad no intention to quit. Most of them (71-80%) had misperception about the safety of hookah smoking overcigarette smoking and 54–82% participants were unaware of health effects. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Educational interventionis urgently needed to create awareness among the youth about the harmful effects of hookah smoking.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Season of Diagnosis and Survival of Advanced Lung Cancer Cases - Any Correlation?4325432827952ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Introduction</b>: The influence of season at diagnosis on cancer survival has been an intriguing issue for manyyears. Most studies have shown a possible correlation in between the seasonality and some cancer type survival.With short expected survival, lung cancer is an arena that still is in need of new prognostic factors and models.We aimed to investigate the effect of season of diagnosis on 3 months, 1 and 2 years survival rates and overallsurvival of non small cell lung cancer patients. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The files of non small cell lung cancerpatients that were stages IIIB and IV at diagnosis were reviewed retrospectively. According to diagnosis date,the patients were grouped into 4 season groups, autumn, winter, spring and summer. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total of 279advanced non small cell lung cancer patients’ files were reviewed. Median overall survival was 15 months in theentire population. Overall 3 months, 1 and 2 years survival rates were 91.0%, 58.2% and 31.2% respectively.The season of diagnosis was significantly correlated with 3 months survival rates, being diagnosed in springbeing associated with better survival . Also the season was significantly correlated with T stage of the disease.For 1 and 2 years survival rates and overall survival, the season of diagnosis was not significantly correlated.There was no correlation detected between season and overall survivals according to histological subtypes ofnon small cell lung cancer. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: As a new finding in advanced non small cell lung cancer patients, it canbe concluded that being diagnosed in spring can be a favorable prognostic factor for short term survival.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Cost-Effectiveness of Korea’s National Cervical Cancer Screening Program4329433427953ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Cervical cancer, which is common in developing countries, is also a major health issue inKorea. Our aim was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Korea’s National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP),implemented in 1999. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The target population was Korean women 30 years or over whowere invited to take part in the NCSP in 2002–2007. By merging NCSP records with Korean Central CancerRegistry data, patients diagnosed with cervical cancer who had been screened were assigned to a “screened group,”while patients diagnosed elsewhere were assigned to a “non-screened group.” Clinical outcomes were measuredin terms of life-years saved (LYS), derived from 5-year mortality rates supplied by the Korean National HealthInsurance Corporation and National Statistical Office. Direct and travel costs associated with screening wereevaluated from the perspective of the payer, the NCSP. <br/><b>Results</b>: A diagnosis via screening was associated with 2.30LYS, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) estimate for screening was 7,581,679 KW/LYS (6,727USD/LYS). ICER estimates were lower for older patients (≥ 50 years) than younger patients (4,047,033 KW/LYS vs 5,680,793 KW/LYS). The proportion of early-stage cancers detected was 16.3% higher in the screenedgroup. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In light of Korea’s per capita gross domestic product (32,272 USD in 2012), the currentNCSP’s incremental cost per LYS appears acceptable.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Betel Quid Chewing and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancers: A Prospective Cohort Study in Khon Kaen, Thailand4335433827954ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> This study aimed to determine the association between betel quid chewing and the occurrenceof upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers. <br/><b>Methods</b>: A cohort of 17,388 subjects, recruited and interviewedover the 1990-2001 period, in Khon Kaen, Thailand, was followed up until 2011. The data were linked to theKhon Kaen Population-Based Cancer Registry. <br/><b>Results</b>: The prevalence of betel quid chewing was 15.9%, with afemale predominance (97.7%); the mean age of chewers was 57.7 years (SD 6.6). The overall incidence of UADTcancers from the cohort was 14.7 per 100,000 person-years, whereas the incidence among the chewers was 45.7.Betel nut chewing was the only major risk factor for UADT cancers in this population (HR=5.26, 95%CI=2.51-11.0), while weak associations were found for tobacco smoking and alcohol (HR=1.16, 95%CI=0.45-3.01 and 1.47,95%CI=0.72-3.03 respectively). