Correlation between HER2 Expression and Clinicopathological Features of Breast Cancer: A Cross- Sectional Study in Vietnam

In women, breast cancer is considered to be the main cause of women’s deaths worldwide (Bray et al., 2018). There were more than two million newly diagnosed as breast cancer in women worldwide in 2018 (Bray et al., 2018; Jenkins et al. 2018).There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018. In Vietnam, the incidence of breast cancer has been increasing steadily, from 13.8 per 100,000 women in 2000 to 29.9 per 100,000 women in 2010 and tends to increase year by year to 12,533 cases (Dieu et al., 2012; Jenkins Chris et al., 2019). The proto-oncogene HER2/neu (C-erbB-2) has been localized to chromosome 17q21.1 and encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor (Muleris et al., 1997). HER2 (human epidermal growth Abstract


Introduction
In women, breast cancer is considered to be the main cause of women's deaths worldwide (Bray et al., 2018). There were more than two million newly diagnosed as breast cancer in women worldwide in 2018 (Bray et al., 2018;Jenkins et al. 2018).There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018. In Vietnam, the incidence of breast cancer has been increasing steadily, from 13.8 per 100,000 women in 2000 to 29.9 per 100,000 women in 2010 and tends to increase year by year to 12,533 cases (Dieu et al., 2012;Jenkins Chris et al., 2019).

Correlation between HER2 Expression and Clinicopathological Features of Breast Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam
Thuan Dang Cong 1 *, Tung Nguyen Thanh 1,2 , Quynh Anh Nguyen Phan 1 , Ai Phuong Hoang Thi 3 , Bao Song Nguyen Tran 1 , Quoc Huy Nguyen Vu 4 factor receptor 2) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family, encodes a 185 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity (Saini et al., 2011). Most studies on HER2-found this gene was involved in inducing mammary carcinogenesis. HER2/neu gene amplification has been associated with the development of breast cancer (Piechocki et al., 2007).
Several HER2-targeted therapeutic strategies have potential to adopt the HER2 overexpression tumor cells: monoclonal antibodies downregulate HER2 expression by binding to the extracellular domain (such as trastuzumab and pertuzumab); antibody-drug conjugates (such as trastuzumab emtansine, called T-DM1); and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (such as lapatinib and neratinib), which compete for ATP-binding to block HER2 signaling (Di Modica et al., 2017). Metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer patients receiving HER2-targeted therapy typically experience better outcomes and improved prognosis than those with HER2-negative disease (Wilson et al., 2018). Accurate evaluation of HER2 status is essential for the management of patients eligible for HER2-targeting therapy. Therefore, overexpression of HER2 protein or gene amplification has been recognized as a prognostic factor of breast cancer.
Gene amplification and protein overexpression of HER2 are found in approximately 15%-20% of BC (Varga et al., 2013). IHC method of HER2 protein detection is advantageous, convenient, inexpensive, and only requires conventional microscopy. However, the results may be influenced by the time and the fixation protocol, the antibody clone, and most importantly it is difficult to apply the score sheet to have accurate conclusions. Therefore, for an ambiguous result obtained by immunohistochemical staining, the exact state of HER2 gene amplification should be assessed by performing fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or dual chromogenic in-situ hybridization (DISH) because of its high accuracy and reliability, although expensive (Ellis et al., 2005).
The correlation between HER2 gene expression and breast cancer is not clear. According to most studies, it is thought that HER2 overexpression is a poor prognostic factor (Allred et al., 1992). The breast cancer parameters such as lymph node metastases, tumor grade, cell proliferation were reported that associated with the gene expression of HER2 (Aman N. A. et al., 2019a;Pengfei et al. 2019). In the initial reports, HER2/neu amplification was an important predictor of early relapse and death in breast cancer. HER2 gene amplification has a significant predictor of both disease-free survival and time to relapse in breast cancer patients (Iqbal and Iqbal, 2014;Parkes et al., 2010a). However, several authors demonstrated that amplification of HER2 gene relate to ER, PR status but not correlate with age, tumor size and lymph node (Shokouh et al., 2015).
HER2 served as a poor prognostic indicatory but good predictor for response to anti HER2 therapy. Therefore, it is really meaningful to investigate correlation between HER2 expression and other clinicoopathologic parameters in Vietnamese women.

Patients and specimens
The cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with primary invasive breast carcinomas in Hue University Hospital and Hue Center Hospital, Hue city, Vietnam from June 2016 to August 2018. The specimens were obtained from surgical resection of patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer, which have not been treated with pre-operative chemotherapy in the past yet. Patient's information were extracted using a checklist including age, menopausal status, site, histological type, grade, stage, lymph node involvement and status of ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67. The status of ER, PR, HER2 and Ki-67 were determined by IHC upon the formalin fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of breast carcinoma patients.
All specimens were processed for histopathologic examination according to WHO Classification (Frank et al., 2013) by using hematoxylin and eosin staining and graded with the criteria of Elston and Ellis (2002).

