Diagnostic Value of Rabbit-Derived 47 kDa Epitope-Based Antibodies as a Detection and Evaluation Method for Bladder Cancer

Document Type : Research Articles

Authors

1 Department of Urology Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.

2 Department of Clinical Pathology Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to generate polyclonal antibodies against the 47 kDa protein using rabbits, and to evaluate both the diagnostic and prognostic potential of this biomarker in patients with bladder cancer. Methods: Rabbits were immunized intraperitoneally with epitope antigens of the 47 kDa protein over a period of four weeks. Serum was collected in the fifth week five for antibody isolation. The resulting polyclonal antibodies were employed to detect urinary biomarkers in patients with bladder cancer. Additionally, these antibodies were used to evaluate therapeutic response in patients undergoing trimodal therapy, based on the RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) criteria, using the dot blot technique. Results: The highest density value with the best dilution effectiveness of 18.27 was found at antibody dilution 1/105 and antigen 1/106. From the dot blot analysis, this study found that the sensitivity and specificity of this antibody are 98.7% and 100%, respectively. The 47 kDa protein showed a high significant difference between each cancer stage before and after chemotherapy (PD: 7.91±1.99; SD: -1.00±0.83, PR: -5.80±3.21 CR: -7.95±1.47; p= 0.000), with a negative correlation with RECIST Criteria (r: -0.833, p=0.000). Conclusion: The 47 kDa protein demonstrates strong diagnostic performance and may be utilized as a prognostic factor in bladder cancer patients who have undergone trimodal therapy.

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Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Volume 27, Issue 3
March 2026
Pages 911-920

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History

  • Receive Date: 12 June 2025
  • Revise Date: 21 October 2025
  • Accept Date: 26 February 2026

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