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: We found betel quid chewing to be a main risk factor for UADTcancers, resulting in a higher incidence in females. However, further study is required to explore the potentialr isk factors among non-chewers, non-smokers, and non-drinkersWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Identification of Germline BRCA1 Mutations among Breast Cancer Families in Northeastern Iran4339434527955ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of BRCA1 (MIM: 113705) foundermutations in familial breast cancer (BC) patients with high risks in Iran. BRCA1 is among the cancer susceptibilitygenes best known for high penetrance mutations. BRCA1 genotyping is now used to determine patient counseling,management decisions, and prognosis of this syndrome. Materials and <br/><b>Method</b>: Thirty nine patients with clinicalBC and 29 high risk healthy women, related to the patients, participated in the study. DNA from blood sampleswas extracted and analyzed by PCR and SSCP methods in order to find 185delAG and 5382insC foundermutations. In addition, a 251bp fragment of BRCA1’s exon 11 was amplified and analyzed for determination ofnew mutations. <br/><b>Results</b>: The data indicated the presence of 185delAG and 5382insC founder mutations in bothgroups studied. Two out of 39 BC patients (5.1%) and one out of 29 relatives (3.4%) were suspected to be carriersof 185delAG mutations. However, we found only one patient (2.6%) to be a carrier of a 5382insC mutation. Also,2 women (5.1%) of the patient group and 3 n (10.3%) of relatives group were identified as carriers of unclarifiedmutations in the 251bp fragment of the BRCA1 gene. The carriers of BRCA1 founder mutations have a highlifetime risk of breast cancer. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Therefore, these data are useful in counseling of individuals with asignificant family history of breast cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Molecular Mechanism Underlying Hesperetin-induced Apoptosis by in silico Analysis and in Prostate Cancer PC-3 Cells4347435227956ENJournal Article19700101Aim: To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying triggering of apoptosis by hesperetin using in silicoand in vitro methods. <br/><b>Methods</b>: The mechanism of binding of hesperetin with NF-kB and other apoptotic proteinslike BAX, BAD, BCL2 and BCLXL was analysed in silico using Schrodinger suite 2009. In vitro studies were alsocarried out to evaluate the potency of hesperetin in inducing apoptosis using the human prostate cancer PC-3cell line. <br/><b>Results</b>: Hesperetin was found to exhibit high-affinity binding resulting from greater intermolecularforces between the ligand and its receptor NF-kB (-7.48 Glide score). In vitro analysis using MTT assay confirmedthat hesperetin reduced cell proliferation (IC50 values of 90 and 40μM at 24 and 48h respectively) in PC-3 cells.Hesperetin also downregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCLXL at both mRNA and protein levels andincreased the expression of pro-apoptotic genes like BAD at mRNA level and BAX at mRNA as well as proteinlevels. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: The results suggest that hesperetin can induce apoptosis by inhibiting NF-kB.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Ki67 Index in Breast Cancer: Correlation with Other Prognostic Markers and Potential in Pakistani Patients4353435827957ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Introduction</b>: Breast cancer aggressiveness can be correlated with proliferation status of tumor cells, whichcan be ascertained with tumor grade and Ki67 indexing. However due to lack of reproducibility, the ASCO donot recommend routine use of Ki67 in determining prognosis in newly diagnosed breast cancers. We thereforeaimed to determine associations of the Ki67 index with other prognostic markers like tumor size, grade, lymphnode metastasis, ER, PR and HER2neu status. <br/><b>Methods</b>: A total of 194 cases of newly diagnosed breast cancerwere included in the study. Immunohistochemical staining for ER, PR, HER2neu and Ki67 was performed bythe DAKO envision method. Associations of the Ki67 index with other prognostic factors were evaluated bothas continuous and categorical variables. <br/><b>Results</b>: Mean age of the patients was 51.7 years (24-90). Mean Ki67index was 26.9% (1-90). ER, PR, HER2neu positivity was noted in 90/194 cases (46.4%), 74/194 cases (38.1%)and 110/194 cases (56.70%) respectively. Significant association was found between Ki67 and tumor grade,PR, HER2neu positivity and lymph node status, but no link was apparent with ER positivity and tumor size.There wasan inverse relation between Ki67 index and PR positivity, whereas a direct correlation was seen withHER2neu positivity. However, high Ki67 (>30%) was associated with decreased HER2neu positivity as comparedto intermediate Ki67 (16-30%). The same trend was established with lymph node metastasis. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Ourstudy indicates that with high grade tumors, clinical utility of ki67 is greater in combination with other prognosticmarkers because we found that tumors with Ki67 higher than 30% have better prognostic profile comparedto tumors with intermediate Ki67 level, as reflected by slightly lower frequency of lymph node metastasis andHER2neu expression. Therefore we suggest that Ki67 index should be categorized into high, intermediate andlow groups when considering adjuvant chemotherapy and prognostic stratification.