Expression of Ki-67 and Βeta-Catenin in Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Oral Mucosal Biopsies : An Immunohistochemical Study

Objective: To examine the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and beta-catenin in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in oral mucosal biopsies. Methods: In this comparative cross sectional study, 70 cases of each PEH and OSCC were taken from the patients of both genders and in all age groups. Study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi from Dec 2017 to March 2019. Statistical analysis was done with the help of SPSS Version 24.0. We used Chi-Squared test with p value of < 0.05 which was considered as statistically significant. Results: In the current study, 80 (57.1%) male and 60 (42.8%) female patients with the mean age of 51.69 ± 16.121 (mean ± SD) years were included. It was found that 6-25% Ki-67 labeling index was observed in all (70) PEH cases, which involved only basal layer of the epithelium. Whereas, Ki-67 labeling index was highly expressed in tumor of high grade malignancy than tumor of low grade malignancy. On the other hand, expression of membranous beta-catenin was higher in PEH and cytoplasmic beta-catenin expression was higher in OSCC. Conclusion : It is concluded that Ki-67 and beta-catenin showed significant expression in PEH and OSCC in oral mucosal biopsies especially those with intense inflammation or unoriented tissue, helping the clinicians to arrive at a final diagnosis before planning any surgical intervention.


Introduction
transformation of normal keratinocytes into abnormal keratinocytes, squamous cell atypical and invasive features (Feller et al., 2013).
O n e o f t h e b e n i g n m i m i c s o f O S C C i s pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) which is defined as a histopathological response to numerous stimuli, such as shock, disease, irritation and neoplasia (Zayour and Lazova, 2011). Histologically, it is seen as tongue like epithelial propagations penetrating into connective tissue (Zarovnaya and Black, 2005). When the mucosal biopsies are of small size, ulcerated, unoriented and inflamed or when the profound rete pegs are cut obliquely, it become extremely difficult to differentiate between PEH and OSCC. Hence, it is important to differentiate between PEH and OSCC as the whole treatment plan of the surgeons and oncologists relies on correct diagnosis (Nayak et al., 2015).
Ki-67 is a monoclonal antibody for proliferation. It is strictly associated with cell proliferation and aggressiveness of malignant tumours (Dadfarnia et al., 2012). During cell cycle, the presence of Ki-67 protein is seen during prophase and metaphase (G1, S, G2 and M phase) but is absent during resting cells (G0) (Scholzen et al., 2000). Whereas; beta-catenin is a subunit of cadherin protein complex. beta-catenin is a 92 kDa protein normally found in cytoplasm of the cell in sub-membranous location which participate in regulation and organization of cell-cell adhesion and transcriptional regulator (Liu at al., 2010). Mutation or overexpression in the beta-catenin gene results in nuclear accumulation of the protein. Reduced expression of membranous beta-catenin and amplified expression of cytoplasmic / nuclear beta-catenin has been associated with increase grading and invasiveness of tumor (Rosado et al., 2013).
So far, the expression of Ki-67 and beta-catenin protein has not been completely explained in human PEH and OSCC samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The aim of this study was to examine the expression of Ki-67 and beta-catenin by IHC in paraffin-embedded oral mucosal tissues exhibiting PEH and OSCC.

Marterials and Methods
An institutional ethical committee approval (IRB, AFIP) (letter no. MP-ORP16-10/READ-IRB/17/394) was taken before the start of the study. A total of 140 oral mucosal biopsy samples, 70 cases each of PEH and OSCC, along with normal mucosal biopsy as control group were collected from Armed Force Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, Pakistan from December 2017 to March 2019.
Among 70 cases of PEH, all 70 (100%) cases showed positive staining with Ki-67 antibody in the basal layer of the epithelium. The labelling index of Ki-67 for PEH is 6-25%.
Twenty-five (17.9%) cases of the epithelial cells exhibited cytoplasmic expression of β-catenin in which 56% of cytoplasmic β-catenin expression was seen in WDOSCC, 44 % in MDOSCC, 0% in PDOSCC and PEH. Only 1 case of the PDOSCC exhibited nuclear staining of β-catenin. But since, in this case, a little bit of cytoplasmic staining was also found, so, this case was included in cytoplasmic/nuclear expression. Eighteen cases of the oral mucosal biopsies exhibited membranous / cytoplasmic expression of β-catenin in which 64.3% of membranous / cytoplasmic β-catenin was expressed in WDOSCC, and 25.7% in MDOSCC. No membranous β-catenin expression found in PDOSCC and PEH. Nine cases of the oral mucosal biopsies exhibited cytoplasmic / nuclear expression of β-catenin in which 12.5% of cytoplasmic / nuclear β-catenin was  expressed in WDOSCC, and 50% in MDOSCC. 37.5% in PDOSCC. In PEH, no cytoplasmic / nuclear β-catenin was expressed (Fig. 2). So, the statistically significant relation was observed between pattern of β-catenin expression and the histological diagnosis i.e. OSCC and PEH of p = .000 (p<0.05) .

