Document Type : Research Articles
Authors
1
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245, Indonesia.
2
Nano Life Science Institute, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Japan.
3
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245, Indonesia.
4
Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic Indonesia (BRIN), KST Samaun Samadikun, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.
5
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
6
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sulawesi Barat, Majene 90311, Indonesia.
7
Austrian-Indonesian Centre (AIC) for Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia.
8
Theoretical Chemistry Division, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82A, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
9
Chemistry Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta 55282, Indonesia.
10
Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic Indonesia (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, Banten 15314, Indonesia.
Abstract
Objective: Dillenia serrata Thunb. an endemic plant from Sulawesi Island, has been used by the local community as medicine for some diseases. However, studies related to these plants are still limited to several diseases. This study intends to investigate the cytotoxic activity of Dillenia serrata Thunb. leaves extract as an anticancer. Methods: This study was preceded by gradual maceration and then subjected to phytochemical test to evaluate the contain of secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, steroid, terpenoid, and saponin, toxicity assay by BSLT method, cytotoxicity test against HeLa cell lines, further compound identification using GC-MS analysis and in silico analysis. Results: The phytochemical tests demonstrated the presence of tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The toxicity test indicated that all three extracts were toxic for Artemia salina L. as the premier test before the cytotoxicity test using HeLa cell lines. The LC50 values for the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were 58.27±6.15, 11.06±1.70, and 9.30±1.13 μg/mL, respectively. After evaluating the extracts’ cytotoxicity activity, the ethyl acetate extract has the strongest activity with 91.08±0.23 μg/mL, then this extract was further identified using GC-MS analysis and reveals 51 chemicals which is Phytol as the main components in the extract with %area about 25.64%. Molecular docking analysis of Phytol against Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) showed a good binding energy of around -5.08 kcal/mol. The molecular dynamics simulation supports this result. Conclusion: All extracts demonstrated intense toxicity levels. Out of all the extracts, ethyl acetate extract exhibited the strongest cytotoxic properties to HeLa cell lines with IC50 value 91.08±0.23 μg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract of D. serrata T. contains Phytol compounds which have a quite good affinity to the EGFR. According to this study, ethyl acetate extract has the potential to be used as an alternative to anticancer medication.
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