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Fine Needle Aspiration Cytopathology of Pediatric Lympha denopathy among Sudanese Children4359436327958ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Pediatric lymphadenopathy is a challenging medical situation for the child patient, the parents,and the physician. Although the bulk of masses will be benign the fear of malignancy is omnipresent. Therefore,the objective of this study was to identify the common cytopathological patterns of lymphadenopathy amongSudanese children. <br/><b>Methods</b>: One hundred pediatric patients presenting with peripheral lymphadenopathywere included in the study, their ages ranging from 2 to 14 years, with a mean age of 7 years. Demographiccharacteristics, clinical manifestations and FNA materials were prospectively obtained. <br/><b>Results</b>: FNA wasperformed in 100 cases (100%). There were no technical complications. All cases confirmed adequacy ofspecimen. Overall, FNA demonstrated 90 (90%) benign lesions and 10 (10%) malignant diagnosis. The benignlesions were reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (n=64), followed by benign granulomatous disease (n=26). Of the10 cases diagnosed with malignancy, 7 (7%) were cases of non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma and the remaining 3 (3%)were Hodgkin’s lymphomas. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Pediatric lymphadenopathy is common in Sudan. CLA is the commonfrequent site. Lymphoma represents a major challenge in this setting.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study of 44 Cases4365436827959ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) is considered a subtype of adenocarcinoma of the lung.Recently BAC has been variously termed adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, lepidicpredominant invasive adenocarcinoma, and invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. The aim of the study was toanalyze and detect prognostic factors of patients with BAC over a 7-year period. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Thisretrospective single-center study included 44 patients with BAC. The impact on survival of fifteen variables(gender, age, smoking status, cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, fever, chest pain, sputum, metastasis number, Karnofskyperformance status, pT, pN, TNM stage, cytotoxic chemoterapy) were assessed. <br/><b>Results</b>: Median age was 55 years(38-83). Most patients were male (63.6%) and stage IV (59.1%). Twenty-one patients (47.7%) received cytotoxicchemotherapy (platinum-based regimens) for metastatic disease. Objective response rate was 33.3% (4 partial,3 complete responses). Stable disease was observed in nine in patients (42.8%). Disease progression was notedin 5 (23.8%). The median OS for all patients was 12 months (95%CI, 2.08-22.9 months). Independent predictorsfor overall survival were: Karnofsky performance status (HR:3.30, p 0.009), pN (HR:3.81, p 0.018), TNM stage(HR:6.49, p 0.012) and hemoptysis (HR:2.31, p 0.046). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Karnofsky performance status, pN, TNMstage and hemoptysis appear to have significant impact on predicting patient survival in cases of BAC.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Clinical Observations on the Association Between Diagnosis of Lung Cancer and Serum Tumor Markers in Combination4369437127960ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To evaluate the association of a diagnosis of lung cancer and combined detection of serumcarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrateantigen 19-9 (CA19-9), neuron specific enolase (NSE) as well asthe cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1). <br/><b>Methods</b>: Serum CEA, CA19-9, NSE and CYFRA21-1 were assessedin 150 patients with lung cancer, 100 patients with benign lung disease and 100 normal control subjects, anddifferences of expression were compared in each group, and joint effects of these tumor markers in the diagnosisof lung cancer were analyzed. <br/><b>Results</b>: Serum CEA, CA19-9, NSE and CYFRA21-1 in patients with lung cancerwere significantly higher than those with benign lung disease and normal controls (p<0.01). It is suggested thatthese four tumor markers combined together could produce a positive detection rate of 90.2%, significantlyhigher than that of any single test. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Combination detection of CEA, CA19-9, NSE and CYFRA21-1could significantly improve the sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of lung cancer, and could be important inearly detection.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Factors Associated with Late Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer in Nepal4373437727961ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The majority of cervical cancers, the most prevalent cancer among Nepali women, are diagnosedin advanced stage leading to high mortality in Nepal. The present study explored factors associated with latediagnosis. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional study was carried out in two specialized cancer hospitalsof Nepal from August 12 to October 12, 2012. Randomly selected 110 cervical cancer patients were interviewedand their medical records were reviewed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to predictassociations. <br/><b>Results</b>: Mean age of patients was 52.7years (SD=10.6), 66% were illiterate and 77% were ruralinhabitants. Medical shops (33.6%) and private hospitals (31%) were major first contact points of patientswith health care providers (HCP). There was no cervical/per-speculum examination (78.2%) and symptomsmisinterpretation (90%) of patients occurred in initial consultation with HCP. Four in every five cases (80.9%)of cervical cancer had late diagnosis. Literate women (adjusted OR=0.121, CI: 0.030-0.482) and women havingabnormal vaginal bleeding as early symptom (adjusted OR=0.160, CI: 0.035-0.741) were less likely to suffer latediagnosis. Women who shared their symptoms late (adjusted OR=4.272, CI: 1.110-16.440) and did so with peopleother than their husband (adjusted OR=12.701, CI: 1.132-142.55) were more likely for late diagnosis. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:High level of illiteracy among women and their problematic health seeking behavior for gynecological symptomsare responsible for late diagnosis of cervical cancer in Nepal. In the absence of a routine screening program,prevention interventions should be focused on raising awareness of gynecological symptoms and improvinghealth seeking behavior of women for such symptoms.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Projection of Cancer Incident Cases for India -Till 20264379438627962ENJournal Article19700101Projection of cancer incidence is essential for planning cancer control actions, health care and allocationof resources. Here we project the cancer burden at the National and State level to understand the magnitudeof cancer problem for the various calendar years from 2011 to 2026 at 5-yearly intervals. The age, sex andsite-wise cancer incidence data along with populations covered by the registries were obtained from the reportof National Cancer Registry Programme published by Indian Council of Medical Research for the period2001-2004. Pooled age sex specific cancer incidence rates were obtained by taking weighted averages of theseseventeen registries with respective registry populations as weights. The pooled incidence rates were assumedto represent the country’s incidence rates. Populations of the country according to age and sex exposed to therisk of development of cancer in different calendar years were obtained from the report of Registrar Generalof India providing population projections for the country for the years from 2001 to 2026. Population forecastswere combined with the pooled incidence rates to estimate the projected number of cancer cases by age, sexand site of cancer at various 5-yearly periods Viz. 2011, 2016, 2021 and 2026. The projections were carried outfor the various leading sites as well as for ‘all sites’ of cancer. In India, in 2011, nearly 1,193,000 new cancercases were estimated; a higher load among females (603,500) than males (589,800) was noted. It is estimatedthat the total number of new cases in males will increased from 0.589 million in 2011 to 0.934 million by theyear 2026. In females the new cases of cancer increased from 0.603 to 0.935 million. Three top most occurringcancers namely those of tobacco related cancers in both sexes, breast and cervical cancers in women accountfor over 50 to 60 percent of all cancers. When adjustments for increasing tobacco habits and increasing trendsin many cancers are made, the estimates may further increase. The leading sites of cancers in males are lung,oesophagus, larynx, mouth, tongue and in females breast and cervix uteri. The main factors contributing to highburden of cancer over the years are increase in the population size as well as increase in proportion of elderlypopulation, urbanization, and globalization. The cancer incidence results show an urgent need for strengtheningand augmenting the existing diagnostic/tr eatment facilities, which are inadequate even to tackle the present load.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Projection of Burden of Cancer Mortality for India, 2011-20264387439227963ENJournal Article19700101Projection of load of cancer mortality helps in quantifying the burden of cancer and is essential for planningcancer control activities. As per our knowledge, there have not been many attempts to project the cancer mortalityburden at the country level in India mainly due to lack of data on cancer mortality at the national and state level.This is an attempt to understand the magnitude of cancer mortality problem for the various calendar years from2011 to 2026 at 5-yearly intervals. Age, sex and site-wise specific cancer mortality data along with populationscovered by the registries were obtained from the report of National Cancer Registry Programme published byIndian Council of Medical Research for the period 2001-2004. Pooled age sex specific cancer mortality rateswere obtained by taking weighted average of these six registries with respective registry populations as weights.The pooled mortality rates were assumed to represent the country’s mortality rates. Populations of the countryaccording to age and sex exposed to the risk of cancer mortality in different calendar years were obtained fromthe report of Registrar General of India providing population projections for the country for the years from 2011to 2026. Population forecasts were combined with the pooled mortality rates to estimate the projected numberof cancer mortality cases by age, sex and site of cancer at various 5-yearly periods Viz. 2011, 2016, 2021 and2026. The projections were carried out for the various