Immunohistochemistry staining
The immunohistochemical staining was conducted on 3 μm thicknesses of breast tissue sections on the automated VENTANA BenchMark ULTRA platform (Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA) using antibodies: anti-Estrogen receptors (SP1), anti-Progesterone Receptor (1E2), anti-HER2/neu (4B5), anti-Ki-67 (30-9). IHC results were evaluated under light microscope. The Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR) staining results were scored as positive when greater than or equal to 1% of tumor cell nuclei were stained. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor proliferation index marker Ki-67 was performed using a cut-off point of 14%. HER2 protein expression were assessed based on intensity cell membrane immunostaining and the percentage of membrane positive cells. HER2 expression were classified from 0 to 3+; IHC staining 0, with absence or < 10% of invasive tumor cells with faint staining; IHC staining 1+, with > 10% of invasive tumor with faint incomplete membrane staining; IHC 2+, with > 10% of invasive tumor cells with incomplete or week membrane staining or ≤ 10% of invasive tumor cells with intense membrane staining; IHC 3+, with >10 % of invasive tumor cells with uniform intense membrane staining.

Dual color in situ hybridization
HER2 gene amplification was defined by dual color in situ hybridization using the inform HER2 dual in situ hybridization DNA probed cocktail assay on the automated VENTANA BenchMark ULTRA platform (Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA). DNA Probe Cocktail assay is designed to determine HER2 gene status by detecting HER2 copies via silver in situ hybridization (SISH) (black) and chromosome 17 copies via chromogenic Red in situ hybridization (Red ISH) on a single slide. Pathologists scored the DISH studies, counting at least 20 tumor cells. The criteria consist of a combination of the HER2/CEP17 ratio and the average number of HER2 signals per cell. The HER2 gene amplification was scored as "amplified" if the case had a HER2/CEP17 signal count ratio of 2.0 or if the HER2/ CEP17 signal count ratio was <2.0 but the average number of HER2 signals per cell were 6.0. A score of "equivocal" was given if the case had a HER2/CEP17 signal count ratio of <2.0 and the average number of HER2 signals per cell were ≥ 4.0 and <6.0. A score of "not amplified" was given if the case had a HER2/CEP17 signal count ratio of <2.0 and the average number of HER2 signals were <4.0 (Nishimura et al., 2016a;Nishimura et al., 2016b).

Statistical analysis
The data was analyzed using R and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Ver 17). Chi square tested was used to test the relationships between the clinicopathological factors and HER2 expression. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Patient and tumour characteristics of breast cancer patients
The clinicopathologic characteristics of breast cancer patients are presented in Table 1 and Supplementary  Figure 1. The majority of patients were older than 40 years of age (54.70 ± 12.66) and location of breast tumor was different, in which the upper outer quadrant was the most frequent site (54.69%). The predominant histological type was invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) with 181 cases (77.35%). The significant difference was found when subtypes were compared to histological grade. The highest percentage of patients with Grade II was detected (59.36%). Median tumor diameter was 3.37 ± 1.83 cm (27.16% cases ≤ 2cm and 72.84% case > 2cm). Lymph node metastases were available in 57.86% cases (68 cases with 1-3 lymph nodes metastases and 46 cases have over 4 lymph nodes metastases) and 42.13% of cases with no lymph nodes available (83 cases). There were significant differences in the distribution of stage of the breast tumors. In Supplementary Figure 1, the breast cancer staging was 11.22% for stage I, 59.18% for stage II, 29.60% for stage III. The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is an established prognostication tool for the management of breast cancers (Fong et al., 2015). The majority of patients were classified as moderate Nottingham prognostic index (107 patients, 54.9%).

Molecular characteristics of patients with breast cancer
The molecular characteristics of breast cancer patients are summarized in Table 2 and Supplementary Figure 2. HER2 gene amplification status was estimated by DISH ( Figure 1). In 100 cases DISH analyzed, 31 cases showed the result of the amplification of HER2 gene in breast cancer. Overexpression of HER2 protein of breast cancer tissues was accessed by IHC ( Figure 1). In 237 cases, 68 cases (28.69%) were scored as HER2 IHC positive (2+, 3+), the remaining 169 cases were HER2 IHC negative (71.31%). Estrogen receptor status was positive about 126 cases (53.16%) while Progesterone receptor was positive in 120 cases (50.63%). The expression of proliferation marker Ki-67 differed significantly from the subtypes (p<0.001). There were 181 cases (76.37%) with high expression of Ki-67 (≥14%), while its low expression (<14%) was detected in 56 cases (23.63%) (Figure 2). The molecular classification of breast cancer cases were statistically significant difference. Statistically significant difference was observed in the molecular classification of breast cancer cases. The majority of patients were classified as Luminal B HER2-negative (32.07%). Compared with luminal A cases, triple negative and HER2-overexpression were more likely to be poorly differentiated at diagnosis. On the basis of histological examination, Luminal A showed the percentage of cases with low expression of Ki-67 was 18.57% while HER2-overexpression and triple negative were 16.88% and 21.52%, respectively.