Discussion
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent malignant neoplasm of oral region (Vig, 2015). There are a lot of structural features which help in differentiating oral squamous cell carcinoma from pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia on H / E sections. But, there has always been argument whether the mucosal biopsies are diagnosed as OSCC or PEH, when they are of small size, ulcerated, unoriented and inflamed or when the profound rete pegs are cut obliquely, as this will lead to unnecessary removal of tissue or additional therapy such as chemo radiotherapy (Zarovnaya and Black, 2005).
Current study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 proliferative marker and beta-catenin on pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and PEH.
In our study, PEH showed positive staining with Ki-67 antibody in the basal layer of the epithelium with a labelling index of 6-25% while in most of the cases of OSCC; the entire epithelium showed continuous and prominent Ki-67 labelling. The results are similar to the study made by Humayun and Prasad, (2011). which showed that Ki-67 labelling index in WDOSCC is low (28 ± 20.82) while in MDOSCC and PDOSCC a significantly higher number of Ki-67 positive cases with a mean of 47 ± 6.3 ( mean ± SD ) and 60.3 ± 2.8 ( mean ± SD ) respectively were seen. Similarly, in another study by Ashraf and his co-workers (Ashraf et al., 2010) studied 54 patients showing Ki-67 staining increases as the tumor leads towards its severe stage.
Moreover, in a study of Finland by Luukkaa showed that the Ki-67 and p53 as tumor markers and revealed that in PDOSCC, Ki-67 expression was more diffuse and intense as the cells were less differentiated than WDOSCC and MDOSCC (Luukkaa et al., 2006). Similar finding have been seen in our study in which all PDOSCC cases showed 51-99% Ki-67 expression range implying that high grade tumor showed great proliferative activity which has a poor prognosis.
On the other hand, beta-catenin is a protein normally found in cytoplasm of the cell in sub-membranous location which participate in regulation and organization of cell-cell adhesion and transcriptional regulator (Purcell et al., 2011). In a research carried out in China, Jiang and his fellows (Jiang et al., 2004) showed that increased membranous appearance of beta-catenin antibody was seen in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia exhibiting good prediction of recovery-of the patient. Likewise, in the study by purcell (Purcell et al., 2011) illustrated that when there was increased expression of cytoplasmic/ nuclear beta-catenin in squamous cell carcinoma of pharynx, the prognosis is poor. This was parallel to the present study in which all PDOSCC cases showed cytoplasmic/nuclear staining.
In the present study, number of positive cases of beta-catenin and its intensity decreased as the cancer differentiation become poor. In our study, nine number of cases of the oral mucosal biopsies showed cytoplasmic/nuclear beta-catenin expression with all PDOSCC cases having low immunoreactivity score of 1-4. While, 78 number of cases showed membranous beta-catenin expression with all PEH cases having high immunoreactivity score of > 4. Our results are concordant to those of previous studies performed by Yu et al., (2005), who compared expression of beta-catenin in normal tissue to cancerous tissue and concluded that in regular ordinary tissue beta-catenin expression was high while in cancerous tissue its expression was low showing poor prognosis.
Our current results are parallel to those of Japanese pathologist, (Yun et al., 2010), who studied high Ki-67 expression and low beta-catenin expression which is significantly linked with poorly and moderately differentiated carcinoma (p<0.05). A point noteworthy is that the sample size of the current study is huge making the results more reliable and statistically significant.
On the basis of our study, the present results can be interpreted that in OSCC, the entire thickness of epithelium showed nuclear staining with Ki-67, while in PEH there was increased nuclear staining only in the basal layer of the epithelium. On the other hand, number of positive cases and immunoreactive score of beta-catenin decreased as the grade of oral squamous cell carcinoma increases.
Hence, we concluded that opposite expression of Ki-67 and beta-catenin play a vital role in forecasting histological grades of differentiation in oral mucosal biopsies and prognosis of the lesion. Therefore, helping clinicians to arrive at a final diagnosis before planning any surgical management.
But because of small tissue estimate, the utility of this panel is constrained. One of the limitations of this study is that the size of mucosal biopsies is so tiny or small, if we want more sections of the tissue for further study; it is difficult to choose if the sufficient tissue is cleared out in the block. For this purpose, we had also learnt from our present study to slice the tissue fragment for immunohistochemical analysis at the same time when routine sections were sliced so that there is reduce shaving and we have more left over tissue. One of the greatest limitations of our present study is that the sample size of PDOSCC was scarce owing to the patient turnout in our set up. No follow ups were possible owing to the short duration of present study.