cancer-leading sites as well as for ‘all sites’ of cancer. Theresults revealed that an estimated 0.44 million died due to cancer during the year 2011, while 0.51 million and0.60 million persons are likely to die from cancer in 2016 and 2021. In the year 2011 male mortality was estimatedto be 0.23 million and female mortality to be 0.20 million. The estimated cancer mortality would increase to 0.70million by the year 2026 as a result of change in size and composition of population. In males increase will be to0.38 millions and in females to 0.32 millions. Among women, cancer of the breast, cervical and ovary accountfor 34 percent of all cancer deaths. The leading sites of cancer mortality in males are lung, oesophagus, prostrateand stomach. The above results show a need for commitment for tackling cancer by reducing risk factors andstrengthening the existing screening and treatment facilities.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Gene Expression Profiling of Non–Hodgkin Lymphomas4393439827964ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Chromosomal translocations are genetic aberrations associated with specific non–Hodgkinlymphoma (NHL) subtypes. This study investigated the differential gene expression profile of Egyptian NHLcases based on a microarray approach. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The study included tissue samples from 40 NHLpatients and 20 normal lymph nodes used as controls. Total RNA was extracted and used for cDNA microarrayassays. The quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the aberrantly expressedgenes in cancer. <br/><b>Results</b>: Significant associations of 8 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated genes with NHLwere observed. Aberrant expression of a new group of genes not reported previously was apparent, includingdown-regulated NAG14 protein, 3 beta hydroxy-delta 5-c27 steroid oxi-reductase, oxi-glutarate dehydrogenase(lipo-amide), immunoglobulin lambda like polypeptide 3, protein kinase x linked, Hmt1, and caveolin 2 Tetraprotein. The up-regulated genes were Rb binding protein 5, DKFZP586J1624 protein, protein kinase inhibitorgamma, zinc finger protein 3, choline ethanolamine phospho-transferase CEPT1, protein phosphatase, andhistone deacetylase-3. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: This study revealed that new differentially expressed genes that may bemarkers for NHL patients and individuals who are at high risk for cancer development.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Analysis of Death Causes of In-patients with Malignant Tumors in Sichuan Cancer Hospital of China from 2002 to 20124399440227965ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objectives</b>: To analyze underlying disease, fatality rate and the major causes of death of in-patients withmalignant tumors in Sichuan Cancer Hospital. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Clinical data of in-patients from 2002 to 2012 wereretrospectively analyzed. <br/><b>Results</b>: The top 10 tumors (82.0%of the total) of the malignant tumors of the inpatientswere lung, cervical, esophagus, breast, colorectal, nasopharynx, liver and gastric cancers, lymphomasand ovarian cancers. The overall fatality rate was 2.7% during these eleven years, 3.4% and 2.0% for maleand females, respectively with statistical significance for the difference (χ2=164.737, P<0.001). The top 10 deathcauses were lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lymphoma, breastcancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and nasopharynx cancer. In-patients with pancreatic cancer had thehighest fatality rate (9.6%). There were different ranks of death causes in different sex groups and age groups.<br/><b>Conclusion</b>: Prevention and control work of cancer should be enhanced not only for cancers with high incidencesuch as lung cancer, esophageal cancer but also for the cancers which have low incidence but high fatality rate,such as pancreatic cancer and gallbladder cancer, which would help to improve the survival rate and quality oflife of cancer patients in the future.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Lack of Association of a Common Polymorphism in the 3’ -UTR of Interleukin 8 with Non Small Cell Lung Cancer in Kashmir4403440827966ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Chronic inflammation is considered as an important factor in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Thepresence of inflammatory cells and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironmentand their surrounding tissues is gaining much importance in research. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: One hundredninety NSCLC cases and 200 age, smoking and sex matched controls were evaluated for association of IL-8 -251(rs4073) and IL-8 -845 (rs2227532) in our population. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) wasused followed by direct sequencing for the detection of SNPs. <br/><b>Results</b>: The IL-8 -845 polymorphism was notfound in our population. No significant association was observed between the IL-8 -251 AT genotypes and IL-8-25 AA genotypes and NSCLC (p=0.05) in our population. The IL-8 -251 A allele was also non-significant (p=0.05)in NSCLC patients. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In conclusion, this report reveals lack of association between IL-8 - 251 A/Tpolymorphism and NSCLC in our Kashmir Valley population.