Correlation of HER2 protein overexpression with clinicopathological features
Correlation of HER2 protein overexpression with clinicopathological features was showed in Table 3 and Supplementary Figure 3. HER2 overexpression was significantly associated with cell proliferation index. There were no statistically significant associations between HER2 overexpression and tumor size, histological grade, stage, lymph node metastases, Nottingham prognostic index. However, there was a trend toward increasing HER2 overexpression in tumor having larger size, higher grade, higher stage and high Nottingham prognostic index   DOI:10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.4.1135 Correlation between HER2 Expression andClinicopathological Features of Breast Cancer (Supplementary Figure 3).

Correlation of HER2 gene amplification with clinicopathological features
Correlation of HER2 gene amplification detected by DISH with clinicopathological features are presented in Table 4 and Supplementary Figure 4. In our study, statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between HER2 gene amplification and proliferation index Ki-67 (p = 0.024). However, the HER2 gene amplification was not significantly related to other clinicopathological features including tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastases, breast cancer staging and Nottingham prognostic index.

Discussion
In the case of breast cancer, HER2 is an important prognostic factor for both clinicians and patients, and it is confirmed to be a factor related to poor prognosis (Kaptain et al., 2001). With the present study we want to determine the first correlation between HER2 expression and clinical characteristics of breast cancer in Central Vietnam patients.
HER2 amplified or overexpressed in approximate 15 -20% of breast cancer and associated with aggressive   clinical feature if absence therapy (Figueroa-Magalhaes et al., 2014;Krishnamurti and Silverman, 2014). HER2 gene amplification and protein over-expression are important not only as a prognostic factor but also as a predictive clinical response to anti-HER2 therapeutic (Parkes et al., 2010;Schneeweiss et al. 2014). Moreover, overall survival in patients treating with HER2-targeted therapy was higher than patients without treatment. (Mendes et al., 2015). Determination of HER2 gene status in breast cancer specimens has been performed at the HER2 gene copies level using Polymerase chain reaction, Southern blotting, Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) or Dual-colour chromogenic in situ hybridization (Dual-ISH or DISH) (Furrer et al., 2015). The DISH technique is an innovation of the FISH technique that allows observing and evaluating under bright-field microscope with the additional benefit that morphological features can be observed, and that possible storage slides at room temperature (Furrer et al., 2015). Therefore, DISH has indicated several advantages compared with the use of FISH. At the protein level, HER2 status was analyzed by using Western blotting, enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) or IHC technique (Furrer et al., 2015, Zaha 2014. Similar to DISH technique, IHC also had several advantages including the ability of assessment using a conventional bright-field microscope, tissue blocks and slides can be conveniently stored. However, IHC technique was affected by numerous factors such as the temperature, time of fixation, commercially available antibodies display different specificity and sensitivity (Furrer et al., 2015). Therefore, to exactly determine HER2 status in breast cancer, in situ hybridization should be performed that combined with IHC technique. Accurate assessment of HER2 status is essential for identification of breast cancer patients that may benefit from treatment with targeted HER2 therapy (Grant et al., 2015).
In recent studies, the authors have found correlation between the overexpression of HER2 with the Nottingham grade, lymph node metastases (Aman et al., 2019;Bartlett et al., 2007). In addition, another authors indicated that gene amplification of the HER2 oncogene was linked to the increase of tumor size, differentiation grade and TNM stage (Aman et al., 2019;Shi et al., 2019). Different data confirm previous reports that HER2 overexpression in breast cancer is associated with ER-negative and PR-negative disease (Bartlett et al., 2007). This study revealed that the HER2 overexpression was closely associated with cell proliferation index. The other clinicopathological features including tumor size, histological grade, stage, lymph node metastases, Nottingham prognostic index were not significant associated with amplification of HER2 gene and HER2 overexpression. However, the cases with HER2 gene amplification and/or overexpression tended to be more frequently found in tumor with large tumour size, high grade, high stage and high Nottingham prognostic index.
Previous several studies considered NPI as a clinically useful tool for stratification of patients by incorporating traditional prognostic factors tumor size, lymph node status and histological grade (Rakha et al., 2014). Combination HER2 status to NPI can be improved its predictive ability accuracy, especially in the intermediate prognostic category of NPI (Van Belle et al., 2010). In our study, HER2 overexpression and amplification were not significant associated with Nottingham prognostic index. Nevertheless, HER2 overexpression tended to be observed in high Nottingham prognostic index tumours.
Cell proliferation index (Ki67) is also a prognostic and predictive factor of response to chemotherapy in breast cancer (Penault-Llorca and Radosevic-Robin, 2017). In previous researches, the cases had tumors with a high proliferative activity added to HER-2 overexpression indicated a risk of relapse approximately higher than patients with slowly proliferation (Cheang et al., 2009;Ribelles et al., 2013). In the present study, we revealed that the extent of HER2 status expression was significant associated with cell proliferation index Ki67.
In conclusion, this study revealed that Her2 status (gene amplification and protein overexpression) in breast cancer of Vietnamese women was significantly associated with cell proliferation index Ki67 but not with other clinicopathological features including tumor size, histological grade, stage, lymph node metastases, Nottingham prognostic index. However, the cases with HER2 gene amplification and/or overexpression tended to be more frequently found in tumor with large tumor size, high grade, high stage and high Nottingham prognostic index.