West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601RET Proto Oncogene Mutation Detection and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Prevention2107211730726ENJournal Article19700101Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine neoplasia. The medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is oneof the most aggressive forms of thyroid malignancy,accounting for up to 10% of all types of this disease. Themode of inheritance of MTC is autosomal dominantly and gain of function mutations in the RET proto-oncogeneare well known to contribute to its development. MTC occurs as hereditary (25%) and sporadic (75%) forms.Hereditary MTC has syndromic (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A, B; MEN2A, MEN2B) and non-syndromic(Familial MTC, FMTC) types. Over the last two decades, elucidation of the genetic basis of tumorigenesis hasprovided useful screening tools for affected families. Advances in genetic screening of the RET have enabled earlydetection of hereditary MTCs and prophylactic thyroidectomy for relatives who may not show any symptomsof the disease. In this review we emphasize the main RET mutations in syndromic and non syndromic formsof MTC, and focus on the importance of RET genetic screening for early diagnosis and management of MTCpatients, based on American Thyroid Association guidelines and genotype-phenotype correlation.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Coevolution between Human’s Anticancer Activities and Functional Foods from Crop Origin Center in the World2119212830729ENJournal Article19700101Cancer is the leading cause of death around the world. Anticancer activities from many functional foodsources have been reported in years, but correlation between cancer prevalence and types of food with anticanceractivities from crop origin center in the world as well as food source with human migration are unclear. Hungerfrom food shortage is the cause of early human evolution from Africa to Asia and later into Eurasia. The richestfunctional foods are found in crop origin centers, housing about 70% in the world populations. Crop origincenters have lower cancer incidence and mortality in the world, especially Central Asia, Middle East, SouthwestChina, India and Ethiopia. Asia and Africa with the richest anticancer crops is not only the most importantevolution base of humans and origin center of anticancer functional crop, but also is the lowest mortality andincidence of cancers in the world. Cancer prevention of early human migrations was associated with functionalfoods from crop origin centers, especially Asia with four centers and one subcenter of crop origin, accountingfor 58% of the world population. These results reveal that coevolution between human’s anticancer activitiesassociated with functional foods for crop origin centers, especially in Asia and Africa.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Molecular Mechanisms of Apoptosis and Roles in Cancer Development and Treatment2129214430731ENJournal Article19700101Programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is a mechanism which is crucial for all multicellular organisms tocontrol cell proliferation and maintain tissue homeostasis as well as eliminate harmful or unnecessary cells froman organism. Defects in the physiological mechanisms of apoptosis may contribute to different human diseases likecancer. Identification of the mechanisms of apoptosis and its effector proteins as well as the genes responsible forapoptosis has provided a new opportunity to discover and develop novel agents that can increase the sensitivity ofcancer cells to undergo apoptosis or reset their apoptotic threshold. These novel targeted therapies include thosetargeting anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, p53, the extrinsic pathway, FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP),inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and the caspases. In recent years a number of these novel agents havebeen assessed in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we introduce some of the key regulatory moleculesthat control the apoptotic pathways, extrinsic and intrinsic death receptors, discuss how defects in apoptoticpathways contribute to cancer, and list several agents being developed to target apoptosis.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Multifaceted Usage of HPV Related Tests and Products in the Management of Cervical Cancer - a Review2145215030734ENJournal Article19700101HPV viruses are integral to the development of cervical cancer. The pathogenesis has been extensivelystudied. To date, numerous HPV tests and products have been developed and successfully utilized in diagnosis,treatment and prevention of cervical cancer. The HPV DNA test, when combined with other routine cervicalcancer screening and diagnostic tests namely exfoliative cytology, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) andcolposcopy has increased the detection rate of cervical cancer. HPV DNA products could also be measured inother body fluids like urine, lymph node tissue, and serum. HPV association could also be quantified by measuringother parameters like HPV mRNA, viral load, viral integration and methylation status. Vaccination against HPVhas been found to decrease the incidence of cervical cancer. Further, therapeutic vaccines for cervical canceragainst HPV continue to evolve. All these findings pertaining to HPV could possibly decrease the incidence ofcervical cancer in the near future. This review aims to give an overview of the HPV tests and products in useand those under trial currently.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Advances in the Management of Unresectable or Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Chemotherapy, Targeted Therapy, Hormonal Treatment, and Future Directions2151215930736ENJournal Article19700101Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are rare and heterogenous tumors and surgery to remove theprimary tumor is the mainstay of treatment for resectable disease. However, curative surgery is often not feasible,because half of patients with pNET have metastases at the time of diagnosis. Palliative dubulking surgery andliver-directed therapies are appropriate options for these patients. Streptozocin-based regimens are standard,although temozolamide-based treatments are rapidly gaining wide clinical application. Somatostatin analogsare mainly indicated in hormonally active tumors to ameliorate symptoms. In addition, anti-tumoral activityhas been proven in well-differentiated NETs. Recently, there has been tremendous progress in the molecularbiology of pNETs; thereby, the efficacy of sunitinib and everolimus in the treatment of patients with metastaticpNETs has been proven by large placebo-controlled phase III trials. Currently, there are no definitively provenpredictive biomarkers to evaluate response to medical therapies in patients with pNET. Therefore, further studiesare needed to individualize and optimize their management. This article reviews systemic chemotherapy, targetedtherapies, and anti-secretory treatments for the management of patients with unresectable or metastatic pNETs,summarized in the light of recent advances.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Sequence to Structure Approach of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Ligand Interactions2161216630739ENJournal Article19700101Estrogen receptors (ERs) are steroid receptors located in the cytoplasm and on the nuclear membrane. Thesequence similarities of human ERα, mouse ERα, rat ERα, dog ERα, and cat ERα are above 90%, but structuresof ERα may different among species. Estrogen can be agonist and antagonist depending on its target organs. Thishormone play roles in several diseases including breast cancer. There are variety of the relative binding affinity(RBA) of ER and estrogen species in comparison to 17β-estradiol (E2), which is a natural ligand of both ERαand ERβ. The RBA of the estrogen species are as following: diethyl stilbestrol (DES) > hexestrol > dienestrol> 17β-estradiol (E2) > 17- estradiol > moxestrol > estriol (E3) >4-OH estradiol > estrone-3-sulfate. Estrogenmimetic drugs, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), have been used as hormonal therapy for ERpositive breast cancer and postmenopausal osteoporosis. In the postgenomic era, in silico models have becomeeffective tools for modern drug discovery. These provide three dimensional structures of many transmembranereceptors and enzymes, which are important targets of de novo drug development. The estimated inhibitionconstants (Ki) from computational model have been used as a screening procedure before in vitro and in vivostudies.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Autophagy in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Treatment2167217530741ENJournal Article19700101Autophagy is a self-digestion process, wrapping cytoplasmic proteins or organelles to form vesicles fordegradation in lysosomes. The process plays an important role in the maintenance of intracellular homostasis. Herewe overview articles on autophagy and cancer/tumors in Pubmed and found 327 articles. Autophagy exists in manytumors and is involved in cell malignant transformation and tumor cell growth. In early phases of tumorigenesis,autophagy clears the abnormally folded proteins and dysfunctional organelles such as mitochondria. Autophagycan also inhibit cell stress responses and prevent genetic damage. When a tumor develops, autophagy helpstumor cells survive nutritional deficiencies and hypoxic conditions. Studies of autophagy in the occurrence andprogression of tumors should provide new therapeutic strategies for tumors.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601The Spectrum of Genetic Mutations in Breast Cancer2177218530743ENJournal Article19700101Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women around the world. About one in 12 women in the Westdevelop breast cancer at some point in life. It is estimated that 5%-10% of all breast cancer cases in women arelinked to hereditary susceptibility due to mutations in autosomal dominant genes. The two key players associatedwith high breast cancer risk are mutations in BRCA 1 and BRCA 2. Another highly important mutation canoccur in TP53 resulting in a triple negative breast cancer. However, the great majority of breast cancer casesare not related to a mutated gene of high penetrance, but to genes of low penetrance such as CHEK2, CDH1,NBS1, RAD50, BRIP1 and PALB2, which are frequently mutated in the general population. In this review, wediscuss the entire spectrum of mutations which are associated with breast cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Cellular Protrusions - Lamellipodia, Filopodia, Invadopodia and Podosomes - and their Roles in Progression of Orofacial Tumours: Current Understanding2187219130756ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Protrusive structures formed by migrating and invading cells are termed lamellipodia, filopodia,invadopodia and podosomes. Lamellipodia and filopodia appear on the leading edges of migrating cells andfunction to command the direction of the migrating cells. Invadopodia and podosomes are special F-actin-richmatrix-degrading structures that arise on the ventral surface of the cell membrane. Invadopodia are found in avariety of carcinomatous cells including squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region whereas podosomesare found in normal highly motile cells of mesenchymal and myelomonocytic lineage. Invadopodia-associatedprotein markers consisted of 129 proteins belonging to different functional classes including WASP, NWASP,cortactin, Src kinase, Arp 2/3 complex, MT1-MMP and F-actin. To date, our current understanding on therole(s) of these regulators of actin dynamics in tumors of the orofacial region indicates that upregulation ofthese proteins promotes invasion and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma, is associated with poor/worstprognostic outcome in laryngeal cancers, contributes to the persistent growth and metastasis characteristicsof salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma, is a significant predictor of increased cancer risk in oral mucosalpremalignant lesions and enhances local invasiveness in jawbone ameloblastomas.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601High-risk Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Cervical Lesions and Vaccination Challenges in China2193219730759ENJournal Article19700101Cervical cancer, mostly progressing from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, is a major cause of morbidityand mortality in Chinese women. This is largely due to high prevalence of high-risk human papillomaviruses(hr-HPVs) in the population. The prevalence of hr-HPV DNA in women and in cervical lesions women rangedfrom 9.9% to 17.% and from 50.5% to 70.9% in different regions of China, respectively. The most commongenotypes somewhat differ between regions throughout the country and from those in many other countries.This may be a challenge to cervical cancer screening and prevention in China. Combined detection of particularHPV genotypes should be recommended in all geographical regions in China and greater attention must be paidto specific hr-HPV types during cervical cancer screening and follow-up of cervical lesions. Besides, vaccinationfor prevention of cervical cancer by particular HPV genotypes, has not been introduced to China so far. Updatedknowledge on prevalent HPV genotypes should be provided to public health organizations to help with thedevelopment of more effective HPV vaccines, which can protect Chinese women against HPV types prevalentin local China and thus have a substantial impact on the cervical cancer burden.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601T-786C, G894T, and Intron 4 VNTR (4a/b) Polymorphisms of the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene in Bladder Cancer Cases2199220230761ENJournal Article19700101The aim of the present study was to determine whether endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) genepolymorphisms play a role in development of bladder cancer in the Turkish population. The study was performedon 75 patients (64 men, 11 women) with bladder cancer and 143 healthy individuals (107 men, 36 women) withany kind of cancer history. Three eNOS gene polymorphisms (T-786C promoter region, G894T and intron 4VNTR 4a/b) were determined with polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment lenght polymorphismmethods. In our study, GT and TT genotypes for eNOS G894T polymorphism were found to significantly varyamong patients with bladder cancer and control group (OR: 0.185, CI: 0.078-0.439, p=0.0001 and OR: 0.324,CI: 0.106-0.990, p=0.026). Also, the frequency of the 894T allele was significantly higher in patients with bladdercancer (51%). No association was identified for eNOS T-786C and intron 4 VNTR 4a/b polymorphisms betweenpatients with bladder cancer and control groups in our Turkish population.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Evaluation of Factors Impacting Cosmetic Outcome of Breast Conservative Surgery - a Study in Iran2203220730763ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Breast conservative surgery (BCS) followed by radiotherapy is the standard approach inmanagement of stage I-II breast cancer. Several factors can affect cosmetic outcomes. The aim of this study wasto evaluate the cosmetic results of BCS and influencing factors in the Iranian Breast Cancer Research Center.Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Patients who had undergone BCS were included. Photographs were taken of both breastsof the patients in three aspects and were evaluated by three specialists. The cosmetic scores were calculatedbased on a standard questionnaire. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression forrelationships between cosmetic scores and clinical data. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total number of 103 patients were included inthe study. Mean age and BMI of the patients were 46.8±8.9 and 28.1±3.9, respectively. Breast cup sizes C and Daccounted for 74.7% of the study group. The mean cosmetic score obtained from three referees was 5.72+2.06,consisting of 35.9% excellent-good, 35% moderate, and 29.1% unsatisfactory results. Patient BMI, volume of theresected tissue and breast cup size (D) showed significant correlation with the cosmetic score. On multivariateregression analysis, cosmetic score and BMI (p=0.022,) as well as breast cup size (p=0.040), remained significant.<br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Immediate or delayed symmetrization of the breasts is suggested during breast conservative surgery,meanwhile performing oncoplastic techniques to improve the results significantly. Also it is suggested to discussanticipation of less satisfactory results with patients having higher BMI and large breast cup size.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Loss of Expression of Cyclin D2 by Aberrant DNA Methylation: a Potential Biomarker in Vietnamese Breast Cancer Patients2209221330766ENJournal Article19700101DNA methylation of tumor suppressor gene promoters is the most frequent phenomenon leading to inactivationof function, consequently driving malignant cell transformation. Cyclin D2 is implicated in tumor suppression.In our study, we carried out the MSP assay to evaluation the methylation status at CpG islands in the cyclinD2 promoter in breast cancer cases from the Vietnamese population. The results showed that the frequency ofmethylation reached 62.1% (59 of 95 breast cancer tumors), but was low in non-cancer specimens at 10% (2 of20 non-cancer specimens). Additionally, with an RR (relative risk) and OR (odd ratios) of 6.21 and 14.8, DNAhypermethylation of cyclin D2 increased the possibility of malignant transformation. Our results confirmed thecyclin D2 hypermethylation could be used as the potential biomarker which could be applied in prognosis andearly diagnosis of Vietnamese breast cancer patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Analysis on Early Detection of Lung Cancer by PET/CT Scan2215221730768ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> This systemic analysis was conducted to to evaluate the application value of positron emissiontomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in early diagnosis of lung cancer. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Clinical studiesevaluating the application value of PET/CT for patients underwent PET/CT imaging. The histological diagnosisserved as the standard of truth. <br/><b>Results</b>: Four clinical studies which including 1330 patients with pulmonary spaceoccupyinglesions were considered eligible for inclusion. Systemic analysis suggested that, in all 1330 patients,pooled sensitivity was 98.7% (1313.2/1330) and specificity was 58.2%(276.85/476). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: This systemicanalysis suggests that integrated PET/CT imaging provides high sensitivity, and reasonably high specificity, andcould be applied for early diagnosis of lung cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Methylated Alteration of SHP1 Complements Mutation of JAK2 Tyrosine Kinase in Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasm2219222530771ENJournal Article19700101SHP1 negatively regulates the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK2/STAT)signaling pathway, which is constitutively activated in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and leukemia.Promoter hypermethylation resulting in epigenetic inactivation of SHP1 has been reported in myelomas, leukemiasand other cancers. However, whether SHP1 hypermethylation occurs in MPNs, especially in Chinese patients, hasremained unclear. Here, we report that aberrant hypermethylation of SHP1 was observed in several leukemic celllines and bone marrow mononuclear cells from MPN patients. About 51 of 118 (43.2%) MPN patients including23 of 50 (46%) polycythaemia vera patients, 20 of 50 (40%) essential thrombocythaemia and 8 of 18 (44.4%)idiopathic myelofibrosis showed hypermethylation by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. However,SHP1 methylation was not measured in 20 healthy volunteers. Hypermethylation of SHP1 was found in MPNpatients with both positive (34/81, 42%) and negative (17/37, 45.9%) JAK2V617F mutation. The levels of SHP1mRNA were significantly lower in hypermethylated samples than unmethylated samples, suggesting SHP1 may beepigenetically inactivated in MPN patients. Furthermore, treatment with 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (AZA) in K562cells showing hypermethylation of SHP1 led to progressive demethylation of SHP1, with consequently increasedreexpression of SHP1. Meanwhile, phosphorylated JAK2 and STAT3 were progressively reduced. Finally, AZAincreased the expression of SHP1 in primary MPN cells with hypermethylation of SHP1. Therefore, our datasuggest that epigenetic inactivation of SHP1 contributes to the constitutive activation of JAK2/STAT signaling.Restoration of SHP1 expression by AZA may contribute to clinical treatment for MPN patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601The Fok1 Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism and 25(OH) D Serum Levels and Prostate Cancer among Jordanian Men2227223030774ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed neoplasms and the second leadingcause of cancer death in men in the Western world. Vitamin D (1,25dihydroxy vitamin D) is linked to manybiological processes that influence oncogenesis but data on relations between its genetic variants and cancerrisk have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine associations between a vitamin D geneticpolymorphism and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and prostate cancer. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: GenomicDNA was extracted from 124 Jordanian prostate cancer patients and 100 healthy volunteers. Ethical approvalwas granted from the ethical committee at Hashemite University and written consent was given by all patients.PCR was used to amplify the vitamin D receptor Fok1 polymorphism fragment. 25(OH)D serum levels weremeasured by competitive immunoassay. <br/><b>Results</b>: All genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genotypefrequency for Fok1 genotypes FF, Ff and ff was 30.7%, 61.3% and 8.06%, for prostate cancer patients, whilefrequencies for the control group was 28.0%, 66.0% and 6.0%, respectively, with no significant differences.Vitamin D serum level was significantly lower in prostate cancer patients (mean 7.7 ng/ml) compared to the controlgroup (21.8 ng/ml). No significant association was noted between 25(OH)D and VDR Fok1 gene polymorphismamong Jordanians overall, but significant associations were evident among prostate cancer patients (FF, Ff andff : 25(OH)D levels of 6.2, 8.2 and 9.9) and controls (19.0, 22.5 and 26.3, respectively). An inverse associationwas noted between 25(OH)D serum level less than 10ng/ml and prostate cancer risk (OR 35.5 and 95% CI 14.3-88.0). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: There is strong inverse association between 25(OH)D serum level less than 10ng/ml leveland prostate cancer risk.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601A Pilot Genome-wide Association Study of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Loci in Indonesia2231223530779ENJournal Article19700101Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of the entire genome provide a systematic approach for revealingnovel genetic susceptibility loci for breast cancer. However, genetic association studies have hitherto been primarilyconducted in women of European ancestry. Therefofre we here performed a pilot GWAS with a single nucleotidepolymorphism (SNP) array 5.0 platform from Affymetrix® that contains 443,813 SNPs to search for new geneticrisk factors in 89 breast cancer cases and 46 healthy women of Indonesian ancestry. The case-control associationof the GWAS finding set was evaluated using PLINK. The strengths of allelic and genotypic associations wereassessed using logistic regression analysis and reported as odds ratios (ORs) and P values; P values less than1.00x10-8 and 5.00x10-5 were required for significant association and suggestive association, respectively. Afteranalyzing 292,887 SNPs, we recognized 11 chromosome loci that possessed suggestive associations with breastcancer risk. Of these, however, there were only four chromosome loci with identified genes: chromosome2p.12 with the CTNNA2 gene [Odds ratio (OR)=1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13-1.33, P=1.08x10-7];chromosome 18p11.2 with the SOGA2 gene (OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.17–1.44, P=6.88x10-6); chromosome 5q14.1with the SSBP2 gene (OR=1.22, 95%CI=1.11–1.34, P=4.00x10-5); and chromosome 9q31.1 with the TEX10 gene(OR=1.24, 95%CI=1.12–1.35, P=4.68x10-5). This study identified 11 chromosome loci which exhibited suggestiveassociations with the risk of breast cancer among Indonesian women.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Prognostic Factors and the Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Post-curative Surgery for Dukes B and C Colon Cancers and Survival Outcomes: a Malaysian Experience2237224330781ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in Dukes C colon cancers post-curative resection.However, the evidence for a role with Dukes B lesions remains unproven despite frequent use for diseasecharacterized by poor prognostic features. In view of limited Asia-specific data, this study aimed to determinesurvival outcomes and identify prognostic factors in a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia. Materials and<br/><b>Methods</b>: A total of 116 subjects who underwent curative surgery with and without adjuvant chemotherapy forDuke B and C primary colon adenocarcinomas diagnosed from 2004-2009 were recruited and data were collectedretrospectively. Five-year overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) were analysed using Kaplan-Meiersurvival analysis and log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Prognostic factors were determined using Cox proportionalhazards regression with both univariate and multivariate analyses. <br/><b>Results</b>: The survival analysis demonstrateda 5-year OS of 74.0% for all patients, with 74.9% for Dukes C subjects receiving chemotherapy compared to28.6% in those not receiving chemotherapy (p=0.001). For Dukes B disease, the 5-year survival rate was 82.6%compared to 75.0% for subjects receiving and not receiving chemotherapy, respectively (p=0.17). Independentprognostic factors identified included a CEA level more than 3.5 ng/ml (hazard ratio (HR)=4.78; p=0.008),serosal involvement (HR=3.75; p=0.028) and completion of chemotherapy (HR= 0.20; p=0.007). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:In a regional context, this study supports current evidence from the West that adjuvant chemotherapy improvessurvival in Dukes C colon cancers post curative surgery. However, although a clear benefit has yet to be provenfor Dukes B disease, our results suggest survival improvement in selected cases.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Prognostic Significance of Preoperative Lymphocyte-Monocyte Ratio in Patients with Resectable Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma2245225030784ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The interaction between tumor cells and inflammatory cells has not been systematicallyinvestigated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The aim of the present study was to evaluatewhether preoperative the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), andthe platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) could predict the prognosis of ESCC patients undergoing esophagectomy.Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Records from 218 patients with histologically diagnosed ESCC who underwent attemptedcurative surgery from January 2007 to December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Besides clinicopathologicalprognostic factors, we evaluated the prognostic value of the LMR, the NLR, and the PLR using Kaplan-Meiercurves and Cox regression models. <br/><b>Results</b>: The median follow-up was 38.6 months (range 3-71 months). Thecut-off values of 2.57 for the LMR, 2.60 for the NLR and 244 for the PLR were chosen as optimal to discriminatebetween survival and death by applying receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. Kaplan-Meier survivalanalysis of patients with low preoperative LMR demonstrated a significant worse prognosis for DFS (p=0.004)and OS (p=0.002) than those with high preoperative LMR. The high NLR cohort had lower DFS (p=0.004)and OS (p=0.011). Marginally reduced DFS (p=0.068) and lower OS (p=0.039) were found in the high PLRcohort. On multivariate analysis, only preoperative LMR was an independent prognostic factor for both DFS(p=0.009, HR=1.639, 95% CI 1.129-2.381) and OS (p=0.004, HR=1.759, 95% CI 1.201-2.576) in ESCC patients.<br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Preoperative LMR better predicts cancer survival compared with the cellular components ofsystemic inflammation in patients with ESCC undergoing esophagectomy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Inhibition of c-FLIP by RNAi Enhances Sensitivity of the Human Osteogenic Sarcoma Cell Line U2OS to TRAILInduced Apoptosis2251225630787ENJournal Article19700101To study effects of cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP)inhibition by RNA interference (RNAi) on sensitivity of U2OS cells to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-relatedapoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis, plasmid pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA was constructed andthen transfected into U2OS cells. A stable transfection cell clone U2OS/pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA was screenedfrom the c-FLIP-siRNA transfected cells. RT-PCR and Western blotting were applied to measure the expressionof c-FLIP at the levels of mRNA and protein. The results indicated that the expression of c-FLIP was significantlysuppressed by the c-FLIP-siRNA in the cloned U2OS/pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA as compared with the controlcells of U2OS/pSUPER. The cloned cell line of U2OS/pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA was further examined for TRAILinducedcell death and apoptosis in the presence of a pan-antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs)AT406, with or without 4 hrs pretreatment with rocaglamide, an inhibitor of c-FLIP biosynthesis, for 24 hrs.Cell death effects and apoptosis were measured by the methods of MTT assay with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and flow cytometry, respectively. The results indicated that TRAIL-inducedcell death in U2OS/pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA was increased compared with control cells U2OS/pSUPER in thepresence or absence of AT406. Flow cytometry indicated that TRAIL-induced cell death effects proceeded throughcell apoptosis pathway. However, in the presence of rocaglamide, cell death or apoptotic effects of TRAIL weresimilar and profound in both cell lines, suggesting that the mechanism of action for both c-FLIP-siRNA androcaglamide was identical. We conclude that the inhibition of c-FLIP by either c-FLIP-siRNA or rocaglamidecan enhance the sensitivity of U2OS to TRAIL-induced apopotosis, suggesting that inhibition of c-FLIP is a goodtarget for anti-cancer therapy.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Return to Work and Its Relation to Financial Distress among Iranian Cancer Survivors2257226130789ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Return to work after treatment completion is important for both cancer survivors and society.Financial distress is one of the factors that may influence the return to work in cancer survivors. However, thisrelationship has not been well investigated. This study aimed to determine the rate of return to work and its relationto financial distress among Iranian cancer survivors. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This descriptive-correlationalstudy was undertaken among 165 cancer survivors who completed their initial treatments and had no signs ofactive cancer. The Return to Work questionnaire and Financial Distress/Financial Well-Being Scale were usedfor data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. <br/><b>Results</b>: After initial treatments, 120cancer survivors (72%) had returned to work, of which 50 patients (42%) had returned to full-time work and70 (58%) reduced their work hours and returned to part-time work. Cancer survivors also reported high levelsof financial distress. In addition, the financial distress was lower among patients who had returned completelyto work, in comparison to patients who had quit working for cancer-related reasons (p= 0.001) or returned towork as part-time workers (p=0.001). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: The findings showed that a high percent of Iranian cancersurvivors had not returned to their jobs or considerably reduced working hours after treatment completion.Accordingly, due to high levels of financial distress experienced by participants and its relation to return towork, designing rehabilitation programs to facilitate cancer survivor return to work should be considered.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Association between the XRCC3 Thr241Met Polymorphism and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Meta Analysis of 5,193 Cases and 6,645 Controls2263226830790ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Many studies have reported associations of the X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3(XRCC3) Thr241Met polymorphism with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, but the results remained controversial.Hence, we performed the present meta-analysis with different inheritance models. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>:We searched the PubMed and Google scholar databases for studies relating to associations between XRCC3Thr241Met polymorphism and risk of CRC. 16 studies with 5,193 cases and 6,645 controls were finally includedinto the meta-analysis. <br/><b>Results</b>: We found that the XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism was associated withincreased CRC risk only under a dominant genetic model (CC+CT vs. TT: OR 0.575, 95%CI 0.498-1.665, p<0.001,Pheterogeneity =0.00, I2=83%). There was a significant association between XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism andCRC risk in Caucasian in the overall 8 studies under only in the heterozygote genetic model (CT vs. TT: OR=0.929,95%CI =0.806-1.070, P=0.308, Pheterogeneity =0.002, I2=57%). Four studies evaluated the XRCC3 Thr241Metpolymorphism and CRC risk in Asians. Two genetic models of the XRCC3 polymorphism were significantlycorrelated with increasing risk in Asians (dominant model: CC+CT vs. TT: OR= 0.609, 95%CI=411-0.902,P=0.013, Pheterogeneity =0.54, I2=0.00%; Allele model: C vs. T: OR=0.708, 95 %=CI 0.605-0.829, p=0.000, Pheterogeneity =0.000, I2=92%). The sensitivity analysis suggested stability of this meta-analysis and no publication bias wasdetected. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates that XRCC3 Thr241Met shows an increasedCRC risk, particularly in Asians rather than Caucasians.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Preferences and Acceptance of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Thailand2269227630791ENJournal Article19700101Colorectal cancer (CRC) is now common in Thailand with an increase in incidence over time. Health authoritiesare planning to implement a nationwide CRC screening program using fecal immunochemical test (FIT) as aprimary screening tool. This study aimed to estimate preferences and acceptance of FIT and colonoscopy, explorefactors influencing the acceptance, and investigate reasons behind choosing and rejecting to screen before theprogram was implemented. Patients aged 50-69, visiting the primary care unit during the study period, wereinvited to join this study. Patients with a history of cancer or past CRC screening were excluded. Face-to-faceinterviews were conducted. Subjects were informed about CRC and the screening tests: FIT and colonoscopy.Then, they were asked for their opinions regarding the screening. The total number of subjects was 437 (86.7%response rate). Fifty-eight percent were females. The median age was 58 years. FIT was accepted by 74.1% ofsubjects compared to 55.6% for colonoscopy. The acceptance of colonoscopy was associated with perceivedsusceptibility to CRC and family history of cancer. No symptoms, unwilling to screen, healthy, too busy and anxiousabout diagnosis were reasons for refusing to screen. FIT was preferred for its simplicity and non-invasivenesscompared with colonoscopy. Those rejecting FIT expressed a strong preference for colonoscopy. Subjects chosecolonoscopy because of its accuracy; it was refused for the process and complications. If the screening programis implemented for the entire target population in Thailand, we estimate that 106,546 will have a positive FIT,between 8,618 and 12,749 identified with advanced adenoma and between 2,645 and 3,912 identified with CRCin the first round of the program.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Overexpression of Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1) in Cervical Cancer and its Correlation with Angiogenesis2277228130792ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objectives</b>: To explore the expression of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) in cervical cancer and analyzeits correlation with microvascular density (MVD), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB p65) and vascular endothelialgrowth factor (VEGF). Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Immunohistochemical MaxVision method was adopted to detectthe expression level of AEG-1, NF-kB p65 and VEGF in 45 samples of invading cervical cancer and 12 samplesof cervicitis from The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. Tumor microvascular endothelialmarker CD34 combined with Weidner was used to determine the MVD in cervical cancer tissue. The positiveexpression and staining conditions of AEG-1, NF-kB p65 and VEGF in cervical cancer tissues were observedunder a light microscope. Correlations between expression of AEG-1 protein and those of NF-Kb p65 andVEGF, as well as MVD, were analyzed using Pearson correlation. <br/><b>Results</b>: The expression levels of AEG-1 were0.186±0.043 in cervical cancer and 0.051±0.002 in chronic cervicitis (p<0.01). Moreover, expression of AEG-1was related to vascular invasion and lymphatic metastasis of cervical cancer (p<0.01), but not with age of thepatients, differentiation degree, tumour size, pathological type and parametrial infiltration (p>0.05). Pearsoncorrelation analysis showed that the expression of AEG-1 was linked with NF-kB p65 (r=0.501, p=0.000), VEGF(r=0.718, p=0.000) as well as MVD in cervical cancer tissue (r=0.815, p=0.000). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: AEG-1 is highlyexpressed in cervical cancer and promotes angiogenesis, which might be related to the fact that AEG-1 activatingthe signal pathway of NF-kB could up-regulate the level of VEGF expression.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601RASSF1A Gene Methylation is Associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk in Chinese2283228730793ENJournal Article19700101In order to explore the association between RASSF1A methylation and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)risk of Chinese, we carried out a meta-analysis with searches of PubMed, Web of Science, ProQest and Medlinedatabases. Ultimately, 14 articles were identified and analysised using R Software (R version 3.1.2) includingmeta packages. Overall, we found a significant relationship between RASSF1A methylation and NPC risk (OR30.7; 95 % CI, 16.71~56.23; z=11.0591; p<0.0001) in a fixed effects model and (OR 32.1; 95% CI, 14.27~72.01;z=8.3984; p<0.0001) in a random effects model pooled. In tissue and NP brushings groups , similar results werefound. Hence, our study identified a strong association between RASSF1A methylation and NPC and highlighteda promising potential for RASSF1A methylation in NPC risk prediction of Chinese.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Malignant Tumors of the Central Nervous System in Kazakhstan: Component Analysis of Incidence Dynamics2289229530794ENJournal Article19700101The paper presents the incidence rates of malignant tumors of the central nervous system assessed by thecomponent analysis. The data on primary registered cases of malignant tumors of the central nervous system inthe country were used as the material of the study for the period from 2004 to 2011. A general trend of increasein the number of patients with malignant tumors of the central nervous system in Kazakhstan was determinedand the potential of their increase was evaluated, which can be due to changes in the morbidity risk and agespecifics, as well as the increase in population.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Feasibility of Photodynamic Diagnosis for Challenging TURBt Cases Including Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer, BCG Failure or 2nd-TUR2297230130745ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Despite widely adopted standard methods for follow-up including cystoscopy plus cytology,recurrence rates of non muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) have not improved over the past decades, stillranging from 60% through 70%. Hence, widely acceptable surveillance strategies with excellent sensitivity areneeded. Early recurrence has led to the development of a novel cystoscopy technique utilizing photodynamicdiagnosis (PDD). Although, no studies have evaluated the efficacy of PDD for patients of MIBC, BCG failure or2nd-transurethelial resection (TUR). Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The present study was performed from October2012 through May 2013. IRB approved 25 patients initially underwent a cystoscopy examination of white lightand blue light followed by the resection of tumors identified. Resections were performed from bladder mucosaareas considered suspicious at PDD, along with PDD negative normal bladder mucosa area resected by randombiopsy. Specimens were divided into two groups, PDD positive and negative. Primary endpoints were sensitivityand specificity. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total of 147 specimens extracted from 25 patients were included in the analysis. Some45 out of 92 PDD-positive specimens were confirmed to have bladder cancer, and 51 out of PDD-negative 55specimens were confirmed to be cancer negative. The sensitivity of PDD was 91.8% (45/49) and specificity was52.0% (51/98). The sensitivity:specificity was 89.5% (17/19) : 47.6% (30/63) in 12 2nd-TUR patients, 90.5%(19/21) : 61.1% (11/18) in seven MIBC patients, and 95.0% (19/20) : 48.5% (16/33) in eight failed BCG cases.<br/><b>Conclusions</b>: PDD-TURBT has high sensitivity to diagnose BC even for 2nd-TUR, MIBC or BCG failure cases.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Roles of White Blood Cells and Subtypes as Inflammatory Markers in Skin Cancer2303230630746ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: Skin tumors are the most commonly seen cancer type worldwide. Regarding pathogenesis, it isthought that disruption of kinetics through T lymphocyte-mediated development of chronic inflammation maybe involved. The present study was intended to identify role of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, monocytesand lymphocytes in the determination of risk for skin cancer. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: We retrospectively reviewedcharts of 569 cases diagnosed as having primary skin tumors. Data regarding age, gender and histopathologicalsubtype were recorded. Blood parameters studied on the day before surgery including WBCs, neutrophils, andlymphocyte counts, neutrophil:lymphocyte and neutrophil:monocyte ratios were also recorded. Two-hundredand two healthy individuals presented for check-up in an outpatient clinic were selected as the control group.Parameters studied in cases with skin cancer were compared to those healthy individuals. Findings: Of the caseswith skin cancer, 401 were basal cell carcinoma (BCC) while 144 were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 13 weremalignant melanoma (MM). WBC, neutrophil and monocyte counts and the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio werefound to be lower in the patient group than in the healthy control group (p<0.001) while no significant differencewas found in other parameters reviewed (p>0.05). No significant difference was found in WBC, neutrophil,neutrophil: monocyte ratio according to gender (p>0.05). Monocyte count was found to be 0.68±0.61 in men and0.55±0.25 in women, indicating strong statistical significance (p<0.001). WBC, neutrophil and monocyte valueswere highest in control group while lowest in BCC. When BCC and SCC groups were compared to controls,significant differences found (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in lymphocyte counts among groups(p=0.976). Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios were 3.24 in BCC, 3.59 in SCC, 3.44 in MM and 5.06 in control group(p<0.001). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In our study, it was found that there were significant differences in complete blood count,neutrophil, monocyte and neutrophil:lymphocyte levels among groups. Neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio was foundto be lowest in BCC among skin cancers.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Curcumol Induces Apoptosis in SPC-A-1 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells and Displays Anti-neoplastic Effects in Tumor Bearing Mice2307231230747ENJournal Article19700101Curcumol is a sesquiterpene originally isolated from curcuma rhizomes, a component of herbal remediescommonly used in oriental medicine. Its beneficial pharmacological activities have attract significant interestrecently. In this study, anti-cancer activity of curcumol was examined with both in vitro and in vivo models. It wasfound that curcumol exhibited time- and concentration-dependent anti-proliferative effects in SPC-A-1 humanlung adenocarcinoma cells with cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase while apoptosis-induction was also confirmedwith flow cytometry and morphological analyses. Interestingly, curcumol did not display growth inhibition inMRC-5 human embryonic lung fibroblasts, suggesting the anti-proliferative effects of curcumol were specific tocancer cells. Anti-neoplastic effects of curcumol were also confirmed in tumor bearing mice. Curcumol (60 mg/kg daily) significantly reduced tumor size without causing notable toxicity. In conclusion, curcumol appears afavorable anti-cancer candidate for further development.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Study on the Correlation between Extracellular Matrix Protein-1 and the Growth, Metastasis and Angiogenesis of Laryngeal Carcinoma2313231630795ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To investigate the correlation between extracellular matrix protein-1 (ECM1) and the growth,metastasis and angiogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Forty-five samples with laryngealbenign and malignant tumors confirmed by pathology in Laiwu City People’s Hospital from March 2006 toMarch 2011 were collected, in which there were 29 cases with laryngeal carcinoma and 16 with benign tumors.The expression of ECM1 and factor Ⅷ-related antigens in patients with laryngeal carcinoma and those withbenign tumors was respectively detected using immunohistochemical method, and the correlation between ECM1staining grade and microvessel density (MVD) was analyzed. <br/><b>Results</b>: In laryngeal carcinoma tissue, ECM1was mainly expressed in cytoplasm, less in cytomembrane or intercellular substance. With abundant expressionin the tissue of laryngeal benign tumors (benign mesenchymoma and hemangioma), ECM1 was primarilyexpressed in the connective tissue, which was different from the expression in laryngeal carcinoma tissue. Theproportion of positive ECM1 staining (++) in patients with laryngeal carcinoma was dramatically higher thanthose with benign tumors (p<0.05), and that of strongly-positive ECM1 staining (+++) slightly higher. The resultsof Spearman nonparametric correlation analysis revealed that ECM1 staining grade in laryngeal carcinomatissue had a significantly-positive correlation with MVD (r=0.866, p=0.000). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: ECM1 expression inlaryngeal carcinoma is closely associated with tumor cell growth, metastasis and angiogenesis, which can beconsidered as an effective predictor in the occurrence and postoperative recurrence of laryngeal carcinoma.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Cervical Cancer Screening Strategies Based on the Papanicolaou Smear Test in Korea2317232230796ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Despite the increasing number of screening examinations performed for cervical cancer utilizingthe Papanicolaou smear test (Pap test), few studies have examined whether this strategy is cost-effective in Korea.<br/><b>Objective</b>: This study was conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening strategiesincorporating the Pap test based on age at the start and end of screening as well as screening interval. Materialsand <br/><b>Methods</b>: We designed four alternative screening strategies based on patient age when screening was started(20 or 30 years) and discontinued (lifetime, 79 years). Each strategy was assessed at screening intervals of 1,2, 3, or 5 years. A Markov model was developed to determine the cost-effectiveness of the 16 possible cervicalcancer screening strategies, and this was evaluated from a societal perspective. The main outcome measures wereaverage lifetime cost, incremental quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER). <br/><b>Results</b>: Compared with various strategies comprising younger starting age, discontinuation age, andlonger screening intervals, strategies employing annual screening for cervical cancer starting at a target age of30 years and above were the most cost-effective, with an ICER of 21,012.98 dollars per QALY gained (with aKorean threshold of 30,000,000 KRW or US$27,272). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: We found that annual screening for cervicalcancer beginning at a target age of 30 years and above is most cost-effective screening strategy. Considering thepotential economic advantages, more intense screening policies for cervical cancer might be favorable amongcountries with high rates of cervical cancer and relatively low screening costs.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601GIS-Based Spatial Statistical Analysis of Risk Areas for Liver Flukes in Surin Province of Thailand2323232630797ENJournal Article19700101It is urgently necessary to be aware of the distribution and risk areas of liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini,for proper allocation of prevention and control measures. This study aimed to investigate the human behavior,and environmental factors influencing the distribution in Surin Province of Thailand, and to build a modelusing stepwise multiple regression analysis with a geographic information system (GIS) on environment andclimate data. The relationship between the human behavior, attitudes (<50%; X111), environmental factors likepopulation density (148-169 pop/km2; X73), and land use as wetland (X64), were correlated with the liver flukedisease distribution at 0.000, 0.034, and 0.006 levels, respectively. Multiple regression analysis, by equationsOV= -0.599 + 0.005(population density (148-169 pop/km2); X73) + 0.040 (human attitude (<50%); X111) +0.022(land used (wetland; X64), was used to predict the distribution of liver fluke. OV is the patients of liver flukeinfection, R Square= 0.878, and, Adjust R Square= 0.849. By GIS analysis, we found Si Narong, Sangkha, PhanomDong Rak, Mueang Surin, Non Narai, Samrong Thap, Chumphon Buri, and Rattanaburi to have the highestdistributions in Surin province. In conclusion, the combination of GIS and statistical analysis can help simulatethe spatial distribution and risk areas of liver fluke, and thus may be an important tool for future planning ofprevention and control measures.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Accuracy of Visual Inspection with Acetic acid in Detecting High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Pre- and Post-Menopausal Thai Women with Minor Cervical CytologicalAbnormalities2327233130798ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: To determine the accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) in detecting high-gradecervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in pre- and post-menopausal women with atypical squamous cells ofundetermined significance (ASC-US) and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) Papanicolaou (Pap)smears. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Two hundred women (150 pre-menopausal and 50 post-menopausal) with ASCUSand LSIL cytology who attended the colposcopy clinic, Thammasat University Hospital, between March 2013and August 2014 were included. All women underwent VIA testing and colposcopy by gynecologic oncologists.Diagnostic values of VIA testing including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negativepredictive value (NPV) for detecting high-grade CIN were determined using the histopathology obtained fromcolposcopic-directed biopsy as a gold standard. <br/><b>Results</b>: VIA testing was positive in 54/150 (36%) pre-menopausalwomen and 5/50 (10%) post-menopausal women. Out of 54 pre-menopausal women with positive VIA testing,15 (27.8%) had high-grade CIN and 39 (72.2%) had either CIN 1 or insignificant pathology. Ten (10.4%), 43(44.8%) and 43 (44.8%) out of the remaining 96 pre-menopausal women with negative VIA testing had highgradeCIN, CIN 1 and insignificant pathology, respectively. Out of 5 post-menopausal women with positive VIAtesting, there were 4 (80%) women with high-grade CIN, and 1 (20%) women with insignificant pathology. Outof 45 VIA-negative post-menopausal women, 42 (93.3%) women had CIN 1 and insignificant pathology, and 3(6.7%) had high-grade CIN. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of the VIA testing were 59.4%, 76.2%, 32.2%and 90.8%, respectively (60%, 68.8%, 27.8% and 89.6% in pre-menopausal women and 57.1%, 97.7%, 80%and 93.3% in post-menopausal women). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: VIA testing may be used as a screening tool for detectinghigh-grade CIN in women with minor cervical cytological abnormalities in a low-resource setting in order tolower the rate of colposcopy referral.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Pro12Ala Polymorphism Could be a Risk Factor for Gastric Cancer2333234030799ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Due to the strong inhibitory effects of PPARγ gene on the growth of cancer cells, the role ofPro12Ala polymorphism in PPARγ gene has been extensively investigated in cancer recently. However, theresults were inconsistent according to cancer type. The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate thePPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Search strategieswere conducted in Pubmed, Medline (Ovid), Chinese biomedical database (CBM), China national knowledgeinfrastructure (CNKI), VIP, and Wanfang database, covering all publications, with the last search up to November01, 2014. The strength of association between PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism and gastric cancer risk was assessedby OR with 95%CI. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total of 546 cases and 827 controls in 5 case-control studies were included in thismeta-analysis. The results indicated that the variant G allele carriers (CG+GG) had a 2.31 times higher risk forgastric cancer when compared with the homozygote CC (odds ratio (OR)=2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.67-3.21 for CG+GG vs. CC). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significantly elevated risks were both found inAsians (OR=2.56, 95% CI=1.42-4.64) and Caucasians (OR=2.20, 95% CI=1.48-3.25). Similarly, in the subgroupanalysis by H. pylori status, a significantly increased risk was identified in H. pylori (+) populations (OR=3.68,95%CI=2.07-6.52), but not in H. pylori(-) populations (OR=1.17, 95%CI=0.58-2.39). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: This pooledanalysis suggested that the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism could be an independent predictive risk factor forgastric cancer especially in H. pylori infected populations in Asians and Caucasians. Nevertheless, prospectivelydesigned cohort studies are needed to further investigate gene-gene and gene-environment interactions to confirmthe combined effects of PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphisms and H. pylori infection on gastric cancer risk.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Survivin Gene Functions and Relationships between Expression and Prognosis in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma2341234530800ENJournal Article19700101This study aimed to investigate the relationship between prognosis and protein and mRNA expression ofan apoptotic inhibitor gene, survivin, in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Furthermore, functions ofthe survivin gene in the CNE2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line were assessed. Immunohistochemistry andin situ hybridization were used in detecting the survivin protein and mRNA in 44 nasopharyngeal carcinomaspecimens, and 30 chronic nasopharyngitis samples as controls. Survivin gene expression in CNE2 cell line wassuppressed with an shRNA (short hairpin RNA). The positive ratios of expression for survivin protein and mRNAin nasopharyngeal carcinoma were 79.5% and 75.0% respectively, obviously higher than in the control group(p<0.01), and there is very good consistency between the two methods. The mean survival time of patients withhigher survivin protein or mRNA expression was shorter than in patients with lower levelsv(p<0.01). Proliferationof the CNE2 cell line was distinctly inhibited by the shRNA . The results indicate that overexpression of thesurvivin gene plays an important role in onset and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and it may behelpful for prognostic appraisal.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Increased Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) by Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to High Voltage Power Lines : A Case Control Study in Isfahan, Iran2347235030717ENJournal Article19700101Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common hematologic malignancies,accounting for one fourth of all childhood cancer cases. Exposure to environmental factors around the time ofconception or pregnancy can increase the risk of ALL in the offspring.This study aimed to evaluted the role ofprenatal and postnatal exposure to high voltage power lines on the incidence of childhood ALL.This cross-sectionalcase control study was carried out on 22 cases and 100 controls who were born and lived in low socioeconomicfamilies in Isfahan and hospitalized for therapeutic purposes in different hospitals from 2013-2014.With regardto the underlying risk factors, familial history and parental factors were noted but in this age, socioeonomic andzonal matched case control study, prenatal and childhood exposure to high voltage power lines was consideredas the most important environmental risk factors of ALL (p=0.006, OR=3.651, CI 95%, 1.692-7.878). As thepopulation was of low socioeconomic background, use of mobiles, computers and microwave was negligible.Moreover prenatal and postnatal exposure to indoor electrically charged objects was not determined to be asignificant environmental factor. Thus, pre and post natal exposure to high voltage power lines and living inpollutant regions as well as familial influence could be described as risk factors of ALL for the first time in alow socioeconomic status Iranian populationWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Effects of Metformin on Cell Kinetic Parameters of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro2351235430718ENJournal Article19700101In this study, the antiproliferative effects of the metformin was evaluated on MCF-7 Cells (human breastadenocarcinoma cell line). For this purpose cell kinetic parameters including cell proliferation assay, mitoticindex and labelling index analysis were used. 30 μM, 65 μM and 130 μM Metformin doses were applied to cellsfor 24, 48 and 72 hours. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in cell proliferation, mitoticindex and labelling index for all experimental groups (p<0.05) for all applications.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Oxaliplatin Plus 5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin (Modified FOLFOX6) with Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients having a Good or Poor Performance Status2355235930719ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Combination chemotherapy of 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV) with oxaliplatin,mainly FOLFOX regimens, has shown considerable antitumor activity and a tolerable toxicity profile in gastriccancer. The goal of this study was to retrospectively compare the efficacy and toxicity of modified FOLFOX-6(mFOLFOX6) regimen in advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients with good and poor performance status (PS).Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: AGC patients receiving the mFOLFOX6 regimen including oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2, bolusof 5-FU 400 mg/m2 and LV 400 mg/m2 on the first day, followed by 2400mg/m2 of 5- FU as a continious infusionover 46 hour for first-line treatment were eligible for the study. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total 58 patients with a median age of59.5 (32-81) were included. The median follow up of the study was 9.2 months. Thirty patients (51.7%) with anECOG PS 0-1 were assigned to the good PS arm, while 28 patients (48.3%) with ECOG PS 2 were in the poor PSarm. Overall response rates were 36.6 and 28.8%, respectively (p=0.91). Median PFS was 6.7 and 6.3 months ingood PS and poor PS arms (p=0.50) and median OS was 9.6 and 10.4 months (p=0.55). As compared with goodPS arm, poor PS arm was associated with more grade 3-4 neutropenia and anemia. Dose reduction and dosedelays were also significantly higher. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In this study, mFOLFOX6 was similarly effective in botharms. Although hematologic toxicity was significantly higher in patients with poor PS, it remained manageable.Our results suggest that this regimen may be an effective treatment option for AGC patients with poor PS.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in the Differential Diagnosis of Enlarged Lymph Nodes: a Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies2361236830720ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in differentiatingbetween benign and malignant enlarged lymph nodes using meta-analysis. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Pubmed,Embase, SCI and Cochrane databases were searched for studies (up to September 1, 2014) reporting the diagnosticperformance of CEUS in discriminating between benign and malignant lymph nodes. Inclusion criteria were:prospective study; histopathology as the reference standard; and sufficient data to construct 2×2 contingencytables. Methodological quality was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2(QUADAS-2). Patient clinical characteristics, sensitivity and specificity were extracted. The summary receiveroperating characteristic curve was used to examine the accuracy of CEUS. A meta-analysis was performedto evaluate the clinical utility in identification of benign and malignant lymph nodes. Sensitivity analysis wasperformed after omitting outliers identified in a bivariate boxplot and publication bias was assessed with Eggertesting. <br/><b>Results</b>: The pooled sensitivity, specificity and AUROC were 0.92 (95%CI, 0.85-0.96), 0.91 (95%CI,0.82-0.95) and 0.97 (95%CI, 0.95-0.98), respectively. After omitting 3 outlier studies, heterogeneity decreased.Sensitivity analysis demonstrated no disproportionate influences of individual studies. Publication bias wasnot significant. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: CEUS is a promising diagnostic modality in differentiating between benign andmalignant lymph nodes and can potentially reduce unnecessary fine-needle aspiration biopsies of benign nodes.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in the Management of Advanced Ovarian Cancer2369237330721ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: To analyze efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. Materials and<br/><b>Methods</b>: A total of 107 patients with advanced ovarian cancer undergoing cytoreductive surgery were dividedinto a neoadjuvant chemotherapy group (n=61) and a primary debulking group (n=46) and retrospectivelyanalyzed. Platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy was applied to both groups after cytoreductive surgery andeoverall and progression-free survival times were calculated. <br/><b>Results</b>: No significant difference was observed induration of hospitalization (20.8±6.1 vs. 20.2±5.4 days, p>0.05). The operation time of neoadjuvant chemotherapygroup was shorter than the initial surgery group (3.1±0.7 vs. 3.4±0.8 h, p<0.05). There were no significantdifferences in median overall survival time between neoadjuvant chemotherapy group and surgery group (42 vs.55 months, p>0.05). Similarly, there was no difference in median progression-free survival between neoadjuvantchemotherapy group and surgery group (16 vs. 17 months, p>0.05). The surgical residual tumor size demonstratedno significant difference between initial surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy groups (p>0.05). Multivariateanalysis showed that more than 3 cycles of regimen with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with moreresistance to chemotherapy compared with patients without receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (OR: 5.962,95%CI: 1.184-30.030, p<0.05). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can shorten the operation time. However,it does not improve survival rates of advanced ovarian cancer patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Case-Control Study of Diet and Prostate Cancer in a Rural Population of Faisalabad, Pakistan2375237830722ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The effects of diet on epidemiology of prostate cancer are inconclusive. Therefore a hospitalbased,case-control study was conducted in a rural population of Faisalabad, Pakistan, to examine the impact ofdietary factors on risk of cancer development. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This study was based on 102 confirmedcases of prostate cancer and 204 normal controls. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95%confidence intervals for odds ratios to evaluate the relationship between prostate cancer and diet. <br/><b>Results</b>:Consumption of red meat and fat items significantly increased the prostate cancer risk having odds ratios and 95%confidence intervals of 3.41; 1.46-7.96 and 2.45; 1.17-5.15, respectively. On the other hand, more consumption ofvegetables, fluid intake and fruit significantly decreased the prostate cancer risk (odd ratios and corresponding95% confidence intervals of 0.21; 0.10-0.44, 0.10; 0.05- 0.19 and 0.09; 0.03- 0.23, respectively. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Thepresent study supports the hypothesis that frequent consumption of red meat and fat items may increase prostatecancer risk while more intake of fruit, vegetables and fluid intake may protect against prostate cancer in therelatively low risk group in rural Pakistan.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Cancer Incidence and Mortality Data in Aktobe, West Kazakhstan, 2000-20102379238330723ENJournal Article19700101The article provides an assessment of the dynamics of cancer incidence and mortality in the territory ofAktobe city for the period 2000-2010. The most common cancers were found in the lungs, stomach, esophagusand breast throughout the period, with slight increase in colon cancer and decrease in esophageal cancer beingapparent. In an attempt to cast light on effects of environmental pollution, the authors also compared data ontotal emissions of chemicals into the air. While preliminary, the findings provide a basic picture of cancer burdenin this industrialised city in Kazakhstan which should be followed up by more comprehensive monitoring.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Expression of DDR1 and DVL1 in Invasive Ductal and Lobular Breast Carcinoma does not Correlate with Histological Type, Grade and Hormone Receptor Status2385239030724ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Invasive ductal (IDC) and lobular (ILC) carcinomas are the common histological types of breastcarcinoma which are difficult to distinguish when poorly differentiated. Discoidin domain receptor (DDR1) andDrosophila dishevelled protein (DVL1) were recently suggested to differentiate IDC from ILC. <br/><b>Objectives</b>: Toassess the expression of DDR1 and DVL1 and their association with histological type, grading and hormonalstatus of IDC and ILC. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This cross sectional study was conducted on IDC and ILC breasttumours. Tumours were immunohistochemically stained for (DDR1) and (DVL1) as well as estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and C-erbB2 receptor. Demographic data including age and ethnicity wereobtained from patient records. <br/><b>Results</b>: A total of 51 cases (30 IDCs and 21 ILCs) were assessed. DDR1 andDVL1 expression was not significantly associated with histological type (p=0.57 and p=0.66 respectively). Therewas no association between DDR1 and DVL1 expression and tumour grade (p=0.32 and p=1.00 respectively),ER (p=0.62 and 0.50 respectively), PR (p=0.38 and p=0.63 respectively) and C-erbB2 expression (p=0.19 andp=0.33 respectively) in IDC. There was no association between DDR1 and DVL1 expression and tumour grade(p=0.52 and p=0.33 respectively), ER (p=0.06 and p=0.76 respectively), PR (p=0.61 and p=0.43 respectively) andC-erbB2 expression (p=0.58 and p=0.76 respectively) in ILC. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: This study revealed that DDR1 andDVL1 are present in both IDC and ILC regardless of the tumour differentiation. More studies are needed toassess the potential of these two proteins in distinguishing IDC from ILC in breast tumours.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Continuous-infusion Ifosfamide and Doxorubicin Combination as Second-Line Chemotherapy for Recurrent or Refractory Osteosarcoma Patients in China: a Retrospective Study2391239530725ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of response tocontinuous-infusion ifosfamide and doxorubicin combination as second-line chemotherapy for patients withrecurrent or refractory osteosarcoma. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Eighteen recurrent or refractory osteosarcomapatients who were treated with continuous-infusion ifosfamide and doxorubicin combination between May 1999and April 2011 were included in the analysis. Ifosfamide at 12g/m2 was administered by intravenous continuousinfusion over 3 days, and doxorubicin 60mg/m2 was administered as an intravenous bolus injection on day 1. Thecombination therapy was repeated every 3 weeks. Treatment was continued until evidence of disease progressionor unacceptable toxicity. <br/><b>Results</b>: The patients (ages 7-53 years) received a total of 42 cycles of chemotherapy(median: 2 courses; range: 2-5 courses). The overall response rate was 0% and the disease control rate was22.3%, with four patients having stable disease. The median time to progression and overall survival time were2 months (range: 2-5 months) and 9 months (range: 3-29 months), respectively. Major severe toxicities wereleucopenia 7 (38.9%), nausea and vomiting 3 (16.7%) and alopecia 9 (50%). There were no treatment-relateddeaths. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In our experience, continuous-infusion ifosfamide and doxorubicin combination therapyat this dosage and schedule was found to be well tolerated and moderate effective, which could be consideredas salvage therapy for patients with recurrent or refractory osteosarcoma. Further assessment is necessary toconfirm the safety and efficacy of this treatment.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601MiR-454 Prompts Cell Proliferation of Human Colorectal Cancer Cells by Repressing CYLD Expression2397240230727ENJournal Article19700101Previous studies have shown that miR-454 plays an important role in a variety of biological processes invarious human cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of this microRNA in colorectal cancer (CRC)cells remain largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the miR-454 role in CRC cell proliferation.We found that miR-454 expression is markedly upregulated in CRC tissues and CRC cells compared with thematched tumor adjacent tissues and the FHC normal colonic cell line. Ectopic expression of miR-454 promotedthe proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of CRC cells, whereas inhibition of miR-454 reducedthis effect. Bioinformatics analysis further revealed cylindromatosis (CYLD), a putative tumor suppressoras a potential target of miR-454. Data from luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-454 directly binds tothe 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of CYLD mRNA and repressed expression at both transcriptional andtranslational levels. In functional assays, CYLD-silenced in miR-454-in-transfected SW480 cells have positiveeffect to promote cell proliferation, suggesting that direct CYLD downregulation is required for miR-454-inducedCRC cell proliferation. In sum, our data provide compelling evidence that miR-454 functions as an onco-miRNA,playing a crucial role in the promoting cell proliferation in CRC, and its oncogenic effect is mediated chieflythrough direct suppression of CYLD expression.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Stressful Life Events and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study of Iran2403240730728ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Very few analytical studies are available on any association between stressful life events (SLE)and colorectal cancer (CRC), at least in Iran. The aim of this case control study was to determine the associationbetween stressful life events (SLE) and colorectal cancer. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This study was conductedin four hospital colonoscopy units in Tabriz city of Iran including 414 participants aged 40–75 years: 207 caseswith CRC confirmed by pathology and colonoscopy findings and 207 controls free of neoplastic conditions wereselected (from the same hospitals at the same period for the cases and after matching for age and sex). Stressfullife events were assessed using a 43-item Holmes and Rahe Life Events Questionnaire. Multivariate logisticregression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios for SLE and risk of CRC. <br/><b>Results</b>: The stressful life eventmean score in the case group was 141.3, in contrast to 63.8 in the control group (p<0.011). After adjusting forconfounders, death of dear ones increased the risk of CRC (OR: 2.49; 95%CI: 1.41-5.13). Other types of stressfullife events (family and husband disputes, serious occupational problems, unemployment of > 6 months, andSerious financial problems) were also associated with CRC, but without statistical significance. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:According to our findings, it seems that SLE may increase the risk of CRC.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Utility of Peripheral Blood Parameters in Predicting Breast Cancer Risk2409241230730ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: We aimed to study the inflammatory parameters of complete blood count in breast cancer cases.Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This retrospective study covered 178 breast cancer patients and 107 age and body massindex matched healthy women. Complete blood count parameters, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and MPV/platelet were analyzed. <br/><b>Results</b>: The leukocyte, neutrophil and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were higher in the patient group (p values 0.001, 0.0001 and 0.0001, respectively) whilehaemoglobin and hematocrit were higher in the control group (p=0.0001 for both). Logistic regression analysisshowed that elevated neutrophils and platelet distribution width (PDW) (OR: 0.627, 95%CI: 0.508-0.774, p=0.001and OR: 1.191 95%CI: 1.057-1.342 p=0.003) were independent variables for predicting breast cancer. The cutoffvalue for the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was 2.56. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: According to our study results, neutrophillevels as part of complete blood count may be used as an independent predictor of breast cancer risk.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Prognostic Factors in Stage II Colon Cancer - Izmir Oncology Group Study2413241830732ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Although adjuvant chemotherapy is a standard treatment in stage III colon cancer, its benefitis not as clear for stage II patients. In this retrospective analysis, we aimed to evaluate the survival of patientswith low-risk stage II colon cancer, the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk stage II colon cancerpatients, and prognostic factors in stage II disease. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: One hundred and seventeen patientswho were diagnosed with stage II colon cancer between January 2006 and December 2011 were included inthe study. Patients were stratified into two groups as being low-risk and high-risk according to risk factorsfor stage II disease. Adjuvant 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy were administered to the patients with riskfactors. <br/><b>Results</b>: Ninety-four patients were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy due to high risk factors and 23were monitored without treatment. Median follow-up time was 43 months. In terms of disease free survival andoverall survival, adjuvant chemotherapy did not provide a statistically significant difference. Univariate analysisdemonstrated that bowel obstruction was the major risk factor for shortened disease-free survival, while bowelperforation and perineural invasion were both negative prognostic factors for overall survival. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:The recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer is not clear. In our study, it was foundthat adjuvant chemotherapy did not contribute to survival in high-risk stage II patients. Due to the fact thatprognosis of stage II patients is good, many more patients will be needed for statistically significant differences insurvival. Adjuvant chemotherapy containing 5 fluorouracil is being used to high-risk stage II patients althoughit is not a standard treatment approach.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Continuous DC-CIK Infusions Restore CD8+ Cellular Immunity, Physical Activity and Improve Clinical Efficacy in Advanced Cancer Patients Unresponsive to Conventional Treatments2419242330733ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> There are few choices for treatment of advanced cancer patients who do not respond to or tolerateconventional anti-cancer treatments. Therefore this study aimed to deploy the benefits and clinical efficacy ofcontinuous dendritic cell-cytokine induced killer cell infusions in such patients. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: A total of381 infusions (from 67 advanced cases recruited) were included in this study. All patients underwent peripheralblood mononuclear cell apheresis for the following cellular therapy and dendritic cells-cytokine induced killercells were expanded in vitro. Peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were quantified through flow cytometry toaddress the cellular immunity status. Clinical efficacy and physical activities were evaluated by RECIST criteriaand Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scores respectively. Logistic regression model was used to estimatethe association between cellular infusions and clinical benefits. <br/><b>Results</b>: An average of 5.7±2.94×109 inducedcells were infused each time and patients were exposed to 6 infusions. Cellular immunity was improved in thatcytotoxic CD8+CD28+T lymphocytes were increased by 74% and suppressive CD8+CD28-T lymphocytes wereelevated by 16% (p<0.05). Continuous infusion of dendritic cells-cytokine induced killer cells was associated withimprovement of both patient status and cellular immunity. A median of six infusions were capable of reducingrisk of progression by 70% (95%CI 0.10-0.91). Every elevation of one ECOG score corresponded to a 3.90-foldhigher progression risk (p<0.05) and 1% increase of CD8+CD28- T cell proportion reflecting a 5% higher riskof progression (p<0.05). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In advanced cancer patients, continuous dendritic cell-cytokine inducedkiller cell infusions are capable of recovering cellular immunity, improving patient status and quality of life inthose who are unresponsive to conventional cancer treatment.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601siRNA Silencing EZH2 Reverses Cisplatin-resistance of Human Non-small Cell Lung and Gastric Cancer Cells2425243030735ENJournal Article19700101Clinical resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is one of the major hindrances in the treatment of humancancers. EHZ2 is involved in drug resistance and is overexpressed in drug-resistant cancer cell lines. In this study,we investigated the effects of EHZ2 on cisplatin -resistance in A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells. EHZ2 mRNA andprotein were found to be significantly overexpressed in A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells, compared to parentalcells. EHZ2 siRNA successfully silenced EHZ2 mRNA and protein expression. Proliferation was inhibited anddrug resistance to cisplatin was improved. Flow cytometry showed that silencing of EHZ2 arrested A549/DDPand AGS/DDP cells in the G0/G1 phase, increasing apoptosis, rh-123 fluorescence intensity and caspase-3/8activities. Silencing of EHZ2 also significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of cyclin D1 andMDR1,while up-regulating p15, p21, p27 and miR-218 in A549/DPP cells. Furthermore, silencing of EHZ2 alsosignificantly increased the expression level of tumor suppressor factor miR-218. We also found down-regulatingEHZ2 expression increased methylation in A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells. This study demonstrates that drugresistance can be effectively reversed in human cisplatin-resistant lung and gastric cancer cells through deliveryof siRNAs targeting EHZ2.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Colorectal Cancer Treatment and Survival: the Experience of Major Public Hospitals in South Australia over three Decades2431244030737ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Registry data from four major public hospitals indicate trends in clinical care and survivalfrom colorectal cancer over three decades, from 1980 to 2010. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Kaplan-Meier productlimitestimates and Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate disease-specific survival andmultiple logistic regression analyses to explore first-round treatment trends. <br/><b>Results</b>: Five-year survivalsincreased from 48% for 1980-1986 to 63% for 2005-2010 diagnoses. Survival increases applied to each ACPSstage (Australian Clinico-Pathological Stage), and particularly stage C (an increase from 38% to 68%). Risk ofdeath from colorectal cancer halved (hazards ratio: 0.50 (0.45, 0.56)) over the study period after adjusting forage, sex, stage, differentiation, primary sub-site, health administrative region, and measures of socioeconomicstatus and geographic remoteness. Decreases in stage were not observed. Survivals did not vary by sex or placeof residence, suggesting reasonable equity in service access and outcomes. Of staged cases, 91% were treatedsurgically with lower surgical rates for older ages and more advanced stage. Proportions of surgical cases havingadjuvant therapy during primary courses of treatment increased for all stages and were highest for stage C (anincrease from 5% in 1980-1986 to 63% for 2005-2010). Radiotherapy was more common for rectal than coloniccases. Proportions of rectal cases receiving radiotherapy increased, particularly for stage C where the increasewas from 8% in 1980-1986 to 60% in 2005-2010. The percentage of stage C colorectal cases less than 70 yearsof age having systemic therapy as part of their first treatment round increased from 3% in 1980-1986 to 81%by 1995-2010. Based on survey data on uptake of adjuvant therapy among those offered this care, it is likelythat all these younger patients were offered systemic treatment. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: We conclude that pronouncedincreases in survivals from colorectal cancer have occurred at major public hospitals in South Australia dueto increases in stage-specific survivals. Use of adjuvant therapies has increased and the patterns of changeaccord with clinical guideline recommendations. Reasons for sub-optimal use of radiotherapy for rectal caseswarrant further investigation, including the potential for limited rural access to impede uptake of treatmentsat metropolitan-based radiotherapy centres.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Malignancy Risk Scoring of Hydatidiform Moles2441244530738ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Several risk factors leading to malignant transformation of hydatidiform moles have beendescribed previously. Many studies showed that prophylactic chemotherapy for high risk hydatidiform molescould significantly decrease the incidence of malignancy. Thus, it is essential to discover a breakthrough todetermine patients with high risk malignancy so that prophylactic chemotherapy can be started as soon aspossible. <br/><b>Objectives</b>: Development of a scoring system of risk factors as a predictor of hydatidiform molemalignant transformation. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This research is a case control study with hydatidiform moleand choriocarcinoma patients as subjects. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Odds ratios(OR), attributable at risk (AR : OR-1) and risk index (ARxβ) were calculated for develoipment of a scoringsystem of malignancy risk. The optimal cut-off point was determined using receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve. <br/><b>Results</b>: This study analyzed 34 choriocarcinoma cases and 68 benign hydatidiform mole cases.Four factors significantly increased the risk of malignancy, namely age ≥ 35 years old (OR:4.41, 95%CI:1.07-16.09, risk index 5); gestational age ≥ 12weeks (OR:11.7, 95%CI:1.8-72.4, risk index 26); uterine size greaterthan the gestational age (OR:10.2, 95%CI:2.8-36.6, risk index 21); and histopathological grade II-III (OR:3.4,95%CI:1.1-10.6, risk index 3). The lowest and the highest scores for the risk factors were zero and 55, respectively.The best cut-off point to decide high risk malignancy patients was ≥ 31. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Malignant transformationof hydatidiform moles can be predicted using the risk scoring by analyzing the above four parameters. Score ≥31 implies high risk patients so that prophylactic chemotherapy can be promptly administered for prevention.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Osteopontin Levels in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer According to the Presence of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis2447245130740ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is often associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis(HT); their coexistence improves PTC prognosis. Osteopontin, a secreted glycoprotein, plays a role in cellsurvival, immunity, and tumor progression, its expression being associated with a poor prognosis and metastasisin several malignancies. Osteopontin overexpression correlates with aggressive clinicopathological features inPTC. Lymph node metastases and large tumor size positively correlate with osteopontin positivity. This studyaimed to: (1) confirm osteopontin overexpression in human PTC samples; (2) compare osteopontin expressionlevels in PTC cases with and without HT; and (3) identify correlations between tumor aggressiveness andosteopontin expression levels. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Plasma osteopontin was assessed in 45 patients withPTC, 22 patients with PTC and HT, and 24 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Thyroidtissue osteopontin mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactionand Western blotting, respectively. <br/><b>Results</b>: Plasma osteopontin levels were significantly higher in PTC patientsthan in healthy controls. Plasma osteopontin, tissue osteopontin mRNA, and tissue osteopontin protein levelswere significantly lower in patients with PTC and HT than in those with PTC alone. In advanced disease stagecases, osteopontin mRNA and protein expression levels were lower in patients with PTC and HT than in thosewith PTC alone. However, the osteopontin expression level was not significantly associated with the TNMstage. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Plasma osteopontin, tissue osteopontin mRNA, and tissue osteopontin protein levels weresignificantly lower in patients with PTC and HT than in those with PTC alone, suggesting that HT attenuatesPTC aggressiveness through negative regulation of osteopontin expression.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601XIAP Associated Factor 1 (XAF1) Represses Expression of X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP) and Regulates Invasion, Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and Cisplatin Sensitivity of Ovarian Carcinoma Cells2453245830742ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) associated factor 1 (XAF1) exhibits aberrantlylow or absent expression in various human malignancies, closely associated with anti-apoptosis and overgrowthof cancer cells. However, limited attention has been directed towards the contribution of XAF1 to invasion,apoptosis, and cisplatin (DDP)-resistance of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells. This study aimed to evaluatethe potential effects of XAF1 on invasion, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cisplatin-resistance by overexpressing XAF1in SKOV-3 and SKOV-3/DDP cells. Methods and <br/><b>Results</b>: The pEGFP-C1-XAF1 plasmid was transfected intoSKOV-3 and SKOV-3/DDP cells, and the expression of XAF1 at both mRNA and protein levels was analyzedby reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting. Overexpression of XAF1 suppressed XIAP expression inboth SKOV-3 and SKOV-3/DDP cells. Transwell invasion assays demonstrated that XAF1 exerted a stronganti-invasive effect in XAF1-overexpressing cells. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis revealed that XAF1overexpression arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, and cell apoptosis analysis showed that overexpression ofXAF1 enhanced apoptosis of SKOV-3 and SKOV-3/DDP cells apparently by activating caspase-9 and caspase-3.Furthermore, MTT assay confirmed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of cisplatin in the tested tumor cells, andoverexpression of XAF1 increased the sensitivity of SKOV-3 and SKOV-3/DDP cells to cisplatin-mediated antiproliferativeeffects. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: In summary, our data indicated that overexpression of XAF1 could suppressXIAP expression, inhibit invasion, arrest cell cycle, promote apoptosis, and confer cisplatin-sensitivity in SKOV-3and SKOV-3/DDP cells. Therefore, XAF1 may be further assessed as a potential target for the treatment of bothcisplatin-resistant and non-resistant EOCsWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601ZNF217 is Overexpressed and Enhances Cell Migration and Invasion in Colorectal Carcinoma2459246330744ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> To investigate the expression and clinical significance of zinc finger protein 217 (ZNF217)in human colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The expression of ZNF217 in 60 CRCtissues and matched tumor adjacent tissues, collected between January 2013 and June 2014, was assessedimmunohistochemically. The relationship between the expression of ZNF217 and clinicopathlogical features wasanalyzed by Pearson chi-square test. In addition, siRNA was used to down-regulate the expression of ZNF217 inCRC cells. The effects of ZNF217 for cell migration and invasion were measured by wound healing assay andtranswell assay, respectively. <br/><b>Results</b>: The expression level of ZNF217 was significantly higher in CRC tissuesthan in tumor adjacent tissues (p<0.05), positively correlating with tumor size, lymphatic metastasis and advancedTNM stage (p<0.05). Down-regulation of ZNF217 in CRC cells could significantly suppress cell migration andinvasion. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: ZNF217 is overexpressed in colorectal carcinoma tissues and is associated with tumormalignant clinicopathological features. ZNF217 may promote CRC progression by inducing cell migration andinvasion.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Breast Cancer Characteristics and Survival Differences between Maori, Pacific and other New Zealand Women Included in the Quality Audit Program of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand2465247230755ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The Quality Audit (BQA) program of the Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand (NZ)collects data on early female breast cancer and its treatment. BQA data covered approximately half all early breastcancers diagnosed in NZ during roll-out of the BQA program in 1998-2010. Coverage increased progressivelyto about 80% by 2008. This is the biggest NZ breast cancer database outside the NZ Cancer Registry and itincludes cancer and clinical management data not collected by the Registry. We used these BQA data to comparesocio-demographic and cancer characteristics and survivals by ethnicity. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: BQA datafor 1998-2010 diagnoses were linked to NZ death records using the National Health Index (NHI) for linking.Live cases were followed up to December 31st 2010. Socio-demographic and invasive cancer characteristics anddisease-specific survivals were compared by ethnicity. <br/><b>Results</b>: Five-year survivals were 87% for Maori, 84%for Pacific, 91% for other NZ cases and 90% overall. This compared with the 86% survival reported for allfemale breast cases covered by the NZ Cancer Registry which also included more advanced stages. Patterns ofsurvival by clinical risk factors accorded with patterns expected from the scientific literature. Compared withOther cases, Maori and Pacific women were younger, came from more deprived areas, and had larger cancerswith more ductal and fewer lobular histology types. Their cancers were also less likely to have a triple negativephenotype. More of the Pacific women had vascular invasion. Maori women were more likely to reside in areasmore remote from regional cancer centres, whereas Pacific women generally lived closer to these centres thanOther NZ cases. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: NZ BQA data indicate previously unreported differences in breast cancer biologyby ethnicity. Maori and Pacific women had reduced breast cancer survival compared with Other NZ women, afteradjusting for socio-demographic and cancer characteristics. The potential contributions to survival differencesof variations in service access, timeliness and quality of care, need to be examined, along with effects of comorbidityand biological factors.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Dendrosomal Curcumin Inhibits Metastatic Potential of Human SW480 Colon Cancer Cells through Down-regulation of Claudin1, Zeb1 and Hef1-1 Gene Expression2473248130757ENJournal Article19700101Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated death worldwide. The prognosis for advancedcolorectal cancers remains dismal, mainly due to the propensity for metastatic progression. Accordingly, thereis a need for effective anti-metastasis therapeutic agents. Since a great body of research has indicated anticancereffects for curcumin, we investigated the effects of dendrosomal curcumin (DNC) on cellular migration andadhesion of human SW480 cells and possible molecular mechanisms involved. Different methods were appliedin this study including MTT, Scratch and adhesion assays as well as real-time PCR and transwell chamberassays. Based on the results obtained, DNC inhibits metastasis by decreasing Hef 1, Zeb 1 and Claudin 1 mRNAlevels and can reduce SW480 cell proliferation with IC50values of 15.9, 11.6 and 7.64 μM at 24, 48 and 72h posttreatment.Thus it might be considered as a safe formulation for therapeutic purpose in colorectal cancer cases.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Gemcitabine Plus Nedaplatin as Salvage Therapy is a Favorable Option for Patients with Progressive Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma After Two Lines of Chemotherapy2483248730758ENJournal Article19700101This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of gemcitabine and nedaplatin therapyamong patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma previously treated with two lines of chemotherapy. BetweenFebruary 2009 and August 2013, 30 patients were treated with gemcitabine and paclitaxel as a second-linechemotherapy. All had received a first-line chemotherapy consisting of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicinand cisplatin. Ten patients who had measurable histologically proven advanced or metastatic urothelialcarcinoma of the urinary bladder and upper urinary tract received gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and15 and nedaplatin 70 mg/m2 on day 2 as a third-line chemotherapy. Tumors were assessed by imaging everytwo cycles. The median number of treatment cycles was 3.5. One patient had partial response and three hadstable disease. The disease-control rate was 40%, the median overall survival was 8.8 months and the medianprogression-free survival was 5.0 months. The median overall survival times for the first-line and second-linetherapies were 29.1 and 13.9 months, respectively. Among disease-controlled patients (n=4), median overallsurvival was 14.2 months. Myelosuppression was the most common toxicity. There were no therapy-relateddeaths. Gemcitabine and nedaplatin chemotherapy is a favorable third-line chemotherapeutic option for patientswith metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Given the safety and benefit profile seen in this study, further prospectivetrials are warranted given the implications of our results with regard to strategic chemotherapy for patientswith advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Loss of Heterozygosity at the Calcium Regulation Gene Locus on Chromosome 10q in Human Pancreatic Cancer2489249330760ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomal regions is crucial in tumor progression andthis study aimed to identify genome-wide LOH in pancreatic cancer. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Single-nucleotidepolymorphism (SNP) profiling data GSE32682 of human pancreatic samples snap-frozen during surgerywere downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Genotype console software was used to performdata processing. Candidate genes with LOH were screened based on the genotype calls, SNP loci of LOH anddbSNP database. Gene annotation was performed to identify the functions of candidate genes using NCBI (theNational Center for Biotechnology Information) database, followed by Gene Ontology, INTERPRO, PFAM andSMART annotation and UCSC Genome Browser track to the unannotated genes using DAVID (the Databasefor Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery). <br/><b>Results</b>: The candidate genes with LOH identified inthis study were MCU, MICU1 and OIT3 on chromosome 10. MCU was found to encode a calcium transporterand MICU1 could encode an essential regulator of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. OIT3 possibly correlated withcalcium binding revealed by the annotation analyses and was regulated by a large number of transcription factorsincluding STAT, SOX9, CREB, NF-kB, PPARG and p53. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Global genomic analysis of SNPs identifiedMICU1, MCU and OIT3 with LOH on chromosome 10, implying involvement of these genes in progression ofpancreatic cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Expression and Prognostic Role of MEKK3 and pERK in Patients with Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma2495249930762ENJournal Article19700101Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) is animportant serine/threonine protein kinase and a member of the MAPK family. MEKK3 can effectively activate theMEK/ERK signaling pathway and promote an autocrine growth loop critical for tumor genesis, cell proliferation,terminal differentiation, apoptosis and survival. To explore the relationship between MEKK3 and cell apoptosis,clinicopathology and prognosis, we characterize the expression of MEKK3, pERK and FoxP3 in the renal clearcell carcinoma (RCCC). Protein expression was detected by tissue microarray and immunochemistry in 46 casesof RCCC and 28 control cases. Expression levels of CD3+ ,CD3+CD4+,CD3+CD8+,CD4+CD25+, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ were assessed by flow cytometry and analyzed for their association with pathological factors, correlationand prognosis in RCCC. Expression of MEKK3, pERK and FoxP3 was significantly up-regulated in RCCCas compared to control levels (p<0.01), associated with pathological grade (p<0.05)and clinical stage (p<0.05).CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells were also significantly increased in RCCC patients (p<0.05). Cox multivariateregression analysis showed that MEKK3, pERK expression and patholigical stage were independent prognosticfactors in patients with RCCC (p<0.05). MEKK3 can be used as an important marker of early diagnosis andprognostic evaluation in RCCC. It may be associated with imbalance of anti-tumor immunity and overexpressionof pERK. Expression of MEKK3 and pERK are significantly increased in RCCC, with protein expression andclinical stage acting as independent prognostic factors.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Level of Knowledge and Behavior of Family Health Personnel Workers in Izmir about Early Diagnosis for Breast and Cervix Cancer2501250530764ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: The present study was carried out to measure knowledge level and behavior of family health personnel(FHP) in Izmir on early diagnosis of breast and cervical cancers. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The study populationof this cross-sectional study was not selected. A questionnaire was applied to all FHP to measure knowledgelevel and behavior about cancer. The participation rate was 88%. Breast examination, mammography analysis,Papanicolaou smear applications were determined as dependent variables, and knowledge level about breast andcervical cancer, age, professional time as FHP as independent variables. Data were evaluated using definitivestatistics, chi-square and logistic regression tests in SPSS software package for Windows 15.0. <br/><b>Results</b>: A totalof 970 family health personnel participated in the research. The age range was 20-45 years (82.4%). Mean agewas 37.9±7.4. Response rate was 87.3%. Of the participants, 88.4% performed breast self-examination. Rate ofperforming mammography at least once was 24.1%. Rate of performing Pap-smear examination at least oncewas 61.0%. In logistic regression analyses, it was determined that people with knowledge on breast and cervicalcancer were those performing breast self-examination, mammography and Pap-smear examinations (p<0.05.<br/><b>Conclusions</b>: It is essential that the knowledge, behavior and manners of health providers on early diagnosis forcancer increases awareness in the general population and provides information on execution ofthe most effectivemethods for generating a healthy society.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Association Between Alterations in the Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status During Follow-Up and Breast Cancer Patient Prognosis2507251330765ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Serum vitamin D status can affect the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Our aim was todetermine the association between alterations in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status during follow-upand the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Additionally, we evaluated the association between the 25(OH)Dstatus at the time of diagnosis and the prognosis using a detailed age and stage categorization. Materials and<br/><b>Methods</b>: Four hundred and sixty-nine Korean breast cancer patients were included. We collected patientclinicopathological data, including their serum 25(OH)D concentration at diagnosis and at the annual followupuntil 4 years after diagnosis. The patients were divided according to their 25(OH)D status at diagnosis intoa deficient (<20 ng/ml) and a non-deficient (≥20 ng/ml) group. At follow-up, patients were categorized into thefour following groups according to 25(OH)D status alterations: persistently deficient, improved, deterioratedand persistently non-deficient. <br/><b>Results</b>: At diagnosis, 118 patients were classified into the deficient group and 351into the non-deficient group. After a median follow-up period of 85.8±31.0 months, the patients with advancedstagedisease or an older age in the non-deficient group showed a significantly better survival compared with thedeficient group. Furthermore, at the 1-year follow-up of 25(OH)D status, the persistently non-deficient group andthe improved group had better survival compared with the other two groups. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Our results suggestthat maintaining an optimal 25(OH)D status at diagnosis and during the 1-year follow-up period is importantfor improving breast cancer patient survival.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Knowledge Level of Working and Student Nurses on Cervical Cancer and Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines2515251930767ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: To determine knowledge levels of working and student nurses about cervical cancer and prophylacticcancer vaccines. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This study was performed on 259 nursing students in the Departmentof Nursing and 137 nurses working in Health Research and Practice Center, approved to participate in the studybetween April-June 2012. The study was performed universally without selecting a sample. A questionnairethat was prepared for evaluating participants’ knowledge and attitudes about human papilloma virus (HPV)vaccine was distributed to the nurses and data obtained from the forms were transferred to SPSS 15.00 programand statistically analyzed. <br/><b>Results</b>: It was found that 54.8% of the student nurses were between 21-24 years oldand 13.1% of working students were between 25-28 years old. When student nurses and working nurses werecompared in terms of their knowledge about the causes of cervical cancer, their ideas about prevention fromcervical cancer with HPV vaccine, their ideas about possible risks of HPV vaccine and conservation ratios of HPVvaccine, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). When student nursesand working nurses were compared in terms of the information-source about HPV, ways of HPV contamination,awareness about people who are susceptible to HPV contamination and age of HPV vaccination, it was determinedthat there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: It was found that all nurses had someknowledge about cervical cancer and HPV vaccine, but this was not sufficient. Therefore; it is recommended touse verbal, written and visual communication tools intensively in order to have topics on cervical cancer, earlydiagnosis and prevention in bachelor and master programs for nurses, to inform society about cervical cancerand HPV vaccine for public health and to teach precautions for its prevention.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Virtual Non-Contrast Computer Tomography (CT) with Spectral CT as an Alternative to Conventional Unenhanced CT in the Assessment of Gastric Cancer2521252630769ENJournal Article19700101<br/><b>Objective</b>: The purpose of this study was to evaluate computed tomography (CT) virtual non-contrast (VNC)spectral imaging for gastric carcinoma. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Fifty-two patients with histologically provengastric carcinomas underwent gemstone spectral imaging (GSI) including non-contrast and contrast-enhancedhepatic arterial, portal venous, and equilibrium phase acquisitions prior to surgery. VNC arterial phase (VNCa),VNC venous phase (VNCv), and VNC equilibrium phase (VNCe) images were obtained by subtracting iodinefrom iodine/water images. Images were analyzed with respect to image quality, gastric carcinoma-intragastricwater contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), gastric carcinoma-perigastric fat CNR, serosal invasion, and enlargedlymph nodes around the lesions. <br/><b>Results</b>: Carcinoma-water CNR values were significantly higher in VNCa,VNCv, and VNCe images than in normal CT images (2.72, 2.60, 2.61, respectively, vs 2.35, p≤0.008). Carcinomaperigastricfat CNR values were significantly lower in VNCa, VNCv, and VNCe images than in normal CTimages (7.63, 7.49, 7.32, respectively, vs 8.48, p< 0.001). There were no significant differences of carcinoma-waterCNR and carcinoma-perigastric fat CNR among VNCa, VNCv, and VNCe images. There was no difference inthe determination of invasion or enlarged lymph nodes between normal CT and VNCa images. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:VNC arterial phase images may be a surrogate for conventional non-contrast CT images in gastric carcinomaevaluation.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Evaluation of Biochemical Recurrence-free Survival after Radical Prostatectomy by Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Post-Surgical (CAPRA-S) Score2527253030770ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> The cancer of the prostate risk assessment (CAPRA) score has been defined to predict prostatecancer recurrence based on the pre-clinical data, then pathological data have also been incorporated. Thus,CAPRA post-surgical (CAPRA-S) score has been developed based on six criteria (prostate specific antigen(PSA) at diagnosis, pathological Gleason score, and information on surgical margin, seminal vesicle invasion,extracapsular extension and lymph node involvement) for the prediction of post-surgical recurrences. In thepresent study, biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free probabilities after open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RP)were evaluated by the CAPRA-S scoring system and its three-risk level model. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: CAPRA-Sscores (0-12) of our 240 radical prostatectomies performed between January 2000-May 2011 were calculated.Patients were distributed into CAPRA-S score groups and also into three-risk groups as low, intermediate andhigh. BCR-free probabilities were assessed and compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportionalhazards regression. Ability of CAPRA-S in BCR detection was evaluated by concordance index (c-index). <br/><b>Results</b>:BCR was present in 41 of total 240 patients (17.1%) and the mean follow-up time was 51.7 ± 33.0 months. MeanBCR-free survival time was 98.3 months (95% CI: 92.3-104.2). Of the patients in low, intermediate and highrisk groups, 5.4%, 22.0% and 58.8% had BCR, respectively and the difference among the three groups wassignificant (P = 0.0001). C-indices of CAPRA-S score and three-risk groups for detecting BCR-free probabilitiesin 5-yr were 0.87 and 0.81, respectively. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Both CAPRA-S score and its three-risk level model wellpredicted BCR after RP with high c-index levels in our center. Therefore, it is a clinically reliable post-operativerisk stratifier and disease recurrence predictor for prostate cancer.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Young Women with Breast Cancer in the United States and South Korea: Comparison of Demographics, Pathology and Management2531253530772ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Breast cancer diagnosed in young women may be more aggressive, with higher rates of localand distant recurrence compared to the disease in older women. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that Koreanwomen have a lower incidence of breast cancer than women in the United States, but that they present at ayounger age than their American counterparts. We sought to compare risk factors and management of youngwomen with breast cancer in Boston, Massachusetts (US) with those in Seoul, South Korea (KR). Materials and<br/><b>Methods</b>: A retrospective review was performed of consecutive patients less than 35 years old with a diagnosisof breast cancer at academic cancer centers in the US and KR from 2000-2005. Patient data were obtainedby chart review. Demographic, tumor and treatment characteristics were compared utilizing Pearson’s chisquareor Wilcoxon rank-sum tests where appropriate. All differences were assessed as significant at the 0.05level. <br/><b>Results</b>: 205 patients from the US and 309 from KR were analyzed. Patients in US were more likely tohave hormone receptor positive breast cancer, while patients in KR had a higher rate of triple negative lesions.Patients in US had a higher mean body mass index and more often reported use of birth control pills, whilethose in the KR were less likely to have a sentinel node procedure performed or to receive post mastectomyradiation. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: Patients under 35 diagnosed with breast cancer in the US and KR differ with respect todemographics, tumor characteristics and management. Although rates of breast conservation and mastectomywere similar, US patients were more likely to receive post mastectomy radiation. The lower use of sentinel nodebiopsy is explained by the later adoption of the technique in KR. Further evaluation is necessary to evaluaterecurrence rates and survival in the setting of differing disease subtypes in these patients.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Temporal Variations of Dietary Habits in a High-Risk Area for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers: a Population-Based Study from Northern Iran2537254230773ENJournal Article19700101<b>Background:</b> Nutrition transition is a global health problem, especially in developing countries. It is knownas an important factor for development of different types of health conditions including cancers. <br/><b>Objectives</b>:We aimed to assess the pattern of nutrition transition in a high-risk area for upper gastrointestinal cancersin Northern Iran during the last decade. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: This cross-sectional study was conductedon households of Golestan province, Iran. Data on household food consumption between 2001 and 2010 wereobtained from the Statistical Center of Iran. The proportions of households with medium/high consumption ofmain foods were calculated for each year. Joint point software was used for assessing trends. Annual percentchanges (APCs) and 95%CIs were calculated. <br/><b>Results</b>: In total, 12,060 households were recruited. The APCs(95%CI) of the proportion of households medium/high consumption of cereals, vegetables, legumes, fish, dairyproducts and meats were -3.1 (-4.1 to -2.2), -2.9 (-3.8 to -2.1), -2.3 (-3.2 to -1.4), -2.8 (-3.3 to -2.4), -1.9 (-3.0 to-0.9) and 2.7 (1.2 to 4.3), respectively. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: We found significant increase in meat consumption amongour population between 2001 and 2010. Our results also suggested significant decreasing trend in consumptionof so-called healthy foods including, plant foods, fish, and dairy products. Regarding its correlation with healthconditions including cancers, nutrition transition should be considered as a priority in health policy making inour region as well as other high-risk populations. It is recommended to conduct community level interventionsto increase consumption of plant foods, fish, and dairy products.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Comparison of Infection between Internal-External and External Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage in Treating Patients with Malignant Obstructive Jaundice2543254630775ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is a form of palliative care for patientswith malignant obstructive jaundice. We here compared the infection incidence between internal-externaland external drainage for patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. <br/><b>Methods</b>: Patients with malignantobstructive jaundice without infection before surgery receiving internal-external or external drainage fromJanuary 2008 to July 2014 were recruited. According to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), ifthe guide wire could pass through the occlusion and enter the duodenum, we recommended internal-externaldrainage, and external drainage biliary drainage was set up if the occlusion was not crossed. All patients withinfection after procedure received a cultivation of blood and a bile bacteriological test. <br/><b>Results</b>: Among 110patients with malignant obstructive jaundice, 22 (52.4%) were diagnosed with infection after the procedure inthe internal-external drainage group, whereas 19 (27.9%) patients were so affected in the external drainagegroup, the difference being significant (p<0.05). In 8 patients (36.3%) in the internal-external group infectionwas controlled, as compared to 12 (63.1%) in the external group (p< 0.05). The mortality rate for patients withinfection not controlled in internal-external group in one month was 42.8%, while this rate in external group was28.6% (p< 0.05). <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: External drainage is a good choice, which could significantly reduce the chance ofbiliary infection caused by bacteria, and decrease the mortality rate at one month and improve the long-termprognosis.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Educational Intervention on Breast Cancer Early Detection: Effectiveness among Target Group Women in the District of Gampaha, Sri Lanka2547255330776ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: The present study concerns the effectiveness of an educational intervention for improving knowledge,attitudes and practices (KAP) of breast cancer early detection among target group women (TGW) in the districtof Gampaha, Sri Lanka. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The study was a community-based intervention. Two medicalofficer of health areas in Gampaha district were selected using random sampling as intervention (IA) and control(CA). Public health midwives (PHMs) in the IA were exposed to the educational intervention first, conductedthe same among the TGW through PHMs. KAP was assessed using an interviewer- administrated questionnaireamong 260 TGW from each area selected using cluster sampling before and six months after the intervention.<br/><b>Results</b>: The overall median scores for KAP among TGW in IG increased significantly from pre interventionlevel of 54% (IQR: 46-59%), 50% (IQR: 41-59%), and 0% (IQR: 0-20%) to post intervention level of 77% (IQR:72-82%), 68% (IQR: 59- 76 %) and 40% (IQR: 20-60%) respectively. In CG, overall median scores for KAPremained almost the same at pre intervention 54% (IQR:44-59%), 50% (IQR:36-59%) and 0% (IQR: 0-20%)and post intervention 54% (IQR:46-59%), 50% (IQR:36-64%) and 0% (IQR: 0-20%) respectively. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>:The educational intervention was found to be effective.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Effects of TESTIN Gene Expression on Proliferation and Migration of the 5-8F Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Line2555255930777ENJournal Article19700101Purpose: To investigate effects of the TESTIN (TES) gene on proliferation and migration of highly metastaticnasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line 5-8F and the related mechanisms. Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: The target geneof human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line 5-8F was amplified by PCR and cloned into the empty plasmidpEGFP-N1 to construct a eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N1-TES. This was then transfected into 5-8Fcells. MTT assays, flow cytometry and scratch wound tests were used to detect the proliferation and migrationof transfected 5-8F cells. <br/><b>Results</b>: A cell model with stable and high expression of TES gene was successfullyestablished. MTT assays showed that the OD value of 5-8F/TES cells was markedly lower than that of 5-8F/GFPcells and 5-8F cells (p<0.05). Flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of 5-8F/TES cells was prominentlyincreased compared with 5-8F/GFP cells and 5-8F cells (p<0.05). In vitro scratch wound assays showed that,the width of the wound area of 5-8F/TES cells narrowed slightly, while the width of the wound area of 5-8F/GFP cells and 5-8F cells narrowed sharply, suggesting that the TES overexpression could inhibit the migrationability. <br/><b>Conclusions</b>: TES gene expression remarkably inhibits the proliferation of human nasopharyngealcarcinoma cell line 5-8F and reduces its migration in vitro. Thus, it may be a potential tumor suppressor genefor nasopharyngeal carcinoma.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Analysis of Molecular Pathways in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas with a Bioinformatics Approach2561256730778ENJournal Article19700101Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Our study aimedto reveal molecular mechanisms. Microarray data of GSE15471 (including 39 matching pairs of pancreatictumor tissues and patient-matched normal tissues) was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)database. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PDAC tissues compared with normal tissues bylimma package in R language. Then GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were conducted with onlineDAVID. In addition, principal component analysis was performed and a protein-protein interaction networkwas constructed to study relationships between the DEGs through database STRING. A total of 532 DEGs wereidentified in the 38 PDAC tissues compared with 33 normal tissues. The results of principal component analysisof the top 20 DEGs could differentiate the PDAC tissues from normal tissues directly. In the PPI network, 8 ofthe 20 DEGs were all key genes of the collagen family. Additionally, FN1 (fibronectin 1) was also a hub nodein the network. The genes of the collagen family as well as FN1 were significantly enriched in complement andcoagulation cascades, ECM-receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways. Our results suggest that genes ofcollagen family and FN1 may play an important role in PDAC progression. Meanwhile, these DEGs and enrichedpathways, such as complement and coagulation cascades, ECM-receptor interaction and focal adhesion may beimportant molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of PDAC.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Cobalt Chloride Induces Necroptosis in Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cells2569257430780ENJournal Article19700101Necroptosis, also known as “programmed necrosis”, has emerged as a critical factor in a variety of pathologicaland physiological processes and is considered a cell type-specific tightly regulated process with mechanismsthat may vary rather greatly due to the change of cell line. Here we used HT-29, a human colon cancer cellline, to establish a necroptosis model and elucidate associated mechanisms. We discovered that cobalt chloride,a reagent that could induce hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF1α) expression and therefore mimic the hypoxicmicroenvironment of tumor tissue in some aspects induces necroptosis in HT-29 cells when caspase activityis compromised. On the other hand, apoptosis appears to be the predominant death form when caspases arefunctioning normally. HT-29 cells demonstrated significantly increased RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL expressionin response to cobalt chloride plus z-VAD treatment, which was accompanied by drastically increased IL1αand IL6 expression, substantiating the notion that necrosis can induce profound immune reactions. The RIPK1kinase inhibitor necrostatin-1 and the ROS scavenger NAC each could prevent necrosis in HT-29 cells andthe efficiency was enhanced by combined treatment. Thus by building up a necroptosis model in human coloncancer cells, we uncovered that mechanically RIP kinases collaborate with ROS during necrosis promoted bycobalt chloride plus z-VAD, which leads to inflammation. Necroptosis may present a new target for therapeuticintervention in cancer cells that are resistant to apoptotic cell death.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Citrus Fruits and their Bioactive Ingredients: Leading Four Horsemen from Front2575258030782ENJournal Article19700101Cancer is a multifaceted and genomically complex disease and rapidly accumulating high impact researchis deepening our understanding related to the mechanisms underlying cancer development, progression andresistance to therapeutics. Increasingly it is being realized that genetic/epigenetic mutations, inactivation oftumor suppressor genes, overexpression of oncogenes, deregulation of intracellular signaling cascades andloss of apoptosis are some of the extensively studied aspects. Confluence of information suggested that rapidlydeveloping resistance to therapeutics is adding another layer of complexity and overwhelmingly increasingpreclinical studies are identifying different natural agents with efficacy and minimal off-target effects. Wepartition this multi-component review into citrus fruits and their bioactive ingredients mediating rebalancingof pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins to induce apoptosis in resistant cancer cells. We also discuss how oncogenicprotein networks are targeted in cancer cells and how these findings may be verified in preclinical studies.West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Salvage Chemotherapy with Weekly Paclitaxel for Metastatic Melanoma2581258130783ENJournal Article19700101West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Regarding ‘HPV Vaccination for Cervical Cancer Prevention is not Cost-effective in Japan’2583258430785ENJournal Article19700101West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Hepatitis C Virus Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk2585258530786ENJournal Article19700101West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), APOCP's West Asia Chapter.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention1513-736816620150601Retraction Notice to : Expression of MRTF-A and AQP1 Play Important Roles in the Pathological Vascular Remodeling2587258730788ENJournal Article19700101