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Cigarette Smoking and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Revisit with an Assessment of the Nicotine Dependence Phenotype4409441327967ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor of pancreatic cancer (PC). Although anassociation between nicotine dependence phenotype, namely time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking, andthe risk of several smoking-related cancers has been reported, an association between TTFC and PC risk hasnot been reported. We assessed the impact of smoking behavior, particularly TTFC, on PC risk in a Japanesepopulation. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: We conducted a case-control study using 341 PC and 1,705 non-cancerpatients who visited Aichi Cancer Center in Nagoya, Japan. Exposure to risk factors, including smoking behavior,was assessed from the results of a self-administered questionnaire. The impact of smoking on PC risk was assessedwith multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and95% confidence intervals (CIs). <br/><b>Results</b>: Cigarettes per day (CPD) and/or smoking duration were significantlyassociated with PC risk, consistent with previous studies. For TTFC and PC risk, we found only a suggestiveassociation: compared with a TTFC of more than 60 minutes, ORs were 1.15 (95%CI, 0.65- 2.04) for a TTFC of30-60 minutes and 1.35 (95%CI, 0.85-2.15) for that of 0-30 minutes (p trend=0.139). After adjustment for CPDor smoking duration, no association was observed between TTFC and PC. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In this study, we foundno statistically significant association between TTFC and PC risk. Further studies concerning TTFC and PCrisk are warranted.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Reliability and Validity of Turkish Version of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index Cancer Scale4415441927968ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Measuring effects of cancer on family caregivers is important to develop methods which canimprove their quality of life (QOL) . Nevertheless, up to now, only a few tools have been developed to be usedin this group. Among those, the Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer Scale (CQOLC) has met minimumpsychometric criteria in different populations in spite of conflicting results. The present study was conducted toevaluate reliability and validity of CQOLC among Turkish cancer family caregivers. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>:The CQOLC was administered to 120 caregivers, along with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), MedicalOutcomes Study MOS 36- Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), andMultidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Internal consistency and test-retest stability wereused to investigate reliability. Construct validity was examined by using known group method, convergent, anddivergent validity. For the known group method, we hypothesized that CQOLC scores would differ betweendepressed and non-depressed subjects. We investigated convergent validity by correlating scores for CQOLCwith scores for other similar measures including SF-36 and STAI. The MSPSS was completed at the same timeas CQOLC to provide divergent validity. <br/><b>Results</b>: The values for internal consistency and test-retest correlationwere 0.88 and 0.96, respectively. The CQOLC discriminated those who were depressed from those who werenot. Convergent validity supported strong correlations between CQOLC scores and two main component scores(PCS, MCS) in SF-36 although there was a weak correlation between CQOLC and STAI scores. Regardingdivergent validity, the correlation between CQOLC and MSPSS was in the low range, as expected. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:The Turkish CQOLC is a reliable and valid tool and it can be utilized to determine QOL of family caregivers.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Effect of 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine on Cell Proliferation of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cell Line A549 Cells and Expression of the TFPI-2 Gene4421442627969ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: The present study employed 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) to treat non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) cell line A549 to investigate the effects on proliferation and expression of the TFPI-2 gene. <br/><b>Methods</b>:Proliferation was assessed by MTT assay after A549 cells were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR, a specificdemethylating agent, for 24 ,48 and 72h. At the last time point cells were also analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM)to identify any change in their cell cycle profiles. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSPCR), realtime polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR) and western blotting were carried out to determine TFPI-2 genemethylation status, mRNA expression and protein expression. <br/><b>Results</b>: MTT assay showed that the growth ofA549 cells which were treated with 5-Aza-CdR was significantly suppressed as compared with the control group(0 μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR). After treatment with 0, 1, 5, 10 μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR for 72h, FCM showed their proportionin G0/G1 was 69.7±0.99%, 76.1±0.83%, 83.8±0.35%, 95.5±0.55% respectively (P<0.05), and the proportion in Swas 29.8±0.43%, 23.7±0.96%, 15.7±0.75%, 1.73±0.45%, respectively (P<0.05), suggesting 5-Aza-CdR treatmentinduced G0/G1 phase arrest. MSPCR showed that hypermethylation in the promoter region of TFPI-2 genewas detected in control group (0 μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR), and demethylation appeared after treatment with 1, 5,10 μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR for 72h. Real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of TFPI-2 gene mRNA were1±0, 1.49±0.14, 1.86±0.09 and 5.80±0.15 (P<0.05) respectively. Western blotting analysis showed the relativeexpression levels of TFPI-2 protein were 0.12±0.01, 0.23±0.02, 0.31±0.02, 0.62±0.03 (P<0.05). TFPI-2 proteinexpression in A549 cells was gradually increased significantly with increase in the 5-Aza-CdR concentration.<br/><b>Conclusions</b>: TFPI-2 gene promoter methylation results in the loss of TFPI-2 mRNA and protein expressionin the non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549, and 5-Aza-CdR treatment could induce the demethylation ofTFPI-2 gene promoter and restore TFPI-2 gene expression. These findings provide theoretic evidence for clinicaltreatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with the demethylation agent 5-Aza-CdR. TFPI-2 may be onemolecular marker for effective treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with 5-Aza-CdR.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1 Polymorphisms and Risk of Cervical Squamous Epithelial Cell Carcinoma: A Population Study in China4427443327970ENJournal Article19700101Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. HLA class I and II alleles polymorphismshave been shown to be associated with cervical cancer risk, but results have varied among different populations.In this study, the HLA-A, -B, and –DRB1 alleles among 100 southern Chinese women with cervical squamouscell carcinoma (SCC) were compared to 254 controls. Our results showed that B*51:01:02 allele frequencywas significantly higher in patients with SCC than in healthy controls (P = 3.17x 10-5, Pc = 0.005, OR = 26.7).Statistical analysis also revealed a significantly decreased frequency of B*51:01:01 (P = 7.01x 10-4, Pc = 0.03, OR= 0.12) in patients with SCC when compared with healthy controls. These results indicate that HLA-B*51:01:02may confer susceptibility to SCC and HLA-B*51:01:01 may contribute to resistance to the development of SCCin Chinese women. None of the HLA-A-B or HLA-A-B-DRB1 haplotypes were significantly different in casesand controls after multiple testing corrections, indicating the individual allele associations to be independent ofthe identified haplotypes. These results support the hypothesis that some HLA-B alleles could be involved withsusceptibility for developing SCC.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Reduction of Intestinal Polyp Formation in Min Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet with Aloe Vera Gel Extract4435444027971ENJournal Article19700101Aloe vera gel supercritical CO2 extract (AVGE) has been shown to contain five phytosterols, reduce visceralfat accumulation, and influence the metabolism of glucose and lipids in animal model experiments. Recentepidemiologic studies have shown that obesity is an established risk factor for several cancers including colorectalcancer. Therefore, we examined the effects of AVGE on intestinal polyp formation in Apc-deficient Min micefed a high-fat diet. Male Min mice were divided into normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD), low dose AVGE(HFD+LAVGE) and high dose AVGE (HFD+HAVGE) groups. The ND group received AIN-93G diet and thelatter 3 groups were given modified high-fat AIN-93G diet (HFD) for 7 weeks. AVGE was suspended in 0.5%carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and administered orally to mice in HFD+LAVGE and HFD+HAVGE groupsevery day (except on Sunday) for 7 weeks at a dose of 3.75 and 12.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively. ND and HFDgroups received 0.5% CMC alone. Between weeks 4 and 7, body weights in the HFD and HFD+LAVGE groupswere reduced more than those in the ND group. However, body weights were not reduced in the HFD+HAVGEgroup. Mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and their intestines were scored for polyps. No significantdifferences were observed in either the incidence and multiplicity of intestinal polyps (≥0.5 mm in a diameter)among the three groups fed HFD. However, when intestinal polyps were categorized by their size into 0.5-1.4,1.5-2.4, or ≥2.5 mm, the incidence and multiplicity of large polyps (≥2.5 mm) in the intestine in the HFD+HAVGEgroup were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. We measured plasma lipid (triglycerides and totalcholesterol) and adipocytokine [interleukin-6 and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin] levels as possibleindicators of mechanisms of inhibition. The results showed that HMW adiponectin levels in the HFD group weresignificantly lower than those in the ND group. However, the levels in the HFD+HAVGE group were significantlyhigher than those in the HFD group. These results indicate that HAVGE reduced large-sized intestinal polypsand ameliorated reduction in plasma HMW adiponectin levels in Min mice fed HFD.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Diethyldithiocarbamate Suppresses an NF-κB Dependent Metastatic Pathway in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells4441444627972ENJournal Article19700101Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a tumor of biliary ducts, which has a high mortality rate and dismal prognosis.Constitutively activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) has been previouslydemonstrated in CCA. It is therefore a potential target for CCA treatment. Effects of diethyldithiocarbamate(DDTC) on NF-κB-dependent apoptosis induction in cancer have been reported; however, anti-metastasis hasnever been addressed. Therefore, here the focus was on DDTC effects on CCA migration and adhesiond. Antiproliferation,anti-migration and anti-adhesion activities were determined in CCA cell lines, along with p65 proteinlevels and function. NF-κB target gene expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. DDTC inhibitedCCA cell proliferation. Suppression of migration and adhesion were observed prior to anti-CCA proliferation.These effects were related to decreased p65, reduction in NF-κB DNA binding, and impaired activity. Moreover,suppression of ICAM-1 expression supported NF-κB-dependent anti-metastatic effects of DDTC. Taken together,DDTC suppression of CCA migration and adhesion through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway is suggestedfrom the current study. This might be a promising treatment choice against CCA metastasis.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Risk Assessment on Anastomotic Leakage after Rectal Cancer Surgery: An Analysis of 753 Patients4447445327973ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: To investigate the risk factors for anastomotic leakage (AL) after anterior resection for rectalcancer with a double stapling technique. Patients and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Between January 2004 and December 2011,753 consecutive patients in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Research Institute diagnosed with rectal cancer andundergoing anterior resection with a double stapling technique were recruited. All patients experienced atotal mesorectal excision (TME) operation. Additionally, decrease of postoperative tumor supplied group offactors (TSGF), which have not been reported before, was proposed as a new indicator for AL. Univariate andmultivariate analysis were performed to determine risk factors for AL. <br/><b>Results</b>: AL was detected in 57 (7.6%) of753 patients with rectal cancer. The diagnosis of anastomotic leakage was confirmed between the 6th and 12thpostoperative day (POD; mean 8th POD). After univariate analysis and multivariate analysis, age (p<0.001),gender (p=0.002), level of anastomosis (p < 0.001), preoperative body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.001) and reductionof TSGF in 5th POD was less than 10 m/ml (p < 0.001) were selected as 5 independent risk factors for AL. It wasalso indicated that a temporary defunctioning transverse ileostomy (p = 0.04) would decrease the occurrence ofAL. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: AL after anterior resection for rectal carcinoma is related to elderly status, low level site of thetumor (below the peritoneal reflection), being male, preoperative BMI and the decrease of TSGF in 5th POD isless than 10 m/ml. Preventive ileostomy is advisable after TME for low rectal tumors to prevent AL.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Positive and Negative Effects of IT on Cancer Registries4455445727974ENJournal Article19700101In the new millennium people are facing serious challenges in health care, especially with increasing noncommunicablediseases (NCD). One of the most common NCDs is cancer which is the leading cause of death indeveloped countries and in developing countries is the second cause of death after heart diseases. Cancer registrycan make possible the analysis, comparison and development of national and international cancer strategies andplanning. Information technology has a vital role in quality improvement and facility of cancer registries. Withthe use of IT, in addition to gaining general benefits such as monitoring rates of cancer incidence and identifyingplanning priorities we can also gain specific advantages such as collecting information for a lifetime, creating telemedical records, possibility of access to information by patient, patient empowerment, and decreasing medicalerrors. In spite of the powerful role of IT, we confront various challenges such as general problems, like privacyof the patient, and specific problems, including possibility of violating patients rights through misrepresentation,omission of human relationships, and decrease in face to face communication between doctors and patients. Byimplementing appropriate strategies, such as identifying authentication levels, controlling approaches, codingdata, and considering technical and content standards, we can optimize the use of IT. The aim of this paper isto emphasize the need for identifying positive and negative effects of modern IT on cancer registry in generaland specific aspects as an approach to cancer care management.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736814720130701Malignancies and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation4459445927975ENJournal Article19700101